摘要
太阳能是人类取之不尽、用之不竭的可再生清洁能源。太阳能的有效利用可以同时解决人类生存所面临的两大危机“能源短缺”和“环境污染”。在太阳能的有效利用中,太阳能的光电利用是近年来发展最快、最具活力的研究领域。太阳能电池的研制和开发日益得到重视。
降低成本、提高效率是太阳能电池的发展趋势。由于传统太阳能电池降价的空间有限,因此开发高效廉价的新型太阳能电池具有重要意义。碳纳米管具有极高的电荷传输性能,已被广泛地用于有机太阳能电池的制备中。然而,基于碳纳米管的有机太阳能电池是将粉末状的碳纳米管与有机材料共混,碳纳米管之间的结合较弱,因此导致较大的电阻且电子空穴对容易发生复合,使得太阳能电池的效率很低。直接将碳纳米管薄膜作为太阳能电池的电极或转换材料受到了研究者的青睐。
虽然碳纳米管具有独特的结构、优异的电学性能、良好的化学稳定性和吸光性,然而它们在太阳能电池上的实际应用在技术上却受到了很大的限制。其中最重要的问题就是目前大规模制备的碳纳米管产物中杂质太多、碳纳米管的直径不均匀、且具有很多缺陷。因此,通过对碳纳米管制备工艺的研究,分析工艺条件和碳纳米管形貌、电学性质之间的关系,摸索出最佳工艺条件,制备出管径均匀、高纯度、结构完美、性能优良的碳纳米管,最终实现碳纳米管的低成本、大批量生产,具有重要的工业应用价值。
本实验中,我们采用化学气相沉积法,在基底上制备了碳纳米管阵列,通过改变入口温度、载气总流量、氢气流量以及基底等工艺条件,制备出不同的碳纳米管阵列样品,使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、拉曼光谱仪和四点探针对碳纳米管阵列的结构、形貌和电阻率进行了表征,研究了制备条件对碳纳米管性能的影响。
The solar energy is one kind of unexhausted pure renewable energy. It can solvethe two major crises of human survival facing------environmental pollution and energyshortage, with effective use of solar energy. In the effective utilization of solar energy, photovoltaic use is the fastest growing, most dynamic areas of research in recent years. The research and development of solar cells is increasingly paid more attention by people.
The trend for the development of solar cell is to low the cost and improve the efficiency. As the price space of traditional solar cell is limited, so it is important to develop a new type of high performance and low cost solar cell. Carbon nanotubes have very high charge transfer property, have been widely used in the preparation of organic solar cells. However, organic solar cells based on carbon nanotubes is the carbon nanotubes powder and organic materials blends, the combination between carbon nanotubes is weak, resulting in greater resistance and high electron hole on the composite, making the efficiency of the solar cell is low. Directly use the carbon nanotube thin-film as the electrode or conversion materials of solar cells favored by researchers.
Although carbon nanotubes have a unique structure, excellent electrical property, good chemical stability and absorption of light, however, their practical application of solar cells on the technical has been a lot of restrictions. One of the most important issues is the product of large-scale preparation of carbon nanotubes have too many impurities at present, the diameter of carbon nanotubes non-uniform, and have many defects. So it is beneficial industrially to find out the most optimum production parameters, preparation of uniform diameter, high purity, structural perfection and excellent performance of carbon nanotubes, and eventual realization low cost and large quantities of carbon nanotubes production, by analyzing the relationship between the electrical property and the production parameters.
In this experiment, carbon nanotube arrays were synthesized in substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Different samples of carbon nanotube arrays were prepared by changing the process conditions, such as inlet temperature, carrier gas flow rate, hydrogen flow rate and substrate. The structure, morphology and electrical resistivity of carbon nanotubes was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy and four-point probe. The impact of preparation conditions on properties of carbon nanotubes was studied.
引文
[1]崔容强,赵春江,吴达成.并网型太阳能光伏发电系统[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2007.
[2](美)胡晨明,R.M.怀特,太阳能电池[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1990.
[3]S Arimoto,H Morikawa,M Deguchi,et al.High-efficient operation of large-area(100 cm~2) thin film polycrystalline silicon solar cell based on SOI structure[J].Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,1994,34(9):257-262.
[4]郭志球,沈辉,刘正义,等.太阳电池研究进展[J].材料导报,2006,20(3):41-43.
