摘要
据调查,城市居民每天90%的时间是在各种室内环境中度过的。室内悬浮颗粒物是室内最重要的污染源,被吸入人体呼吸道,沉积在咽喉以下呼吸道部位。粒径越小,进入人体呼吸道的位置越深,因而对人体的危害越大,导致人们致病率和死亡率增加。室内悬浮颗粒物的浓度决定了人们吸入的剂量,粒径携带着颗粒物的重要物理化学性质信息,与颗粒物在呼吸道内沉积、滞留和清除有关。因此研究室内悬浮颗粒物的浓度及粒径分布情况,有利于了解颗粒物的影响因素,促进人们采取有利措施,改善室内空气品质,降低和避免颗粒物对人体健康的危害。
本文研究了一种室内悬浮颗粒物浓度与粒径分布的测量方法,提出了相关的理论和方法,并通过实验加以验证。
首先提出了一种新的改进遗传算法和最大方差法相结合的图像阈值分割法,对颗粒物图像进行全局优化搜寻获得最优分割阈值,实验证明这种算法具有较强鲁棒性和自适应性等特点,并较好地保留了图像的细节。针对中值滤波的滤波效果将受到噪声强度以及滤波窗口的大小和形状等因素的制约,以及形态学开闭滤波器的滤波效果严重地依赖于结构元素的形状和大小,提出了自适应中值-数学形态学开闭滤波方法,利用遗传算法对其中的邻域模板和结构元素的大小和形状进行自适应调整,达到了既消除噪声又保持图像细节的滤波效果。提出了一种多尺度多结构元素的数学形态学颗粒物图像边缘检测方法,同时采用不同尺度下的多个结构元素的边缘检测算子,实现颗粒物图像的各种边缘检测。
其次,为了给粒形归纳分类提供了实验数据,研究了单个室内悬浮颗粒物的主要形态学参数如粒径、形状系数和分形维数的识别算法,从颗粒物的延性、多边形态以及边界曲线特征等三个方面分析了颗粒物的形态特征。实验结果表明:颗粒物粒径呈连续多峰曲线形态,以粗模态为主,大多数的颗粒物粒径都在10μm以下,属于最危险的可吸入颗粒物。悬浮颗粒物的总体形态趋近于块状,而尖锐菱角、长方形和长条形的颗粒物较少。
接着以形状参数和分形维数为每一类的观测数据,提出了一种颗粒物判别分析归类的方法,将待测颗粒物归类,实现颗粒物的粒形、体积和表面积的近似估计;分析颗粒物的来源,估算颗粒物的密度,计算得出室内悬浮颗粒物浓度和粒径分布的实验数据。这种测量方法可以同时获取颗粒物的质量浓度、总表面积和体积浓度与粒径分布情况。
最后根据实时测量的室内悬浮颗粒物浓度和粒径分布的变化趋势,对室内环境中大气悬浮颖粒物浓度和粒径分布进行了预测和分析。分析影响颗粒物浓度和粒径分布的因素,建立预测室内悬浮颗粒物浓度和粒径分布的质量平衡模型,将颗粒物沉积率模型、穿透因子模型,以及室内风量大小作为质量平衡模型的输入参数,结合实验测量数据、建筑围护结构特征、室外大气悬浮颗粒物浓度等相关数据,进行了仿真研究,预测了室内颗粒物的浓度与粒径分布情况。
According to the survey, the urban residents spend 90% everyday in indoor environment. The suspended particulate matters is one of the most important sources of pollution indoor, which is sucked into the human respiratory tract, and deposit in the lower respiratory tract deposition site under the throat. The smaller the particle size, the deeper the location of respiratory tract, and thus the greater the harm to humans, then the higher morbidity and mortality. The conentration of particles determines the inhaled dose of people, and the particle size carries the important physical and chemical information of particle which is related to its deposition, detention and elimilation in the human respiratory. By researching the concentration and size distribution of indoor suspended particulate matters ,we can not only understand the impact factorsto particles, but also take the positive measures to improve indoor air quality and reduce the harm to the human health.
