摘要
通过在半干旱典型地区—定西县进行的春小麦生育期秸秆覆盖试验，研究了秸秆覆盖后旱作麦田土壤温度、水分、养分和微生物的数量变化，结果表明：
(1)秸秆覆盖对土温变化有明显的调节作用。在低温时(4月5日)，覆盖可使0～10cm地温增加0.5～1.5℃，15cm处增加0.5～1.0℃，而20cm处几乎没有变化。在高温时(7月15日)可降低地表温度2～10℃，降低5cm处地温0.2～1.0℃，10cm处降温0.5～0.8℃，而15～20cm土层温度变化不明显。覆盖产生的“增温效应”和“降温效应”主要是在0～5cm和5～10cm两层，粗略地可分为0～10cm的土温易变层，10～15cm的过渡层和15～20cm的基本稳定层。总体而言，覆盖在春小麦全生育期表现为降温作用，覆盖使0～1Ocm土层≥0℃积温降低3.71℃、33.99℃、153.44℃，这种前期保温，后期降温的双重效应有利于寻求适宜作物生长发育的水热组合。
(2)秸秆覆盖有一定的抑蒸保墒效果，可明显提高土壤水分利用效率。抑蒸保墒效果主要发生在上层土体(0～40cm)，并且随覆盖量的增加其保水效果更明显。小麦全生育期耗水量以覆盖量6000kg／hm~2为最大，覆盖量3000kg／hm~2居中，覆盖量9000kg／hm~2最小且低于对照，由高到低依次为304.92mm、290.58mm、284.29mm、271.64mm，相应的水分利用效率分别为8.070kg／hm~2.mm、7.335kg／hm~2．mm、6.690 kg／hm~2.mm、8.085 kg／hm~2.mm；与对照相比，随覆盖量增加使水分利用效率同步提高了9.61％、20.60％和20.93％。这是因为只有在覆盖量适中的情况下，才能给小麦的生长发育创造良好的温度和湿度条件，促进和协调小麦个体和群体的生长发育。
(3)秸秆覆盖处理0～40cm土体中土壤全N、全P在一个生长季后的变化不明显，但土壤有机质、速效钾有所增加。随覆盖量增加，0～10cm土层有机质含量比对照分别增加了0.19g／kg、0.16g／kg和0.62g／kg，土壤速效钾含量比对照分别增加了0.10mg／kg、0.92mg／kg和1.36mg／kg；10～20cm土层有机质含量分别增加了0.22g／kg、0.26g／kg和0.14g／kg，土壤速效钾分别增加了0.20 mg／kg、0.34 mg／kg和0.62mg／kg。
(4) 秸秆覆盖可明显增加土壤微生物数量，增强土壤生物活性。覆盖处
理后随覆盖量的增加在拔节期土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量比对照分别增加
了2．97、哎．的倍、二．25～互．四倍和1．幼～1．叨倍：在孕糟赐分别憎加了显．73～
5．59倍、1．03～1．43倍和 1．28～2．11倍；在收获后分别增加了 1．20～3．16倍、
1．65～3．67倍和1．26～1．70倍，形成不同时期新的土壤微生物区系，进而改变
土壤的生物学特性。
（5）＿秸秆覆盖产生的农田综合生态效应促进了小麦产量的明显提高。随覆
盖量的增加，其增产幅度为12．47％、29．63％和15．57％。在试验设计范围内，
穗粒重、千粒重与覆盖量显著相关，而覆盖量与株高、穗长、穗粒数、生物产
量等的相关性不显著。综合分析试验研究结果认为，覆盖量为6000kg／hln‘为最
佳用量。
The straw mulching experiment was carried out in Spring-wheat field in Lijiabu, Dingxi county, the typical area of semiarid region, in order to study the change of soil temperature, soil moisture, soil nutrient and quantity of soil microbe after the field was covered by straw mulch. Results from the research showed that straw mulching could improve conditions of soil moisture, nutrient, air, temperature and heat and soil microbe. And its ecological effect on spring-wheat field were apparently improved.
(1) Straw mulching had apparent effects on adjustment to soil temperature and on the absorption and heat conduction of sun radiation .The effects of not only increasing of soil temperature when the air temperature was low but also decreasing of soil temperature when the air temperature was high were very apparent, particularly, in the top soil layer. Straw mulching could increase the temperature of 0~ 10cm, 10-15cm by 0.5~1.5"C,0.5~1.0'C, individually'. The soil temperature in the depth of 20cm have no apparent change in the period of low air temperature (5,AprilXbut in the period of high air temperature (15 4uly),it could decrease the temperature of Ocm,5cm,10cm by 2~10"C,0.2~1.0'C, 0.5~0.8"C, individually, and the temperature of the layer between 15cm to 20cm have no apparent change, The soil layer effected apparently by straw mulching were 0~5cm and 5~10cm.thus.the soil layer effected by straw mulching could be divided into three layers .such as 0~ 1 Ocm, the easily effected layer, 10~ 15cm ,the transitional layer, and 15~ 20cm,the almost stable layer. In the whole growth stage of spring wheat, the effect of straw mulching increasing soil temperature happened in the earlier stage, but decreasing soil temperature in the middle and later stage of it
In the whole growth stage of spring-wheat, the accumulated temperature which more than 0 'C of the layer(0-1 Ocm) were decreased 3.72"C,33.99'C,153.44'C with the addition of straw mulching quantity. Effects of increasing soil temperature in earlier growth stage of spring wheat and decreasing of soil temperature in middle and later stage were very useful for the emerging, development and growth of spring-wheat And it could mitigate the harm which come with the violent change of air temperature.
(2)Effects of water storage and water conservation which caused by straw mulching were very apparent in the soil layer which the depth of Ocm to 40cm, and the effects were increased with the increase of straw mulch. As compared to ck, die water storage of the treatment which covered straw 3000kg/hm2 had no apparent change, but that of 6000kg/hm and 9000kg/ hm2 were apparently increased. So the conclusion was drawn that straw mulching have an effect on water storage. But it was not obvious when the straw mulch was too little.
In the whole growth stage of spring wheat, the water consumption of the treatment of 6000kg/ hm2 was the biggest one. and mat of straw mulching 9000kg/ hm2 was the smallest one but lower than that of ck ,the one of 3000 kg/ hm2 was the middle one of the treatments. The water consumption was 304.92mm, 290.58 mm, 284.29 mm, 271.64 mm, individually, and the corresponding water use efficiency was 8.070 kg/ hrrrlmm, 7.335 kg/ hitrlmm, 6.690 kg/ hrrr.mm, 8.085 kg/ hnrlmm.as compared to ck, the improve of water use efficiency was 9.61 %, 20.60%, 20.93%. It showed mat when the quantity of straw mulch was proper, it could effectively improve the conditions of soil water and soil
temperature .So it could promote the growth of spring wheat
(3)As to the soil layer which the depth of 0cm to 40cm, with the growing of spring wheat, the nutrient in the top soil layer were increased, and the change ranges were increased with the increase of straw mulching, but the changes of total N, total P were not obvious, but the content of organic matter and available K changed obviously, as compared to ck, the organic matter of the layer 0~10cm increased by 0.19 g/kg,0.16 g/kg,0.62g/kg)individually, the available K increased by 0.10mg/kg,0.92 mg/kg,1.36 mg/kg, individual
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