[5]Zhao J,Wang A,Green M A.24.5%efficiency silicon PERT cells on MCZ substrates and 24.7%efficiency silicon PERL cells on FZ substrates[J].Progress in Photovoltaics,1999,7(6):471-474.
[6]Blaker A W,Green M A.20%efficiency silicon solar cells[J].Applied Physics Letters,1986,48(3):215-217.
[7]耿新华,孙云,王宗畔,等.薄膜太阳能电池的研究进展[J].物理,1999,28(2):96-102.
[8]张凤鸣.多晶硅薄膜太阳电池[J].太阳能学报,2003,24(4):555-564.
[9]K Miyazaki,Y Mishiro,T Kajiwara,et al.Effect of laser-induced dissociation of SiH_3 radicals in SiH_4 plasmas during atomic hydrogen measurements using laser-induced fluorescence by a two-photon excitation[J].Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A,1999,17(1):155-158.
[10]M Gartner,M Modreanu,C Cobianu,et al.Microstructural information from optical properties of LPCVD silicon films annealed at low temperature[J].Sensors and Actuators A,2002,99(1-2):160-164.
[11]H Keppner,M Gotz.Plasma technology as part of an efficient energy service[J].Bulletin des Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen Vereins & des Verbandes Schweizerischer Elektrizitaetswerke,1997,88(23):11-15.
[12]Byeong Yeon Moon,Jae Hyong Youn,Sung Hwan Won,et al.Polycrystalline silicon film deposited by ICP-CVD[J].Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,2001,69(2):139-45.
[13]S Nishida,K Nakagawa,M Iwane,et al.Si-film growth using liquid phase epitaxy method and its application to thin-film crystalline Si solar cell[J].Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,2001,65(1-4):525-532.
[14]U Koster.Crystallization of amorphous silicon films[J].Physica Status Solidi A,1978,48(2):313-321.
[15]G Andra,J Bergmann,F Falk,et al.Multicrystalline Silicon Thin Films:Laser Crystallization Conditions and Properties[J].Diffusion and Defect Data Part B,1999,67-68:187-191.
[16]Ying Xu,Yuan Yu,Xudong Li.Poly-Si thin film solar cell with 10%on modeling ceramic substrate[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2002,23(1):108-110.
[17]Uilal H S等著.陆一译.新能源,1990,12(9):7-9.
[18]耿新华,雷永泉,等编.非晶硅太阳电池:新能源材料[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2000:272-303.
[19]魏光普.太阳电池发展现状与我国阳光发电规划[J].物理,1999,28(11):685-690.
[20]吴瑞华,耿新华.非晶硅太阳电池评述[J].太阳能学报,1999,(特刊):95-101.
[21]张忠卫,陆剑峰,池卫英,等.砷化镓太阳电池技术的进展与前景[J].上海航天,2003,3:33-38.
[22]梁宗存,沈辉,李戬洪.太阳能电池研究进展[J].能源工程,2000,4:8-11.
[23]徐慢,夏冬林,杨晟,等.薄膜太阳能电池[J].材料导报,2006,20(9):109-111.
[24]汪建军,刘金霞.太阳能电池及材料研究和发展现状[J].浙江万里学院学报,2006,19(5):73-77.
[25]庄大明,张弓.铜铟镓硒薄膜太阳能电池的发展现状以及应用前景[J].真空,2004,41(2):1-7.
[26]孙云,王俊清,杜兆峰,等.CIS和CIGS薄膜太阳电池的研究[J].太阳能学报,2001,(2):192-195.
[27]N B Chaure,J Young,A P Samantilleke,et al.Electrodeposition of p-i-n CuInSe2 multilayers for photovoltaic applications[J].Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,2004,81(1):125-133.
[28]刘世友.铜铟硒太阳电池的生产与发展[J].太阳能,1999(2):16-17.
[29]耿新华.中国薄膜太阳电池发展[A].第八届中国光伏会议暨中日光伏论坛论文集[C].2004:23-29.
[30]Contreras M A,Ramanathan K,Abushama J,et al.Diode characteristics in State-of-the-art ZnO/CdS/Cu(In_(1-x)Ga_x)Se-2 solar cells[J].Progress in Photovoltaics,2005,13(3):209-216.
[31]Deb S K.Recent development in high efficiency PV cells[J].Renewable energy,1998,15(1-4):467-472.
[32]张静全,蔡伟,郑家贵,等.CdTe太阳能电池研究进展[J].半导体光电,2000,21(2):88-92.
