摘要
苹果是世界普遍栽培的四大水果之一,优质无公害栽培是果品生产发展的必然趋势。红富士苹果是世界上栽培面积最大的优良苹果品种,从日本引入我国之后,由于栽培区域选择及栽培措施不当等原因,造成果肉变绵、变粗、口感不良、品质退化、农药残留量过高、食用不安全等问题。因此,急需进行红富士苹果优质无公害栽培理论及配套技术应用研究。我们于1998～2004年,在河北省太行山区的内丘县富岗山庄等地,通过选择适宜的栽培区域,采用生态控制的方法,着眼于特定果园的生态系统,进行科学的树体管理、肥水管理,综合运用生物、物理、生态等措施,对有害生物进行科学控制等,建立并实施了优质无公害红富士苹果配套栽培技术。主要结果如下:
1.进行了产地环境质量评价。采用连续3a实地监测、测定以及综合指数评价的方法,对富岗苹果产地环境质量进行了监测评价。结果表明,该地森林覆盖率64%,没有排放污染气体的工厂和重要交通干道,空气清新,土壤、水源没有污染;灌溉水氯化物的污染指数为0.08,氰化物的污染指数为0.004,氟化物的污染指数为0.05,总汞、总砷、总铅、总镉、铬(六价)等全部数值均远小于1,综合污染指数仅仅为0.053;土壤以总镉污染指数最高,为0.57,综合污染指数0.212;大气总悬浮物污染指数为0.24,二氧化硫污染指数为0.024,氮氧化合物污染指数为0.042,氟化物污染指数为0.123,综合质量为一级。全部实测平均值均远低于GB/T 18407-2.2001。
2.研究了土壤和叶片矿质元素对果实品质的影响。连续3a定期取样研究测定了不同园片土壤和苹果叶片矿质元素与长富2果实品质的关系。通径分析结果表明:在多种矿质元素因素相互作用的情况下,对果糖、总糖以及可滴定酸含量影响最大的土壤矿质元素是铁和速效钾;表层土壤中的锌含量是果实内在品质提高的限制因素;土壤含磷量与果实硬度呈显著负相关,含铁量与果实硬度呈显著正相关,钙的作用比较小;按果实含糖量高于13%、糖酸比40～60、果实硬度≥8.0kg·cm~2为优质果的生产标准,土壤中的速效氮、速效磷、速效钾的比例为1:0.8:1.4。叶片含N量与果实产量呈正相关;叶片N、P、Ca、Mn含量与果实可溶性固形物、总糖、果糖、蔗糖等含量呈负相关,但与葡萄糖呈正相关;K、Mg、
Apple is one of the four fruits that cultivated widely in the world. High quality and free-pollutant cultivation is the inexorable trend of fruit production. Red Fuji apple is an excellent variety whose cultivation area is the biggest. But there exited such problems as flesh becoming soft and coarse, taste becoming bad, quality degenerating, high pesticide residue, and unsafe for eating after it was introduced from Japan due to choose improper cultivation district and cultivation techniques. Therefore, study on cultivation theory and techniques application of high quality and free-pollutant red Fuji apple is urgent. From 1998 to 2004, in the orchard of Fugangshanzhuang which located in Taihang mountain area of Neiqiu county, Hebei province, techniques of producing high quality and free-pollutant red Fuji apple were established through choosing suitable cultivation district, adopting scientific tree, fertilizer and water management aiming to ecological system of specified orchard, using ecological control methods to control harmful living things such as biological, physical and ecological methods. The results were as follows.1. Environment quality of growing area was evaluated. Environment quality of FUGANG fresh apple growing area had been monitored and evaluated through successive 3 years of on-the-spot monitoring, determining and comprehensive index evaluation methods. The results showed that the percentage of forest cover was 64%, around the orchard, there were no factories which discharged poisonous gases and there were also no main roads, the air was pure and fresh, the soil and source of water were not polluted. In the irrigation water, the pollution index of chloride was 0.08, cyanide was 0.004, fluoride was 0.05, total mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, Cr~(6+) were all far less than 1. and the comprehensive pollution index was only 0.416. Among the soil quality indexes, the pollution index of total cadmium was 0.57, and it was the highest one, the comprehensive pollution index was 0.212. The pollution index of total suspension in the air was 0.24, pollution index of sulfur dioxide gas was 0.024, nitrogen oxide was 0.042, and fluoride was 0.123. The composite quality was grade A air. All the average date was lower than national trade standard.2. The effects of soil and leaf mineral elements on fruit quality were studied. The relationships between soil and apple leaf mineral elements of different orchards and the quality of Chang Fu-2 were studied through successive 3 years determining.
