摘要
番茄生长期长,产量高,对矿质元素的吸收量大,前人对其矿质营养及施肥技术进行了较多的研究,但因地力水平、栽培条件以及品种等的不同,研究结果差异很大。近年来,随着土传病害的日益加重,番茄嫁接栽培发展较快。由于嫁接栽培改变了根系这一养分的主要吸收器官,势必会影响其对矿质元素的吸收和分配规律,且不同砧木的栽培效果也存在一定差异。为此,本文在对番茄优化施肥方案研究基础上,进一步研究了嫁接及施肥水平对番茄产量、品质及养分吸收利用特性的影响,探讨了嫁接番茄的增产机理,以期为嫁接番茄高效施肥提供参考。主要研究结果如下:
1.氮、磷、钾肥对番茄产量和品质均有显著影响,且两两间存在显著的互作效应,但以钾肥对番茄产量、品质的影响较大。在低水平条件下,番茄产量、品质均随氮磷钾施用量的增加而提高,当氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)用量分别达到790.74、346.25、1223.93 kg·hm-2时,边际产量效应值降至0。通过计算机模拟运算得出,本试验条件下,番茄产量达140 t·hm-2、品质综合评分达95分以上的施肥方案为N 520.2～758.4 kg·hm-2、P2O5 294.8～367.3 kg·hm-2、K2O 1051.5～1299.8 kg·hm-2,适宜的N、P2O5、K2O施用比例约为1:0.52:1.84。
2.嫁接栽培植株各器官生长量、养分吸收量均显著高于自根栽培,平均产量较自根栽培提高30.76%;嫁接栽培番茄对氮、磷、钾利用效率较自根栽培分别提高25.67%,20.41%和20.97%。氮、磷、钾配施较单施可显著提高番茄产量,促进养分吸收,提高相应元素的利用效率。氮磷钾配施的番茄平均产量较单施分别提高42.58%、68.68%和50.16%,氮、磷、钾利用效率分别比单施提高103.03%、272.86%和93.71%。嫁接栽培还可增强土壤氮、磷、钾的供应能力,在其它两种肥料充足的条件下较自根栽培分别增加27.63%、29.80%和29.17%。
3.嫁接番茄植株生长发育旺盛,且随生长的进行,根、茎、叶、果的干物质量与对照的差异逐渐加大,至收获结束时,分别比对照增加32.0%、27.2%、36.4%、33.8%。嫁接番茄的产量达67736.1 kg·hm-2,较对照增产22.4%,根结线虫发病率仅9.17%,而对照达100%,二者的病情指数分别为8.75和81.0。此外,嫁接番茄果实干物质、可溶性蛋白含量及果实硬度均较对照有所增加,而果实Vc、可溶性糖和有机酸含量则略有降低,果实糖酸比有所增加。表明番茄嫁接栽培可增强植株抗根结线虫能力,显著提高产量,且对果实品质没有显著影响。
4.嫁接增强了番茄叶片保护酶活性,降低了番茄叶片MDA含量;嫁接番茄叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性与自根番茄相差最大时,分别比自根番茄高53.4%、72.9%和61.2%;嫁接番茄的根系活力显著提高,最高时较自根苗高出49.8%;叶片的叶绿素含量和光合速率也因嫁接而大幅提高,分别提高约80.4%和55.1%。
Tomato has a long period of growth, higher yield and great amount of fertilizer absorption. Previous findings of tomato fertilization varied consider -ably for different cultivations, different fertility level and different breeds. In recent years, gragting of tomato has a rapid development for the seriousness of soil-borne diseases. While grafting changed the root of tomato which is the main organ of nutrient absorption, its absorption and distribution characteris -tices of elements must be changed, at the same time, we must consider the differences between different stocks. So in this paper we studied the optimiza -tion fertilization program first, then the effects of grafting and fertilization on the yield, quality and nutrient absorption and using characteristics of tomato were studied, to make the increase mechanism of production clearly and to provide a reference of high efficiency of grafted tomato fertilization. The main findings are as follows:
1. N, P and K significantly influenced tomato yield and quality, and there were significant interactive effects between every two factors. Among the three factors, K had the greatest effect on the yield and quality of tomato. At the lower level, the yield and quality were improved along with the increase of N, P and K. When N, P2O5, K2O reached 790.74, 346.25, 1223.93 kg·hm-2, the effect value of marginal quality was 0. Obtained by computer simulation, in this experiment, when the fertilizer rates were N at 520.2-758.4 kg·hm-2, P2O5 at 294.75-367.25 kg·hm-2, K2O at 1051.5-1299.75 kg·ha-2 yield reached 140 t·hm-2 and quality grade passed 95. The most suitable ratio of N:P2O5:K2O was about 1:0.52:1.84.
2. The growth of all the organ and the absorption of nutrient of grafted tomato were highly improved, and 30.76% average yield raising compared to the self-rooted, at the same time the using efficiency of N, P and K was 25.67%, 20.41% and 20.97% increased each. When applying the mixture of N, P and K, the yield can be increased and more nutrients can be uptook and the using efficiency of the relevant element can be improved highly comparing to use single element. The average yield of tomato using N, P and K was 42.58%, 68.68% and 50.16% improved than using single fertilizer and the using efficiency of N, P and K were 103.03%, 272.86% and 93.71%imporved too. In the grafted treatment the soil provision ability of N, P and K was 27.63%, 29.80% and 29.17% improved each compared to the self-rooted while the other elements were enough.
3. The grafted tomato had a high speed of growth and development. With the growth of tomato, the differences of the amount of dry matter in root, stem, leaf and fruit were increased between the grafted and non-grafted and at the end of the stages, the amount of dry matter in root, stem, leaf and fruit of grafted tomato were 32.0%, 27.2%, 36.4% and 33.8% higher than the self-rooted. The yield of grafted tomato reached 67736.1 kg·hm-2, 22.4% higher than the self-rooted. The incidence of root knot nematodes of grafted tomato was 9.17% while the incidence of the self-rooted was 100% and the disease index of the tow treatments were 8.75 and 81.0. At the same time, the amounts of dry matter, soluble protein and rigidity of fruit in grafted tomato were slightly higher compared to the self-rooted one and the amount of Vc, soluble sugar and organic acid were slightly fewer but the sugar-acid ratio was higher. So grafting can enhance the resistibility on root knot nematodes, raise the yield obviously and influnence the quality of fruit unobviously.
4. The active of enzymes were enhance and the content of MDA was reduced in the leaves of tomato after grafted. Compared to the self-rooted tomato, the liveness of SOD, POD and CAT are 53.4%, 72.9% and 61.2% increased and the content of MDA is 60.2% declined at most. And the root activity of grafted tomato is enhanced extraordinary, 49.8% higher than the self-rooted. The content of chlorophyll and photosynthetic rate are raised highly after grafted, about 80.4% and 55.1% increased.
引文
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