[33]Birkmire RW.Recent progress and critical issues in thin film polycrystalline solar cells and modules[A].conf.Rec.26th IEEE PVSC[C].1997,295-300.
[34]夏庚培,郑家贵,冯良桓,等.CdTe太阳能电池的制备及电子辐照对电池影响的研究[J].四川大学学报(自然科学版),2004,41(1):118-121.
[35]赵玉文.太阳电池新进展[J].物理,2004,33(2):99-105.
[36]Wu X,Dhere R G,Albin D S,et al.High-efficiency CTO/ZTO/CdS/CdTe polycrystalline thin-film solar cells[A].Proceedings of NCPV Program Review Meeting[C].New Yory:AIP,2001,47.
[37]O'Regan B,Gratzel M.A low-cost,high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO_2 films[J].Nature,1991,353(6346):737-740.
[38]孙宝,郝彦忠,李伟,等.纳米太阳电池研究进展[J].河北科技大学学报,2002,(2):22-31.
[39]王彦涛,韦玮,刘俊峰,等.聚合物本体异质结型太阳能电池研究进展[J].高分子通报,2004,6:9-14.
[40]路胜利,刘宽,杨慕杰.聚合物太阳能电池材料的研究进展[J].高分子材料科学与工程,2005,21(4):1-4.
[41]de Heer W A,Bacsa W S,Chatelain A,et al.Aligned carbon nanotube films:production and optical and electronic properties[J].Science,1995,268(5212):845-847.
[42]Shengdong Li,Yu Zhen,Rutherglen C,et al.Electrical properties of 0.4cm long single-walled carbon nanotubes[J].Nano Letters,2004,4(10):2003-2007.
[43]韦进全,张先锋,王昆林.碳纳米管宏观体[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006.
[44]Landi BJ,Raffaelle RP,Castro SL,et al.Single-wall carbon nanotube-polymer solar cells[J].Progress in Photovoltaics:Research and Applications,2005,13(2):165-172.
[45]Kymakis E,Koudoumas E,Franghiadakis I,et al.Post-fabrication annealing effects in polymer-nanotube photovoltaic cells[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2006,39(6):1058-1062.
[46]Wei J Q,Jia Y,Shu Q K,et al.Double-walled carbon nanotube solar cells[J].Nano Letters,2007,7(8):2317-2321.
[47]朱宏伟,吴德海,徐才录.碳纳米管[M].2003,第1版.
[48]成会明.碳纳米管制备、结构、物性及应用[M].化学工业出版社,2002.
[49]Kroto H W,Heath J R,O'Brien S C,et al.C_(60):Buckminsterfullerene[J].Nature,1985,318(6042):162-163.
[50]Kratschmer W,Lamb L D,Fostiropoulos K,et al.Solid C_(60):a new form of carbon[J].Nature,1990,347(6291):354-358.
[51]Iijima S.Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon[J].Nature.1991,354(6348):56-58.
[52]Ebbesen TW,Ajayan PM.Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes[J].Nature,1992,358(6383):220-222.
[53]S Iijima,T Ichihashi.Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter[J].Nature1993,363(6430):603-605.
[54]A Thess,R Lee,P Nikolaev,et al.Crystalline ropes of metallic carbon nanotubes[J].Science 1996,273(5274):483-487.
[55]Li W Z,Xie S S,Qian L X,et al.Large-scale synthesis of aligned carbon nanotubes[J].Science,1996,274(5293):1701-1703.
[56]韩道丽.定向碳纳米管阵列的制备及其性能研究[D].郑州大学硕士论文,2007,5.
[57]张崇辉.硅基碳纳米管阵列的制备及表征[D].西北大学硕士学位论文,2006,6.
[58]Salvetat JP,Bonard JM,Bacsa R,et al.Physical properties of carbon nanotubes[J].AIP Conference Proceedings,1998,442(442):467-480.
[59]孙晓刚,曾效舒,程国安.碳纳米管的特性及应用[J].中国粉体技术,2001,6(7):29-33.
[60]M Ritschel,M Uhlemann,O Gutfleisch,et al.Hydrogen storage in different carbon nanostructures[J].Applied Physics Letters,2002,80(16):2985-2987.
[61]Sishen Xie,Wenzhi Li,Zhengwei Pan,et al.Mechanical and physical properties on carbon nanotube[J].Journal of the Physics and Chemistry of Solids,2000,61(7):1153-1158.