The results of path coefficient analysis showed that under the interaction of nutrient elements, the main elements that affected the contents of fructose, total sugar and titratable acid were soil Fe and available K. Zn content of upper soil also affected fruit inner quality. There exited significant negative correlation between P content and fruit hardness, and positive correlation between Fe content and fruit hardness, the effect of Ca content was limit. According to the fruit quality index that the total sugar content was higher than 13%, sugar-acid ratio was 40-60, fruit hardness was ^8.0kg/cm2, the suitable proportion of available N, P, K in soil was 1:0.8:1.4. There exited positive correlation between leaf N content and fruit yield. There exited negative correlation between N, P, Ca, Mn and fruit soluble solids, total sugar, fructose and sucrose, but positive correlation of glucose. There exited positive correlation between K, Mg, Zn and fruit fructose content, but there hadn't significant correlation between K, Mg, Zn and fruit total sugar, glucose, sucrose, soluble solids contents. There exited negative correlation between leaf N, P content and fruit titratable acid, and significant positive correlation between K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn contents and fruit acid content. In order to maintain high quality and stable yields of red Fuji apple, the suitable period of leaf nutrient diagnose of N was the end of June, the suitable content was 0.80%-1.15%; the suitable period of leaf nutrient diagnose of P was the end of May, the suitable content was 0.08%-0.13%; the suitable period of leaf nutrient diagnose of K was the middle of June, the suitable content was 1.8%-2.0%; the suitable period of leaf nutrient diagnose of Ca was the end of June, the suitable content was 0.42%-1.14%; the suitable period of leaf nutrient diagnose of Mg was the middle of August, the suitable content was 0.33%-0.4%; the suitable period of leaf nutrient diagnose of Mn was the end of June, the suitable content was 67 -82 mg/kg; the suitable period of leaf nutrient diagnose of Zn was the middle of May, the suitable content was 59 -88mg/kg.3. The effects of cultivation methods on fruit quality were studied. The results showed that there exited obvious metaxenia phenomenon in red Fuji apple. The fruit settings on the basis of clusters happen in red Fuji apples t through artificial pollination from Golden Delicious, Starkrimson and OBIR-2T-47 were 76.3%, 74.8%> 72.5% respectively. Fruit pollinated with Golden Delicious's pollen had appropriate length and thickness of stems, more symmetrical, longitudinal and bigger
fruit with overall, uniform and attractive red color. As far as internal quality was concerned, there hadn't significant differences among them. So Golden Delicious was recommended as an appropriate pollinated cultivar for red Fuji apple. Density and tree structure were the base of high quality and yields. Suitable density of arborescent stock red Fuji apple orchard to obtain early high yield was 2mX4m or 3 mX4m, the most suitable tree form was improved spindle shape, the winter group structure was: small boughs or large branch groups were more than 15000 per hectare, middle and long branches were 75000, short branches were more than 300,000 per hectare. The branch angle of lower small boughs was 85 , upper small boughs was 70 ~75 . The summer group structure was: the leaf area index was about 3, relative light intensity accepted by leaves in the crown was more than 25%. Thinning flower and fruit was beneficial to enhance fruit weight and improve fruit quality, the average fruit weight of thinning flower in the period of full bloom was the biggest, next was the period of first pink. The suitable thinning fruit distance of Changfu-2 was one fruit per 25 ~ 30cm. In lower mountain dry and barren area, to produce high quality and big fruit(250g), the suitable ratio of leaf and fruit was more than 70, the ratio of branch and fruit was 6~9. Red color coverage of red Fuji apple was more than 95% by bagging, the earlier bagging period, the more attractive red color of fruit skin, the faster coloring. The earlier bagging period, the smaller fruit dots diameter and the nicks on the peel, the smoother surface of fruit, the thinner cuticular layer and fruit peel, the smaller cell of flesh. The contents of soluble solids, total sugar, fructose, glucose and ascorbic acid were increased, the ratio of sugar-acid was declined, and the content of amino acid was declined with the bagging time deferred. The suitable bagging time was after 20 to 40 days of full-bloom stage in gneiss mountain area of middle-south of Hebei province. Fertilize manure may enhance fruit quality, improve soil, strengthen tree vigor. Applying dried chicken manure 40 kilograms per plant, the fruit soluble solids, sugar contents and sugar/acid ratio were the highest, the quality was the highest, the taste was the best. The soil management goal of maintaining stable yields and high quality of red Fuji apple in gneiss mountain area of middle-south of Hebei province was: soil organic matter content was more than 1.2%, total N content was more than 0.070%, soluble P content was more than 60 mg-kg"1, soluble' K content was more than 80 mg-kg"1, soluble B content was more than 0.7mg-kg"', Zn content was more than 0.63 mg-kg"1.
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