摘要
共轭导电聚合物材料由于其具有柔韧性、易加工性，又具有半导体特性及导电特性等优点被人们所关注。随着人们对导电聚合物的不断深入探索，把它应用于太阳能电池器件，研究和开发低成本的聚合物太阳能电池成为了热点。但是，聚合物材料的吸收光谱较窄，且利用率较低，导致电池器件的光电转换效率低；另外，聚合物材料相对于无机半导体材料存在载流子迁移率低，且容易复合，扩散距离短等等问题。解决这些问题方法之一是重点研究吸收光谱宽且吸收系数高的聚合物材料；另一种方法就是设计陷光结构来提高光吸收，包括等离子体陷光、光子晶体陷光、光栅结构等，这些方法是通过限制入射光的传输特性，将光有效的限制在聚合物有源层材料之中，以达到增强光吸收，提高器件光电转换效率的目的。金属纳米粒子的表面等离子体陷光效应引起了科研工作者们的极大兴趣。
在本论文中，通过对金属纳米粒子制作工艺的研究，创新性的采用高真空蒸镀方法制备金属纳米结构，将该方法应用到聚合物太阳能电池中，系统的研究了金属纳米粒子的表面等离子体效应对聚合物太阳能电池光利用率的影响，通过优化制作工艺以及金属纳米粒子大小、位置，有效提升了器件的短路电流密度和能量转换效率。
Ag纳米粒子应用于正型聚合物太阳能器件中。首先，研究正型聚合物体异质结太阳能电池中有源层与电子传输层之间用蒸镀的方式加入Ag纳米粒子（1nm），通过实验观察到Ag纳米粒子（1nm）对正型聚合物体异质结太阳能电池器件的光电流和能量转换效率的提升作用；其次利用热蒸发的方式制备银纳米粒子，将其应用在正型器件的空穴传输层中，通过实验观察到Ag纳米粒子（1nm）使得正型器件的光电流和能量转换效率都有所提升；再次，然后我们用热蒸发的方式制备银纳米粒子，并将Ag纳米粒子（1nm）同时应用在正型器件的空穴传输层与电子传输层中，并对纳米粒子在空穴传输层中的位置进行优化。通过实验得到双纳米粒子的局域表面等离子体作用以及强散射作用，使器件性能得到了大幅度提高，器件的效率为2.31%，提高了约200%。为了进一步验证实验的准确性，我们对器件进行了原子力表面形貌分析表征、紫外-可见吸收分析表征、导电性提高的验证。论证了金属纳米粒子的引入对有机光伏器件光吸收性能和导电性能的作用。
Ag纳米粒子应用在反型聚合物太阳能电池中。简单介绍了TiO2电子传输层，以及运用溶胶-凝胶方法制备TiO2纳米层的过程；利用热蒸发的方式制备银纳米粒子，将其应用在基于TiO2薄膜的反型聚合物太阳能电池器件的空穴传输层中，通过实验验证了Ag纳米粒子对器件的短路电流密度和能量转换效率的提升作用；比较了不同厚度（1nm、3nm、5nm、8nm、10nm）Ag薄膜对器件性能的不同影响，得出当Ag薄膜为1nm时器件的性能得到了最大的提高器件的光电转换效率，效率提高到了3.35%，提高了约24%；并且对电池器件进行了紫外-可见吸收分析表征、复阻抗分析分析表征以及用FDTD软件模拟了Ag纳米粒子近场强度分布情况，有力的验证了银纳米粒子的加入器件性能的改善。
Ag纳米粒子与Au纳米粒子加入到基于PSBTBT：PC71BM的体异质反型聚合物太阳能器件的空穴传输层中。制作了PSBTBT：PC71BM不同质量比下的器件，优化纳米薄膜的厚度来最大限度的改善器件的性能。首先，Ag纳米粒子加入基于PSBTBT：PC71BM（质量比1：1.5）的体异质结的反型器件中，对器件的短路电流密度和能量转换效率的提升作用；比较了不同厚度（1nm、3nm）Ag薄膜对器件性能的不同影响，得出当Ag薄膜为1nm时器件的性能得到了最大的提高：器件的光电转换效率提高到了3.55%，提高了约52%。其次，Ag纳米粒子加入基于PSBTBT：PC71BM（质量比1：1）的体异质结的反型器件中，对器件的短路电流密度和能量转换效率的提升作用；在空穴传输层MoO3中引入1nm Ag（即Ag纳米粒子）后，器件的光电转换效率提高到了3.15%，提高了约41%。最后，Au纳米粒子加入基于PSBTBT：PC71BM（质量比1：1）的体异质结的反型器件中，对器件的短路电流密度和能量转换效率的提升作用；比较了不同厚度（1nm、3nm）Au薄膜对器件性能的不同影响，得出当Au薄膜为1nm时器件的性能得到了最大的提高，能量转换效率提高到了3.26%。
Conjugating conductive polymer materials have been absorbed attentionsbecause of its flexible, fabricability, semiconductor and conductivity properties。Withthe in-depthstudy of conductive polymers and application in the scope of solar cellcomponents, research and development of low-cost polymer solar cells has beenbecoming an investigation focus. But the power conversion efficiency of polymersolar cells is still lower than inorganic solar cells due to the narrow absorptionspectrum of polymer and the low utilization rate. In addition, comparison to inorganicsemiconductor material, low carrier mobility and short diffusion distancethe polymermaterials cannot be avoidable. One significant method is synthesising new polymermaterials with low bandgap, wide absorption spectrum and high absorptioncoefficient. Another method is designing light trapping structure to improve the lightabsorption, including plasma, photonic crystals and grating structure. By limiting thetransmission characteristics of the incident light and effectively limiting the lightinside the polymer active layer materials, light absorption and the efficiency of devicecan be improved obviously.Recently, some researchers have been interested in thelight trapping effect of metal nanoparticles surface plasma.