[62]Berber S,Kwon YK,Tomanek D.Unusually high thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes[J].Phys Rev Lett,2000,84(20):4613-4616.
[63]Ajayan PM,Terrones M,de la Guardia A,et al.Nanotubes in a flash-Ignition and reconstruction[J].Science.2002,296(5568):705.
[64]Lin Y,Taylor S,Li HP,et al.Advances toward bioapplications of carbon nanotubes[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2004,14(4):527-541.
[65]S Courty,J Mine,A R Tajbakhsh,et al.Nematic elastomers with aligned carbon nanotubes:New Electromechanical actuators[J].Europhys.Lett.,2003,64(5):654-660.
[66]A Srivastava,ON Srivastava,S Talapatra,et al.Carbon nanotube filters[J].Nature Materials,2004,3(9):610-614.
[67]宋海燕.定向碳纳米管阵列的低压制备及应用研究[D].华东师范大学硕士学位论文,2007,4.
[68]Wang QH,Setlur AA,Lauerhaas JM,et al.A nanotube based field emission flat panel display[J].Applied Physics Letters,1998,72(22):2912-2913.
[69]Zhang Y,Gong T,Liu W J,et al.Strong visible light emission from well-aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube films under infrared laser irradiation[J].Applied Physics Letters,2005,87(17):173114-1-3.
[70]Wei JQ,Zhu HW,Wu DH.Carbon nanotube filaments in household light bulbs[J].Applied Physics Letters,2004,84(24):4869-4871.
[71]Zhu W,Bower C,Zhou O,et al.Large current density from carbon nanotube field emitters[J].Applied Physics Letters,1999,75(6):873-875.
[72]赵艳珩.定向碳纳米管薄膜的热CVD制备及其场发射特性研究[D].电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2006,6.
[73]Cao A,Zhang X,Xu C,et al.Tandem structure of aligned carbon nanotubes on Au and its solar thermal absorption[J].Sol Energ Mat Sol C,2002,70(4):481-486.
[74]Anyuan Cao,Hongwei Zhu,Xiaofeng Zhang,et al.Hydrogen storage of dense-aligened carbon nanotubes[J].Chemical Physics Letters,2001,342(5-6):510-514.
[75]Jose-Yacaman M,Miki-Yoshida M,Rendon L.Caralytic growth of carbon microtubes with fullerens structure[J].Applied Physics Letters,1993,62(6):657-659.
[76]Andrews R,Jacques D,Rao A M,et al.Continuous production of aligned carbon nanotubes:a step closer to commercial realization[J].Chemical Physics Letters,1999,303(5-6):467-474.
[77]Ren Z F,Huang Z P,Xu J W,et al.Synthesis of large arrays of well-aligned carbon nanotubes on glass[J].Science,1998,282(5391):1105-1107.
[78]S Amelinckx,D Bemaerts,X B Zhang,et al.A structure model and growth mechanism for multishell carbon nanotubes[J].Science,1995,267(5202):1334-1338.
[79]Tibbett GG.Vapor-grown carbon fibers:status and prospects[J].Carbon,1989,27(5):745-747.
[80]Hongjie Dai,Andrew G.Rinzler.Single-wall nanotubes produced by metal-catalyzed disproportionation of carbon monoxide[J].Chemical Physics Letters,1996,260(3-4):471-475.
[81]Kukovitsky E F,Lovo S G,Sainov N A.VLS-growth of carbon nanotubes from the vapor[J].Chemical Physics Letters,2000,317(1-2):65-70.
[82]Choi Y C,Kim D W,Lee T J,et al.Growth mechanisms of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes on silicon substrates[J].Synthetic Metals,2001,117(15):81-86.
[83]Jung Minjae,Eun Kwang Yong,Baik ~ong-Joon,et al.Effect of NH3 environment gas on the growth of aligned carbon nanotube in catalystically pyrolizing C_2H_2[J].Thin Solid Films,2001,398-399:150-155.
[84]Chris Bower,Wei Zhu,Sungho Jin,et al.Plasma-induced alignment of carbon nanotubes[J].Applied Physics Letters,2000,77:830-832.
[85]Frank S,Poncharal P,Wang Z L.Carbon nanotube quantum resistors[J].Science,1998,280(5370):1744-1746.