This dissertation researches a measurement method to the concentration and size distribution of indoor suspended particulate matters. The relevant theories and methods have been put forward, and validated by experiment.
Firstly, a new image threshold segmentation method based on the genetic algorithm and Otsu method has been put forward, which can obtain the segmentation threshold by the global optimization. The experimental results show that the algorithm has strong robustness and self-adaptive characteristics, and preserves better image details. Because the filtering effect of median filter is affected by the noise level, and that of opening and closing morphological filter depends on the shape and size of structural elements seriously, a new adaptive filtering method has been put forward based on the binary morphological filtering and median filtering method to adjust the size and shape of the neighborhood template and the structural elements by genetic algorithm. This dissertation also has put forward the mathematical morphology edge detection methods with multi-scale and multi-structural elements combined morphological operations with set operations. It can achieve a variety of particle image edge detection with the edge detection operator of different scales structural elements.
Secondly,in order to provide the experimental datas to categorize according to the particle shape, this dissertation researched a identification algorithm to the main morphological parameters of a single indoor suspended particulate matter such as size, shape coefficient and the fractal dimension, then analyzed morphological characteristics about the ductility, the multilateral morphology and boundary curve. The experimental results show that the size distribution of indoor suspended particulate matters appears continuous multi-peak curve in rough coarse mode mainly, and most particles with 10μm diameter below are the most dangerous. The overall shape of suspended particulate matters is similar to the block, not the sharp diamond and long rectangular.
Aftr that, adopting the shape coefficient and the fractal dimension as observational data of each type, a discriminant analysis classified method of particles has been put forward which can estimate the shape, volume and surface area. By analysing the sources of particles and estimating the density of particles, the mass concentration, total surface area and volume concentration and particle size distribution of indoor suspended particulate matters can be obtained at the same time.
Finally, according to the real-time changes , the concentration and size distribution of indoor suspended particulate matters are predicted and analysed. The dissertation Analysed the factors to effect the concentration and size distribution, established the mass balance model adopting the deposition velocity, penetration factor,as well as air flow indoor as input its parameters. Combining experimental measurement data and building envelope characteristics with the concentrations outdoor particles and other related datas, the concentrations and particle size distribution of indoor suspended particulate matter is predicted by simulation.
引文
[1]Thatcher T.L,Lai A.C.K,Rosa Moreno-Jackson,et al.Effects of room furnishings and air speed on particle deposition rates indoors.Atmospheric Environment.2002,36(11):1811-1819
[2]Jenkins P.L.,Phillips T.J.,Mulberg E.J,et al.Activity patterns of Californians:Use of and Proximity to Indoor Pollutant Sources.Atmospheric Environment,1992,26(12):2141-2148
[3]车凤翔.中国城市气溶胶危害评价.中国粉体技术.1999,5(3):4-9
[4]Owen MK,Ensor DS,Sparks LE.Airborne particle sizes and sources found in indoor air.Atmospheric Environment,1992,26(12):2149-2162
[5]McDonald B,Ouyang M.Air cleaning-particles.In:Indoor air quality handbook.SpenglerJD,SametJM,McCarthy JF.NewYork:McGraw.Hill,2001,1-28
[6]Holmes.P,Tuckett.C.Airbone particles:Exposure in the home and health effects,Leicester,UK,MRC Institute for Environment and Health.2000.29-89
[7]PoPe Ⅲ C.A,Bumett.R.T,Thun.M.J,et al.Lung cancer,cardioPulmonary mortality and long-term exposure to fine particulateair pollution[J].American Mediein Association,2002,287(9):1132-1141
[8]美国环境保护局,联邦环境评估中心办公室,美国环境保护局研究和发展办公室编.北京市环境保护局,北京市环境保护科学研究院,北京市环境监测保护中心译.颗粒物环境空气质量标准.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2008年
[9]熊志明.大气悬浮颗粒物对室内空气品质影响的预测模拟研究:[硕士学位论文].长沙:湖南大学图书馆,2004.
