摘要
由于叶轮的旋转,叶轮机内部流动是非定常的。在设计和计算中,我们就需要考虑非定常的特性。时序效应,作为一种利用非定常特性以提高叶轮机械气动性能的方法,受到研究者关注。
所谓叶轮机械时序效应,即指改变前后级同名叶片周向相对位置,会对整个机械性能产生影响。本文采用CFD方法来研究时序效应的产生机理,提出相关公式对轴流叶轮机械前后级进行时序定位。论文采用Numeca软件对NASA实验用1.5级(静/转/静)轴流压气机进行了二维以及三维非定常数值模拟,同时引入汉诺威大学的1.5级实验透平二维计算以及对应的全通道环列计算作为比较,根据计算的结果,分析出时序效应产生的机理主要在于两方面:一.动叶的非定常气动力受到前排静叶尾迹扰动以及后排叶栅中周期性变化的压力场所产生的势扰动的同时影响,时序位置的改变,会使两种扰动产生有利或不利的迭加,从而减小或增大了动叶表面的非定常气动力。二.第一级静叶尾迹在最佳时序位置时,与第二级静叶附面层发生了有利的干扰,从而减小了流动损失,使得效率有所提高。在机理研究的基础上,针对该1.5级轴流透平及压缩机算例,我们对时序定位的方法在二维以及三维上均进行了探讨,以期达到最佳效率及气动性能。二维定位上,提出了简化的公式,并利用数值模拟的结果进行了验证,结果表明,该时序定位方法具有一定的参考价值。三维时序定位本文尝试改变第二级静叶前缘线的形状,以期达到最大化时序效应。
The method of turbo machinery’s design is almost based on steady hypothesis. But actually, because of the rotation of rotor, the flow in turbo machine is unsteadying. So we should consider this fact in design and calculation. Clocking effect, as a method which consider the unsteady fact to improve the performance of turbo machine is concentrated by more and more people.
Clocking effect means that, the change of the blade’s circumferential position makes influents of the turbo machinery’s performance .In this thesis, CFD tool is used to investigate the mechanism of clocking effect, and a simple way is suggested about conforming stator’s relative circumferential position. Numeca software is used to make a 2D and a 3D numerical simulation of an 1.5 row axial compressor,and a 1.5 row turbo’s 2D and all channels quia-3D is also used. According to the results , it gets the mechanism consists in following two points : firstly, the rotor unsteady aerodynamic force is influenced by both the wake of the first stator and the downstream potential effect , in the best clocking location, these two effects have good combine which can decrease rotor unsteady aerodynamic force; secondly , in the best clocking location , the first stator’s wake gives a good influence in the second stator’s boundary layer which makes the lose decreased. After getting the mechanism, A simple way is suggested about conforming stator’s relative circumferential position. The purpose of this suggestion is to make sure that the turbine or the compressor can reach the best performance. And then, Numeca software is used to make a 2D numerical simulation to confirm this method. Results show that the method has a certain value in the structure design of turbo machine. In 3D condition, we try to change the performance of second stator’s leading edge to make the best use of clocking effect.
引文
[1]中国航空信息中心,21世纪初的航空科学技术,1999
[2]德国MTU发动机公司
[3]唐狄毅叶轮机非定常流,第一版,北京:国防工业出版社,1992
[4] Walker G J,O liver A R. The Effect of Interaction Between Wakes From Blade Rows in an Axial Flow Compressor on the Noise Generated by Blade Interaction [R].ASME Paper No.72-GT-15,1972
[5] Eulitz F., Engel K., Gebing H..Numerical Investigation of the Clocking Effects in a Multistage Turbine [J] ASME paper 96-GT-26, 1999
[6] Huber F.W., Johnson P.D., Sharma O.P., et.al.. Performance Improvement through indexing of Turbine Airfoils, Part 1-experimental Investigation [J] ASME paper 95-GT-27,1995
[7] Barankiewicz W S, Hathaway M D. Effects of Stator Indexing on Performance in a Low Speed Multistage Axial Compressor [R].Orlando, FL: ASME Paper No.97-GT-496,June, 1997.
