摘要
动物及其产品的标识与可追溯系统建设是通过建立统一的信息管理系统、制定标识信息采集标准,实现对畜禽在饲养、运输、屠宰、加工、销售、消费全过程中的每一环节和相关责任人信息全面记录,以此作为畜禽产品追溯监控的依据。我国从2006年开始进行动物标识与追溯系统,以试点形式在各地推广,但由于在追溯技术水平和相关部门协调等方面存在的问题,还未实现广泛应用。可追溯体系在实施的过程中涉及养殖、防疫、检疫、监督等环节,其中防疫和检疫环节对于可追溯体系的建设尤为重要,防疫和检疫人员在防疫和检疫的过程中能否严格执行生猪标识及疫病可追溯体系的相关要求,保证各种信息的真实性和有效性,直接影响着生猪及其产品的质量安全。
本文采用定性研究和定量研究、问卷调查与资料分析相结合的方法,利用因子分析模型和Logit模型等,以四川省乐山市、遂宁市等市中典型区县的241名基层防疫和检疫人员为样本,对其实施生猪标识及疫病可追溯体系的基本情况及影响因素进行研究。研究的内容主要有以下几个方面：(1)防疫和检疫人员的个人特征分析,包括防疫和检疫人员的性别、年龄、学历。(2)防疫和检疫人员的工作环境因素：包括防疫人员的所属单位的级别、技术职称、技术来源、培训情况、是否熟悉防疫法、月工资水平、工资来源以及岗位性质等；检疫人员的月工资水平、工资来源、岗位性质、所属的检疫环节等。(3)防疫和检疫人员对生猪标识及疫病可追溯体系的执行情况分析：包括防疫人员在防疫的过程中对生猪的免疫状况、免疫耳标的加戴、免疫信息的填报等；检疫人员在对生猪进行产地、屠宰、运输和市场检疫中对有关生猪疫病诊断、检疫相关信息的填报、影响检疫工作的因素等。(4)防疫和检疫人员实施生猪标识及疫病可追溯体系的影响因素分析。利用相关性分析、因子分析等对影响防疫和检疫人员对生猪标识及疫病可追溯体系实施的因素进行分析,再运用Logit模型对影响因素变量进行回归分析。(5)提出关于加强可追溯体系防疫和检疫环节的政策建议。
通过分析本文得出如下主要结论：(1)就防疫人员以及可追溯体系执行过程中有关防疫工作来说：防疫人员的性别、年龄、学历等因素对于他们对追溯体系的实施没有明显影响；防疫人员是否熟悉防疫法对可追溯体系的实施有影响。防疫人员对《防疫法》的熟悉程度影响了他们对可追溯体系的判断和执行。接受过培训的防疫人员比没有接受过培训的防疫人员对可追溯体系的执行更加严格。在执行追溯体系的过程中,严格填写免疫档案、生猪免疫后发放免疫证和免疫合格证对防疫人员实施追溯体系有明显影响。(2)就检疫人员以及可追溯体系执行过程中有关防疫工作来说：检疫人员学历的高低影响了他们对可追溯体系的实施。在检疫工作中,严格按照程序对生猪疫病进行了诊断和检查的检疫人员认为可追溯体系在保障生猪及其产品质量安全方面的作用更加明显。各个检疫环节人员之间相互配合能够使检疫信息有效传达,对可追溯体系的实施有明显的促进作用。(3)生猪耳标在可追溯体系中的作用对于防疫人员和检疫人员来说都不明显。(4)移动识读器的使用在防疫工作中对生猪的防疫信息的记录和扫面有显著的作用,而对于检疫工作来说,识读器作用不大。
根据本文的研究结果,笔者认为应该从以下几个方面来加强生猪标识及疫病可追溯体系在防疫和检疫环节的建设：(1)对于防疫环节来说,加大生猪标识及疫病可追溯体系的宣传力度；提高基层防疫人员的文化素质和业务水平；同时加大防疫人员对生猪耳标的佩戴、免疫信息记录以及移动智能识读器使用的培训。(2)对于检疫环节,要提高生猪养殖户和猪贩等对可追溯体系和对《防疫法》的认识；进行生猪定点交易,集中检疫,规范检疫相关证明的发放；赋予检疫人员上路检查的权力。(3)提高防疫和检疫人员的待遇和福利,把基层人员的工资和福利纳入财政体系。(4)加大对基层防疫和检验工作所需要的设备的投入。(5)上级部门严格监督防疫和检疫环节的执行。
Animals'and their products'identification and construction of traceability system are the effective measures of protecting consumers from the hazards of animal food safety incidents in the international arena. Through the establishment of a unified information management system to develop identification standards for information collection, then, to record the information of each link and its responsible people in the livestock farming, transportation, slaughtering, processing, sale and consumption as a basis for monitoring of livestock and poultry products traceability. The animal identification and traceability system has been implemented as a trial basis from 2006. However, as immaturity of the retroactive technology and poor coordination of relevant departments, it is not yet widely used in the realization. The traceability system in the course of implementation involves breeding, vaccination, quarantine, supervision and other sectors, and the sectors of vaccination and quarantine is particularly important in inspecting and the preventing animal diseases, protecting animals'and their products'quality and safety. Whether immunization staff and quarantine staff are able to strictly enforce the pig identification and traceability system, ensure the authenticity and validity of the information is a direct impact on the quality and safety of pigs and their products.