[10]谢云霞,罗文峰,李后强.大气颗粒物的分形特征.世界科技研究与发展,2004,26(6):25-30
[11]胡小芳,曾文雄,吴成宝等.颗粒表面分维与其形状指数关系研究.中国分体技术,2007,13(2):14-17
[12]Harris S J,Maricq M M.Signature size distributions for diesel and gasoline engine exhaust particulate matter.J of Aerosol Science,2001,32(7):749-764.
[13]BeruBeK A,Jones T P,Williamson B J,et al.Physicochemical characterization of diesel exhaust particles:factors for assessing biological activity.Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(10):1599-1614.
[14]李卫军,邵龙义,吕森林.北京西北城区2002年春季大气可吸入颗粒物的粒度分布特征.电子显微学报,2004,23(5):589-593
[15]郁可,郑中山.粉体粒度分布的分形特征.材料研究学报,1995,18(3):539-542.
[16]杨书申,邵龙义,龚铁强等.大气颗粒物浓度检测技术及其发展.北京工业职业技术学院,2005,4(1):36-39
[17]White,W.R,Macias,E.S,Nininger,R.C,et al.Size-resolved measurements of light scattering by ambient particles in the Southwestern USA.Atmospheric Environment,1994,28(5):909-921
[18]王清华.光散射法颗粒大小与形状分析:[博士学位论文].南京:南京工业大学图书馆,2003
[19]申晋,郑刚,柏雪源等.基于动态光散射信号分形的颗粒测量技术研究.仪器仪表学报,2004,25(4):421-423
[20]Chueinta.W,Hopke.P.K.Beta gauge for aerosol mass measurement.Aerosol Science and Technology,2001,35(4):840-843
[21]Shen S,Jaques P.A,Zhu Y.F,et al.Evaluation of the SMPS APS system as a continuous monitor fo rmeasuring PM_(2.5),PM_(10) and(PM_(2.5-10)) concentrations.Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(15):3939-3950
[22]苑玮琦,王建军,张宏勋等.生料球粒度在线检测方法研究.仪器仪表学报,1998,19(1):29-33
[23]李毅,谢利利,王名福等.粉体颗粒形貌特征的提取与识别技术.重庆大学学报,2000,23(5):67-69.
[24]WANG Gehui,HUANG Liming,GAO Shixiang,et al.Characterization of Water -Soluble Species of PM10 and PM2.5 Aerosols in Urban Area in Nanjing,China.Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(6):1299-1307.
[25]李仪芳,杨冠玲,李丰果等.大气PM2.5显微图像的处理与分析.光电工程,2005,32(11):56-60.
[26]岳成风,杨冠玲,何振江等.DIC显微术及在大气颗粒物观察中应用的研究.光电工程,2003,30(4):46-49
[27]杨初平,习岗,杨冠玲等.颗粒粒度测试技术..工科物理,1999,9(4):1-4
[28]党伟,张金萍.室内悬浮颗粒的分布规律研究.大众科技,2007,97(7):19-20
[29]胡伟,魏复盛,滕恩江等.中国四城市空气污染及其对儿童呼吸健康影响的分析.中国环境科学,2000,20(5):425-428.
[30]Homberg Sture,Li Yuguo.Modelling of the indoor environment particle dispersion and deposition.Indoor Air,1998,8(2):113-122
[31]徐进,葛满初.气固两相流动的数值计算.工程热物理学报,1998,19(2):233-236
[32]Chao C.,Y.H.Comparison between indoor and outdoor air on taminant levels in residential buildings from passive sample study.Building and Environment,2001,36(9):999-1007.