[86]Shim M,Javey A,Kamn W S,et al.Polymer functionalization for air-stablen-type carbon nanotube field-effect transisitors[J].J Am Chem Soc,2001,123:11512-11513.
[87]李峰,白朔,成会明.纳米碳管[J].新型碳材料,2000,15(3):79-80.
[88]Kymakis E,Klapsis G,Koudoumas E,et al.Carbon nanotube/PEDOT:PSS electrodes for organic photovoltaics[J].Eur.Phys.J.Appl.Phys,2006,36(3):257-259.
[89]Mao J,Liu Q,Lv X,et al.A Water-Soluble Hybrid Material of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with an Amphiphilic Poly(phenyleneethynylene):Preparation,Characterization,and Photovoltaic Properties[J].J.Nanosci.Nanotech,2007,7(8):2696-2708.
[90]Kymakis E,Stratakis E,Koudoumas E.Integration of carbon nanotubes as hole transport electrode in polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells[J].Thin Solid Films,2007,515(24):8598-8600.
[91]韩道丽,赵元黎,赵海波,等.化学气相沉积法制备定向碳纳米管阵列[J].物理学报,2007,56(10):5958-5964.
[92]刘勇,孙晓刚,朱正吼,等.化学气相沉积法制备大面积定向碳纳米管[J].材料导报,2006,5(20):120-122.
[93]郑瑞延,程国安,赵勇,等.碳纳米管阵列拉曼光谱对比的研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2006,6(26):1071-1075.
[94]宋海燕,李艳楠,赵琨,等.低压下酞菁裂解法制备定向碳纳米管阵列[J].高等学校化学学报,2007,9(28):1622-1627.
[95]张兵,郭燕川,陈丽娟,等.载气对注入CVD法制备碳纳米管和碳纳米纤维的影响[J].化学学报,2004,(62):2253-2258.
[96]姚运金,张素平,颜涌捷.气体流量对化学气相沉积法制备碳纳米管的影响[J].精细化工,2006, 6(23):536-539.
[97]UC Chung,DB Lee,YU Jeong,et al.Effect of gas on carbon nanotubes synthesis[J].Materials science 2005,(475-479)3559-3562.
[98]周小康,周明,吴春霞,等.定向生长碳纳米管阵列的制备及其应用研究进展[J].材料导报,2007,5(21):95-98.
[99]Vincent Jourdain,Henning Kanzqw,Marie Castignolles,et al.Sequential Catalytic Growth of Carbon Nanotubes[J].Chemical Physics Letters,2002,364:27-33.
[100]Zhang XX,Li ZQ,Wen GH,et al.Microstructure and Growth of Bamboo-shaped Carbon Nanotubes[J].Chemical Physics Letters,2001,333:509-514.
[101]徐军明,秦会斌,张孝彬,等.定向纳米碳管微观结构的观察和生长机制探讨[J].,理化检验-物理分册,2006,9(49):437-440.
[102]Choi GS,Cho YS,Hong SY et al.Carbon nanotubes synthesized by Ni-assisted atmospheric pressure thermal chemical vapor deposition[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2002,91(6):3847-3854.
[103]ZK Tang,LY Zhang,N Wang,et a1.Superconductivity in 4 angstrom single-walled carbon nanotubes[J].Science,2001,292(5526):2462-2465.
[104]Baierle RJ,Fagan SB,Mota R,et aI.Electronic and structural properties of silicon-doped carbon nanotubes[J].Physical Review B,2001,64(8):art.no.085413.
[105]Liu K,Avouris P,Martel R,et a1.Electrical transport in doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes[J].Physical Review B,2001,63(16):art.no.161404.
[106]Avoufis P,Martel R,Derycke V,et a1.Carbon nanotube transistors and logic circuits[J].Physica B-Condensed Matter,2002,323(1-4):6-14.
[107]Chunming Niu,Sichel EK,Hoch R,et al.High power electrochemical capacitors based on carbon nanotube electrodes[J].Applied Physics Letters,1997,70(11):1480-1482.
[108]韦逢艳.碳纳米管电导率的计算及相关的实验研究[D].重庆大学硕士学位论文,2006,5.
[109]胡陈果,叶翠兰,陈杨.碳纳米管膜电阻率的测定与导电机理[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(9):112-115.
[110]张维,崔晓莉,江志裕.多壁碳纳米管/TiO_2纳米复合薄膜的光电性能研究[J].化学学报,2008,66(8):867-873.