In this dissertation, by studying the production process of metal nanoparticles,one ingenious way of thermal evaporation depositon in vacuum is utilized to producemetallic nanostructures. We have investigated the improvement of polymer solar cellslight utility via the metal nanoparticles surface plasma effect systematicially.
Ag nanoparticles areapplied in positive polymer solar cells. Firstly, we haveintroduced Ag nanoparticles (1nm) into the heterojunctions polymer solar cellbetween the active layer and electron transport layer by evaporation. Ag nanoparticleswere observed through the experiment (1nm) for heterojunction polymer solar celldevice to improve photocurrent and power conversion efficiency. Secondly thethermal evaporation method is used to produce silver nanoparticles. Then, the Agnanoparticles are applied in hole transport layer of positive device. It was observed inexperiment that optical current and power conversion efficiency of the device are improved due to the Ag nanoparticles (1nm). The thermal evaporation method is usedto produce silver nanoparticles. Then the Ag nanoparticles (1nm) are applied in holetransport layer and electronic transport layer of positive device. Meanwhile theposition of Ag nanoparticles in hole transport layer is optimized. Local surfaceplasmon effect and strong scattering phenomenonof double nanoparticles have beenobtained in experiment can significantly improve the performance of the device. Theefficiency was achieved2.31%, increased by roughly200%. In order to further verifythe accuracy of the experiment, we analyzed the atomic force surface morphologycharacterization, ultraviolet-visible absorption analysis characterization and validationof electrical conductivity. It is demonstrated that introducing the metal nanoparticlesin to device is beneficial to light absorption performance and electric conductivity oforganic photovoltaic devices.
Ag nanoparticles are applied in inverted polymer solar cells. The TiO2electrontransport layer and preparation of TiO2nano layer using sol-gel method are brieflyexplaination. The thermal evaporation method is used to produce silver nanoparticles.The Ag nanoparticles (1nm) are applied to hole transport layer of inverted polymersolar device based on TiO2film. Short circuit current density and power conversionefficiency enhancement can be verified in experiment. Comparing with the influencein device performance of Ag film thickness (1nm,3nm,5nm,8nm,10nm), we canconcluded that1nm Ag film can improve the power conversion efficiency of deviceto3.35%significantly, increased and the enhancement is about24%. The devices areanalyzed in ultraviolet-visible absorption, complex impedance and simulated inFDTD for nearby field intensity distribution of Ag nanoparticles. It is clearly verifythat silver nanoparticles introduction can improve the performance of the device.
Ag and Au nanoparticles are added into the hole transport layer of polymer solarcells device based on PSBTBT: PC71BM activel layer. We optimized the nanometerthin film thickness by producing PSBTBT: PC71BM device with different mass ratiofor the sake of maximizing the performance of the device. Firstly, Ag nanoparticleswere applied into the bulk heterojunction inverted polymer solar cells based on PSBTBT: PC71BM (mass ratio of1:1.5) to improve the shortcircuit current densityand power conversion efficiency. Comparing with the influence in deviceperformance of different Ag film thickness (1nm,3nm), it can be concluded that1nm Ag film can improve the power conversion efficiency3.55%of devicesignificantly and increased by about52%. Secondly, Ag nanoparticles are applied intothe bulk heterojunction device based on PSBTBT: PC71BM (mass ratio of1:1) topromote the short circuit current density and energy conversion efficiency. Afterintroducing1nm (i.e., Ag nanoparticles) into hole transport layer MoO3, the powerconversion efficiency of the device increased to3.15%, increased about41%. Finally,Au nanoparticles are applied into the bulk heterojunction device based on PSBTBT:PC71BM (mass ratio of1:1) to promote the short circuit current density and powerconversion efficiency. Comparing with the influence in device performance ofdifferent Au film thickness (1nm,3nm), it can be concluded that1nm Au film cansignificantly improve the power conversion efficiency of device to3.26%.
引文
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