[33]国家环境保护总局公告2007年第77号.关于发布《总悬浮颗粒物采样器技术要求及检测方法》等19项国家环境保护标准的公告
[34]童祜嵩.颗粒粒度与比表面测量原理.上海:上海科学技术出版,1989
[35]蔡健荣,赵杰文,方如明.基于计算机视觉的粒度检测方法研究.农业工程学报,2002,18(3):161-164
[36]孙荣保.基于计算机视觉的粒度检测应用研究[硕士学位论文].镇江:江苏大学图书馆,2003
[37]国家环境保护总局标准.固定污染源排气中石棉尘的测定镜检法.HJ/T 41-1999
[38]饶海涛,翁桂荣.基于数学形态学的图像边缘检测.苏州大学学报,2004,20(2):42-45
[39]Chalana V,Kim Y.A methodology for evaluation of boundary detection algorithms on medical images.IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging,1997,16(5):642-652
[40]赵于前.基于数学形态学的医学图像处理理论与方法研究:[博士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2006
[41]戴青云,余英林.数学形态学在图像处理中的应用进展.控制理论与应用,2001:8(4):478-482
[42]阮秋奇.数字图像处理学.北京:电子工业出版社,2001,429-480
[43]崔屹.图像处理与分析一数学形态学方法及应用.北京:科学出版社,2000,420-458
[44]王小鹏译.形态学图像分析原理与应用.北京:清华大学出版社.2008:68-245
[45]章毓晋 图像工程(中册)图像分析.北京:清华大学出版社.2005:420-458
[46]韩思奇,王蕾.图像分割的阈值法综述.系统工程与电子技术,2002,24(6):91-95
[47]严学强,叶秀清.基于量化图像直方图的最大熵阈值处理算法.模式识别与人工智能,1998,11(3):352-358
[47]Ostu N A.Threshold Selection Method from Level histograms.IEEE Tranc.on System,Man.and Cybernetics,1979,9(1):62-66
[48]V.A.Shapiro.An Adaptive Method for Image Thresholding.International Conference on Pattern Recognition.Hague,Netherlands IEEE,1992,9(6):696--699
[49]Joe Suzuki,A Markov.analysis on simple genetic algorithm.IEEE Trans on Systems,Man and Cybernetics 1998,25(4):655-659
[50]M.Srinivas,L.M.Patnaik.Adaptive probabilities of crossover and mutation in genetic algorithm.IEEE Trans.on System,Man and Cybemetics.1994,24(4):656-667
[51]薛岚,燕程丽.基于最大方差法和改进遗传算法的图像分割.计算机应用与软件,2008,25:222-224
[52]Rudolph G.Convergence analysis of anonicial genetic algorithms.IEEE Trans on Neural Networks,1994,5(1):1021-1027
[53]Serra J.Morphological filtering:An overview.Signal Processing,1994,38(1):3-11
[54]Decenciere Ferrandiere E,Marshall S,Serra J.Application of the morphological geodesic reconstruction to image sequence analysis,lEE Proceedings:Vision,Image and Signal Processing,1997,144(6):339-344
[55]Peter,Richard Alan Ⅱ.New algorrithm for image noise reduction using mathematical morphology,IEEE Transaction on Image Processing,1995,4(5):554-568
[56]Huertas A,Meduioni G.Detection of intensity changes with sub pixel accuracy using Laplacian-Gaussian masks.IEEE Trans On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 1986,8(5):651-664
[57]杨照华,浦昭邦,祁振强.保持图像细节的多尺度形态滤波的新方法.光电子·激光,2003,14(8):862-865
[58]Zhao Yuqian,Gui Weihua,Chen Zhencheng.Noise image edge detection by synthetic weighted multi-scale morphology.International Conference on Sensing,Computing and Automation(ICSCA),Chongqing,China,2006
[59]Susanta Mukhopadhyay,Bhabatosh Chanda.Multiscale morphological segmentation of gray-scale images.IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2003,12(5):533-549
[60]赵于前,桂卫华,陈真诚.复合型数学形态学医学图像边缘提取.计算机工程与应用,2005,44(33):5-6
[61]周春,肖启芝,许凯等.基于多结构元的形态学边缘检测方法的研究.地理空间信息,2007,5(4):48-51
[62]李依玲.基于多尺度多结构元素的数学形态学边缘检测.科学技术与工程,2006,6(10):1417-1420
[63]Song J,Delpe J.The anaslysis of morphological with multiple structuring elements.Computer Graphics and Image Processing,1990,50(3):308-328
[64]郭文平,龙邦强.扫描线种子填充算法的改进.天津工业大学学报,2008,27(2):48-51
[65]刘万春,刘建君,朱玉文等.一种实时高速的八连通区域填充算法.计算机应用研究2006,26(6):177-179
[66]刘相滨,胡峰松,张邦基.一种新的区域种子填充算法.计算机工程与应用,2002,38(8):101-103
[67]Mark.L,Hentschel,Neil.W.Page.Selection of Descriptions for Particle Shape Characterization.Part Sys Charat,2003,20(1):25-38
[68]C.F.Mora,A.K.H.Kwan.Sphericity,shape fator,and convexity measurement of coarse aggregate for concrete using digital image processing.Cement and Concrete Reseach,2003,33(3):351-358.