[111]杨人勇,张海燕,谢慰,等.碳材料在染料敏化太阳能电池对电极中的应用[J].材料研究与应用,2008,2(4):447-449.
[112]黄振.碳材料在纳晶染料敏化太阳能电池对电极研究中的应用[D].吉林人学硕士学位论文,2007,6.
[113]Suzuki K,Yamaguchi M,Kumagai M,et al.Application of carbon nanotubes to counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells[J].Chemistry Letters,2003,32(1):28-29.
[114]周洪英.“缺陷”碳纳米管薄膜可提高太阳能电池效率[N].功能材料信息,2008,5(5-6):126.
[115]Bailey RL.A proposed new concept for a solar energy convertor[J].J Eng Power,1972,94,73-77.
[116]高杰.超高效纳米天线太阳能电池[D].北京大学硕士学位论文,2008,6.
[117]Christophe Fumeaux,Michael A Gritz,Iulian Codreanu,et al.Measurement of the resonant lengths of infrared dipole antennas[J].Infrared Physics&Technology,2000,41,271-281.
[118]Y Wang,K Kempa,B Kimball,et al.Receiving and transmitting light-like radio waves:Antenna effect in arrays of aligned carbon nanotubes[J].Applied Physics Letters,2004,85(13):2607-2609.
[119]Kempa k,Rybczynski J,Huang ZP,et al.Carbon nanotubes as optical antennae[J].Advanced Materials,2007,19(3):421.
[120]胡慧君,王蜀霞,杨云青,等.碳纳米管光学性质及应用的研究现状[J].材料导报,2007,2l(11):118.120.
[121]贾怡,韦进全,舒勤科,等.基于碳纳米管薄膜的太阳能电池及其制备方法[P].2007,7.
[122]孙号夕.新型碳纳米管太阳能光伏电池[N].功能材料信息,2008,5(5-6).
[123]王钰,刘云圻.高电导透明碳纳米管薄膜的制备及其在有机发光二极管中的应用[J].2008,53(21):2586.
[124]Rowell M W,Topinka M A,McGehee M D,et al.Organic solar cells with carbon nanotube network electrodes[J].Applied Physics Letters,2006,88(23):233506-1-233506-3.
[125]Pasquier A D,Unalan H E,Kanwal A,et al.Conducting and transparent single-wall carbon nanotube electrodes for polymer-fullerene solar cells[J].Applied Physics Letters,2005,87(20):203511-1-203511-3.
[126]van de Lagemaat J,Barnes T,Rumbles G,et al.Efficient organic excitonic solar cells with carbon nanotubes replacing In_2O3:Sn as the transparent electrode[J].Conference Record of the 2006 Ieee 4Th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion,Vols 1 and 2,2006183-185.
[127]刘倩.基于单壁碳纳米管和单层石墨的有机光伏电池的研究[D].天津理工人学硕七学位论文,2008,6
[128]徐文君.碳纳米管/有机光电复合材料的制备与研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文.2006,6.
[129]Cao L,Chen HZ,LI HY,et al.Fabrication of Raer-Earth Biphthalocyanine Encapsulated by Carbon Nanotubes Using a Capillary Filling Method[J].Chemistry of Materials,2003,15:3247.
[130]Ago H,Petritsch K,Shaffer M S,et al.Composites of carbon nanotubes and conjugated polymers for photovoltaic devices[J].Adv.Mater,1999,11(15):1281-1285.
[131]Kymakis E,Amaratunga G A J.Single-wall carbon nanotube/conjugated polymer photovoltaic devices[J].Applied Physics Letters,2002,80(1):112-114.
[132]Landi B J,Raffaelle RP,Castro SL,et al.Single-wall carbon nanotube-polymer solar cells[J].Prog.Photovolt.,2005,13(2):165-172.
[133]Cheng Li,Mitra S.Processing of fullerene-single wall carbon nanotube complex for bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells[J].Applied Physics Letters,2007,91(25):253112-1-3.
[134]Kongkanand A,Dominguez RM,Kamat PV.Single wall carbon nanotube scaffolds for Photoelectrochemical solar cells.Capture and transport of photogenerated electrons[J].Nano Letters,2007,7(3):676-680.
[135]陈鹏.MWNTs╱TiO_2复合薄膜的制备及性能研究[D].河北师范大学硕士学位论文,2008,4.