[8] Reinmoller, U., Stephan, B., Schmidt, S., and NIehuis, R.. 2002 Clocking Effects in a 1.5 Stage Axial Turbine----Steady and Unsteady Experimental Investigations Supported by Numerical Simulations, [J] ASME Turbomach.,124,pp;
[9] Andrea Arnone, Michele Marconcini. Numerical Investigation of Three-Dimensional Clocking Effect in a Low Pressure Turbine [J]Journal of Turbo-machinery July 2004 Vol126:375-384
[10]杨海涛。低速压气机中CLOCKING效应的数值模拟[D]哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学2004
[11]陈浮,顾忠华,谢海逸,王仲奇。弯曲静叶时序效应对压气机性能的影响[J]工程热物理学报, 2007,(01) :37-40
[12]綦蕾,邹正平,陈浮,徐国强,丁水汀。低速压气机静叶非定常Clocking效应数值模拟[J]航空动力学报2006.10: 914-921
[13]杜红军,胡骏,姚刚。时序效应减小转子叶片表面非定常气动力的数值模拟[J]燃气涡轮试验与研究2007.2:21-27
[14]候安平,周盛。轴流式叶轮机时序效应的机理探讨[J]航空动力学报2003.18(1):70-75
[15]闫朝。关于应用缘线匹配最大化时序效应潜能的初探[D]中国科学院工程热物理研究所2004
[16]祝昭。转/静交界面处理方法研究及涡轮结构与气动分析[D]南京航空航天大学2008
[17]钟光辉,刘建军。多排叶片间交界面处理方法分析[J]燃气轮机技术2003.9(16):37~42
[18]季路成,陈江,闫朝。缘线匹配理论在轴流透平设计中的应用探索[J]中国工程热物理学会气动热力学2003学术会议论文,No。03087,2003
[19]季路成,陈江,黄海波,徐建中。关于叶轮机时均(准四维)和非定常(四维)气动设计体系的初步诠释[J]工程热物理学报2003 .7 :570-574
[20]祈明旭,丰镇平,KANG Shun, HIRSCH Charles。动静叶干涉效应对轴流透平级气动性能的影响[J]工程热物理学报2003 .1 :39-42
[21] Charles W. Haldeman, Michael Dunn, John W. Barter, Brian R. Green. Experimental Investigation of Vane Clocking in a One and One-Half Stage High Pressure Turbine [J] Journal of Turbo-machinery July 2005 Vol126:512-521.
[22]孟庆国,周盛。叶轮机械非定常研究进展[J]力学进展1997.5:232-247
[23] V.E. Saren, N.M. Sauin, D.J. Dorney, D.L. Sondak. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Airfoil Clocking and Inter-Blade-Row Gap Effects on Axial Compressor Performance [J] AIAA-98-3418:1~18
[24]李超俊,余文龙。轴流压缩机原理与气动设计第一版:机械工业出版社,1987
[25]闫朝,季路成,陈江,徐建中。轴向间距对时序效应影响的研究[J]工程热物理学报2004.3:220-222
[26]谢永慧,蓝吉兵,张荻,丰镇平,吴其林,钟刚云,王建录。透平级三维粘性非定常流和气流激振力的研究[J]动力工程2009 4:307-315
[27]任汝根,周盛。叶轮机械中的非定常流动[J]燃气涡轮实验与研究1991.4:1~24
[28] Sven Konig, Bernd Stoffel. Experimental Investigation of Clocking Effects in a 1.5-stage Axia1 Turbine [J] ASMC 2009 131
[29] Nicole L. Key, Patrick B. Lawless, Sanford Fleeter. An experimental Study of VaneClocking Effects on Embedded Compressor Stage Performance [J] ASMC 2010 132
[30] Bladerow Interactions, Transition, and High-lift Aerofoils in Low Pressure Turbines[J]Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech.2005.37:71~98
[31] S. Vilmin, H.P. Hodson, A.M. Savill, W.N. Dawes. Predicting Wake-passing Transition in Turbo-machinery Using an Intermittency-conditioned Modelling Approach. [J] AIAA 2003-3995
[32] D. J. Dorney, D. L. Sondak. Three-Dimensional Simulations of Airfoil Clocking in a 1.5 Stage Turbine . [J] AIAA 2000-3359
[33] Jaroslaw R. Blaszczak. Noise Reduction and Efficiency Improvement through Vane Indexing of a Two-Stage Turbine . [J] AIAA 2006-2578
[34]王仲奇,秦仁。透平机械原理机械工业出版社,1987
[35]阎超。计算流体力学方法及应用北京航空航天大学出版社,2006
[36]张鸣远,景思睿,李国君。高等工程流体力学西安交通大学出版社,2006
[37]童秉纲,张炳暄,崔尔杰。非定常流与涡运动国防工业出版社1993
[38]陆亚钧。叶轮机非定常流理论北京航空航天大学出版社1990
[39] Schlichting H.(著),徐燕侯等(译)。Boundary-layer theory科学出版社1988.2
[40] NUMECA User Manual-fine Turbo Numeca International 5, 2007
