摘要
随着我国工业化和城市化进程的加快,城市空气污染已经成为越来越受到人们关注的问题。目前我国城市人口已达4亿左右,并且直到本世纪中期还将继续增长。而许多研究结果都指出,在大中型城市中,颗粒物排放已严重恶化了城市空气环境,空气污染导致的如大气能见度降低、健康疾病和室内空气品质等已成为重要的环境问题。
室内外颗粒物间的关系自1950年代起就已经开始被陆续展开研究,这些结果发现,室内外气溶胶粒子的质量浓度比(即I/O比)存在着一个很宽的范围,且I/O比显然与很多因素有关,比如内部与外部源特性、室内人员活动等。已有的研究结果都表明,对于室内环境而言,粒子数浓度比质量浓度更能有效地估计颗粒污染对人体健康和室内空气品质的影响。
本文以冬夏两季为典型季节,对上海地区四种不同类型房间的室内外空气中PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的逐时变化以及数浓度进行了实测和分析,讨论了上述各量的室内外相互关系,实测房间分别为自然通风房间、机械通风房间、家用空调房间和集中式空调房间。实测表明,在自然通风和机械通风房间,粒子浓度的变化主要受室外背景浓度的影响(包括PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和粒子数浓度)。房间内部粒子源是家用空调房间室内粒子浓度的主要贡献者,但对于集中式空调房间,室内空气中的气溶胶浓度同样受室外粒子浓度变化的影响。实测数据还表明,相对于室外粒子浓度的变化,自然通风、机械通风和集中式空调房间的室内颗粒浓度存在着不同的时间延迟效应。
本文还用数值模拟的方法讨论了四种房间的室内外粒子浓度之间的关系,与实测数据的比较表明,模拟结果基本上准确预测了实测中得到的时间延迟效应和浓度变化形态。因此,根据对室外粒子浓度参量的连续测试得到的数据,这种数值方法可以用来大致预测室内空气环境中的粒子浓度变化。
Urban air pollution has receiving more and more attentions with the rapid increase in industrialization and urbanization in China in current days. Now there are about 400 million people live in cities, and this number is expected to grow steadily until mid-21st century. Some investigations show that particulate emissions have exacerbated the air pollution in large and medium size cities resulting in visibility reduction and public health concerns, and indoor air quality thus become an important problem since people spending the majority of their time indoors.The relationships between indoor and outdoor particle concentrations have been studied since 1950s, the results showed that the there exist a large regime of indoor to outdoor ratios (i.e., I/O ratio)of particle mass concentration, and the ratios were affected obviously by many factors such as the characteristics of internal and external sources, the activities of the people living or working indoors, etc. Previous results indicated that the number concentrations indoors were more effective to evaluate the health effects and indoor air quality rather than the mass concentration.The time series of indoor and outdoor PM_(10), PM_(2.5) and number concentrations are monitored in four types of rooms in Shanghai city in winter and summer, they are naturally ventilating room, mechanical ventilating room, the wall-mounting air-conditioned room and the central air-conditioning room. The relationship of PM_(10), PM_(2.5), number concentrations and indoor to outdoor ratios between indoor and outdoor of the rooms are analyzed and discussed, respectively. The testing data show that in naturally and mechanical ventilating rooms, the variation of aerosol concentrations (including PM_(10), PM_(2.5) and number concentrations) are dominated by the ambient ones, inner aerosol emission is the main source of wall-mounting air-conditioned rooms, but ir central air-conditioning systems, indoor PM_(2.5) levels are primarily affected by the ambient aerosol concentrations. The monitored data also show that time delay exist in central air-conditioning rooms, naturally and mechanical ventilating rooms.An numerical simulation scheme is introduced to estimate the relationships between indoor and outdoor particle concentrations for the four types of rooms, the numerical results shows the time delay and the main features of the time series of the four types of rooms well comparing with the testing data, it also confirms that the numerical simulation can be used to predict the indoor particle concentration by using the outdoor aerosol concentration curves.
引文
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