[69]Kwan.A.K.H,Mora.C.F,Chan.H.C.Particle shape analysis of corse aggregate using digital image processing.Cement and Concrete Reseach,1999,29(9):1403-1407
[70]Mora.C.F,Kwan.A.K.H,Chan.H.C.Particle size distribution analysis of corse aggregate using digital image processing.Cement and Concrete Reseach,1998,28(6):921-925
[71]涂新斌,王思敬.图像分析的颗粒形状参数描述.岩土工程学报,2004,26(5):659-662
[72]杨华东.颗粒测试的图像处理[硕士学位论文].南京:南京工业大学图书馆,2005
[73]王勇,杨公训,路迈西.图像识别中颗粒形状表征方法的研究.安徽理工大学学报,2005,25(1):27-29
[74]杨书申,邵龙义.大气颗粒物物理性质的分形表征.中原工学院学报,2007,18(2):1-6
[75]S.K.Friedlander,C.Xiong.Measurements of fractal-like atmospheric particles.J.of Aerosol Science,2000,31(2):226-227
[76]Dathe A,Eins S,Niemeyer J.The surface fractal dimensionof the soil-pore interface as measured by image analysis.Geoderma,2001,27(2):203-229
[77]Michael F.Barnsley.Fractals Everywhere.Academic Press Inc,Morgan Kaufmann Publishers,2000
[78]冯志刚,周宏伟.图像的分形维数计算方法及其应用.江苏理工大学学报,2001,22(2):92-95
[79]叶瑞英,李亚琴,李静媛.分形维数与含MnS超高强度钢断裂韧性的关系研究.兵器材料科学与工程,2002,25(4):14-18
[80]张济中.分形.第一版.北京:清华大学出版社,1995
[81]杨书申,邵龙义.MATLAB环境下图像分形维数的计算.中国矿业大学学报,2006,35(4):378-482
[82]彭瑞东,谢和平,鞠杨.二维数字图像分形维数的计算方法.中国矿业大学学报,2004,33(1):19-24
[83]章萍.基于显微观测与图像处理的煤粉颗粒检测[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学图书馆,2004,30-35
[84]张尧庭,方开泰.多元统计分析引论.北京:科学出版社,2003,155-166
[85]Harris S J,Maricq M M.Signature size distributions for diesel and gasoline engine exhaust particulate matter.J.of Aerosol Science,2001,32(7):749-764
[86]Turcotte D L.Fractal fragmentation model of soil aggregation.J.Geography Res,1993,91(12):1896-1899
[87]Park S U,Kim J W.Aerosol size distributions observed at the Seoul National University campus in Korea during the dust Asian and non-Asian dust periods.Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(91):1722-1730
[88]Wang G H,Kawamura K.Molecular characteristics of urban organic aerosols from Nanjing,A case study of a mega-city in China.Environmental Science and Technology,2005,39(19):7430-7438
[89]辛厚文.分形理论及其应用.北京:中国科技大学出版社.1993.