This paper takes 241 immunization staff and quarantine staff of Leshan, Suining and other cities of Sichuan province as an example to study on their implementation of pig identification and traceability system. The author uses many analysis methods such as the combination of the qualitative investigation with the quantitative investigation, the combination of the questionnaire survey with the information analysis, then the main way are Logit model and Factor Analysis model. Three main ideas were concluded in this research:(1) The personal information of immunization staff and quarantine staff including the education, training, and wage levels, job nature, wage sources had been analyzed. (2) The analysis of the implementation of the pig disease identification and traceability system for the immunization staff and quarantine staff include:the immune status of pigs, the wearing of ear tag, the recording and uploading of immune information, the factors affecting immune, as well as the work of quarantine officers about the pig disease diagnosis and inspection, uploading of quarantine records and related information and the quarantine infrastructure, thus the factors affecting quarantine and so on. (3) The factors that impacted the prevention and quarantine officers implementation of the pig identification and traceability system. In this paper, correlation analysis, factor analysis and so on had been use to analysis the factors that impact epidemic prevention and quarantine officers executing pig identification and traceability system, then the Logit model regression analysis had been used to regression. (4) The incentive, restraint and supervision mechanism of epidemic prevention and quarantine officers in the implementation of pig disease identification and traceability system had been analyzed.
Through analyzing main conclusions obtained as follows:(1) personnel and traceability system implementation of epidemi mmunization staff gender, age, schooling of epidemic prevention workers had no significant effect on the implementation of traceability system.They were familiar with epidemic prevention law of the traceability had significant effect on the implementation of traceability system. Trained personnel executing traceability system were more strictly than not trained personnel. Strictly fill immune archives, extend the immune immunization vaccination certificate had obvious influence to traceability system. (2) The degree of quarantine officeers influenced their implementation of the traceability system. In quarantine, quarantine workers strictly accord to the procedures for the pig disease diagnosis and inspection thout the traceability system was more apparent on the role of pig product quality and safety. Each quarantine link between mutual coordination could make quarantine information effectively communicate,and,it had significant positive effects to traceability system.(3) Pig ear mark had no significant effect on the role of traceability system for mmunization staff and quarantine officers.(4) In the work of prevention and sweep record information,the Theuse of mobile starts has significant effect.
According to the result of this research, I believe that the following aspects should be strengthened of the pig identification and traceability system disease in epidemic prevention and quarantine areas:(1)In epidemic link, immunization staff should increasing propaganda of pig identification and traceability system; To improve the cultural quality of immunization staff and their business level; While,srtength the training for the immunization staff on the wearing of pig ear mark, the recording immunization information, the using of mobile intelligent student. (2) In quarantine link, quarantine officers should make pig farmers and pig vendor to realize the importence of traceability system and animal products law. For pigs, centralized quarantine fixed-point trading, regulating the granting of relevant certificates,giving the power on the inspection for quarantine offices should be executed. (3) Improve treatment of immunization staff and quarantine officers, and the staffs salaries and benefits should be bring into financial system. (4)Increase equipment to epidemic and inspection work. (5) Superior disease control and quarantine departments should strictly monitor the implementation of the system in each link.
引文
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