[90]杨书申,邵龙义.上海市大气可吸入颗粒物的粒径分布分形特征.中国环境科学2007,27(5):594-598
[91]纪兵,边少锋.三轴椭球表面积的计算.海军工程大学报,2008,20(4):21-24
[92]Whittaker A G,Jones T P,Shao L Y,et al.Mineral dust in urban air:Beijing,China.Mineralogical Magazine,2003,67(2):171-180
[93] 李嘉,周鲁,李克锋．泥沙粒径分布函数的分形特征与吸附性能．泥沙研究,2003,28(3)：17～20
[94] Pfeifer P, Avnir D. Chemistry in non integer dimensions between two and three:I. Fractal theory of heterogeneous surfaces J.Chem.Phys.,1983,79(7):3558-3564
[95] Pope C.A, Bates DV, Raizenne ME. Health effects of particulate airpollution:time for reassessment. Environ Health Perspect, 1995, 103(4):472-480
[96] Lai A.C.K, Nazaroff W.W. Modeling indoor particle deposition from turbulent flow onto smooth surfaces. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2000, 31(4):463-476
[97] William. Riley, Thomase. Mckone, Alvinc . K . L ai. et al. Indoor Particulate Matter of Outdoor Origin: Importance of Size-Dependent Removal Mechanisms Environmental Science & Technology, 2002, 36(2):200-207
[98] Thatcher T.L, Layton D.W. Deposition, resuspension, and penetration of particles within a residence. Atmospheric Environment, 1995, 29(13):1487-1497
[99] Enkins P.L, Phillips T.J, Mulberg EJ, et al.Activity patterns of Californians:Use of and Proximity to Indoor Pollutant Sources. Atmospheric Environment, 1992, 26(12): 2141-2148
[100] Liu D-L, Nazaroff William W. Particle penetration through building cracks. Aerosol Science&Technology, 2003, 37(1):565-573
[101] De-Ling Liu, William W. Nazaroff. Modeling pollutant penetration across building envelopes. Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35(26): 4451 - 4462
[102] Baker, P.H., Sharpies, S., Ward, LC. Air-flow through cracks. Building and Environment, 1987, 22(3): 293-304
[103] Lee, K.W., and Gieseke, J.A. Simplified calculation of aerosol penetration through channels and tubes. Atmospheric Environment, 1980, 14(7): 1089-1094
[104] Thomas C.W.Tung, Christopher YH. Chao, John Burnett. A methodology to investigate the particulate penetration coefficient through building shell. Atmospheric Environment. 1999, 33(6): 881-893
[105]Hanley.J.T., Ensor, D.S., Smith, D.D. et al. Fractional aerosol filtration efficiency of induct ventilation air cleaners. Indoor Air, 1994, 4(2): 169- 178
[106]Fisk,W.J.,Faulkner,D.,Palonen,J.et al.Performance and costs of particle air filtration technologies.Indoor Air,2002,12(4):223-234
[107]张帆.大气悬浮颗粒物对建筑围护结构穿透机理的数值模拟[硕士学位论文].长沙:湖南大学图书馆,2007
[108]Liu D.L,Nazaroff W.W.Particle penetration through windows.In:Proc Indoor Air' California,U.S.A,2002,1(1):862-867
[109]Holmberg Sture,Li Yuguo.Modelling of the indoor environment-particle dispersion and deposition.Indoor Air,1998,8(2):113-122
[110]Thatcher T.L,Lunden M.M.,Revzan K.L,et al.A concentration rebound method for measuring particle penetration and deposition in the indoor environment.Aerosol Science and Technology,2003,37(8):847-864
[111]Dimitroulopoulov C,Ashmore M H.Modelling of indoor exposure to nitrogen dioxide in the UK.Atmospheric Environment,2001,35(2):269-279
[112]Morawska 1,He C,Hitchins J,et al.The relation-chip between indoor and outdoor airborne particles in the residential environment.Atmospheric Environment,2001,35(18):3463-3473
[113]Miller S.L,Nazaroff W W.Environmental tobaccosmoke particles in multizone indoor environments.Atmospheric Environment,2001,35(11):2053-2067
[114]Li Y.Delsante A,Symons J.Prediction of natural ventilation in building with large openings.Building and Environment,2000,35(2):192-206
[115]Wadden R A,Scheff P A.Indoor air pollution characterization,prediction and control.John Wiley & Sons,New York:1983
