摘要
多孔膦酸盐材料由于可裁剪的有机基团和多样化的金属元素,造成了其特有的骨架结构,同时具有高的比表面积、可调的孔径及固有的酸性和骨架中含有有机膦的配位特性,在催化、吸附分离、及主客体化学中具有很重要的应用前景。本论文选用不同配齿的有机膦为磷源,合成出一系列介结构锆基、铝基、锡基、钛基和钨基膦酸盐杂化材料,并将它们应用于酸催化、C02化学转化,重金属离子吸附和染料吸附等领域。主要包括以下几个方面：
1.以CTAB表面活性剂为模板剂,H20为溶剂,羟基亚乙基二膦酸(HEDP)为磷源,ZrOCl2为锆源,通过改变ZrOCl2的加入量,经水热途径合成得到一系列具有不同P/Zr摩尔比的介结构膦酸锆ZrHEDP-x-24(比表面积为702-970m2/g,孔径为3.4-3.6nm和孔容为0.74-0.86cm3/g);其次,为了调变有机膦酸锆孔道表面的憎疏水性,通过选择具有不同有机链长的有机膦HEDP,氨基三亚甲基膦酸(ATMP)和乙二胺四亚甲基膦酸钠(EDPMTS)为磷源,合成得到高比表面积且孔径均一的介孔膦酸锆ZrHEDP, ZrATMP和ZrEDTMPS(比表面积为310-749m2/g,孔径为3.4-4.2nm,孔容为0.42-0.74cm3/g)；最后,在合成体系中加入乙醇,通过控制合成参数,得到由1-羟基乙基桥联的微孔膦酸锆(E-ZrHEDP-8-y)和有序二维六方介孔膦酸锆(E-ZrHEDP-4-24)。在合成过程中,通过控制晶化时间,可以对微孔膦酸锆的物理结构参数进行调节,包括孔径(0.87nm-2.50nm),微孔比表面积(116-509m2/g)和孔容(0.11-0.35cm3/g)。
紧接着对上述合成得到的多孔膦酸锆材料的性能进行了考察,将它们分别用在酸催化,催化CO2化学转化和染料吸附等方面。ZrHEDP-x-24系列样品作为固体酸催化剂,催化合成甲基-2,3-异亚丙基-D-呋喃核糖苷的反应中,显示了很好的催化活性和重复使用性能。其次,将具有不同有机基团链长的介孔膦酸锆ZrHEDP, ZrATMP和ZrEDTMPS作为酸催化剂,在催化乙酸乙酯的水解和乙酸与乙酸的酯化反应时,与传统的固体酸催化剂相比(NKC-9和ZrPO4),介孔膦酸锆固体酸催化剂显示出更好的酸催化活性,而且三种膦酸锆的催化活性顺序为ZrHEDP介孔膦酸锆催化剂仍然保留着很好的催化活性,表明介孔膦酸锆对于有水参与的反应是一类重要的且潜在的良好固体酸催化剂。当ZrHEDP,ZrATMP和ZrEDTMPS用作催化剂催化CO2化学固载时,在温和的条件下能够催化一系列的氮杂丙叮衍生物和CO2反应,得到的产率为60-96%,选择性为93-98%。整个反应过程在无溶剂、无助催化剂、无卤素参与下进行,同时反应过程经济、安全、环保。
当E-ZrUEDP-x-y样品作为吸附剂吸附CV,MO和RhB染料时,介孔E-ZrHEDP-4-24(2.41nm)在染料吸附测试中比具有相同组成但较小孔径的微孔膦酸锆E-ZrHEDP-8-1(0.87nm)和超微孔膦酸锆E-ZrHEDP-8-24(1.62nm)的吸附量高且吸附速率快。另外,RhB-loaded E-ZrHEDP-4-24复合物表现出了与RhB类似的荧光强度。本研究表明有机-无机杂合多孔膦酸锆可调的孔径尺寸,可观的比表面积以及酸量,使得这一材料在色谱、吸附分离、离子交换和异相催化等多方面存在着潜在的应用。
2.分别以Al(NO3)3,AlC13和Al2(SO4)3为铝源,CTAB为表面活性剂,HEDP为磷源,以水/醇为混合溶剂通过溶剂挥发自组装途径合成得到孔壁结晶的层状结构膦酸铝,二维六方结构膦酸铝和纳米颗粒有序堆积得到的膦酸铝材料；这三种不同的无机铝源,作为无机阴离子添加剂,对最终产物的形貌也产生了很大的影响,分别得到了花状、块状和小细粒堆积的颗粒形貌。不同形貌和不同介观相的形成主要原因是溶液中四种Hofmeister阴离子被不同程度的水化,其水化顺序为NO3- 3.以CTAB为表面活性剂,HEDP为二膦酸,SnCl4·5H2O为锡源,在水热条件下合成得到二维六方有序介观结构膦酸锡材料。这在有序介观结构膦酸锡材料的合成上属于首次合成。
4.以CTAB为表面活性剂,TEOS为硅源,TiCl4为钛源,EDTMPS为磷源,在微乳体系中,合成得到由亚微米级颗粒堆积而成的蠕虫孔介观材料二氧化钛-二氧化硅-有机膦三组分体系(TSP-χ)。在二氧化钛-膦酸盐材料中掺入硅有利于提高介观结构的规则性及材料比表面积、孔容和孔径的提高。并将该材料用于气体CO2吸附和水溶液中重金属离子吸附。
5.以HEDP为磷源,Na2WO4为钨源,合成得到一种新颖的Keggin-type有机膦钨酸阴离子和CTA阳离子组成的介结构杂合材料HOPW-CTA。 HOPW-CTA是颗粒尺寸在10-30nm的纳米粒子。通过红外,拉曼,紫外可见和固体31P核磁表征手段证明HOPW-CTA具有十二磷钨酸的Keggin结构。当HOPW-CTA作为催化剂催化苯乙烯的氧化反应时,以水为反应溶剂,得到苯基乙二醇的产率为77.7%,α-羟基苯乙酮的产率为15.5%。
Porous metal phosphonates, possessing unique hybrid frameworks owing to tailoring organic groups and various metals, and high specific surface, tunable pore sizes and intrinsic acidic property as well as the coordinating characteristics, make them have potential applications in the fields of catalysis, adsorption and separation, host-guest chemistry, et al. In this thesis, a series of mesostructured metal phosphonats including zirconium, aluminum, tin, titanium and tungsten, were fabricated. These materials were further applied as solid acid catalysts, heterogenous catalyst for CO2chemical fixation, adsorbents for heavy metal adsorption and dye removal, et al. The main contents are as follows:
1. A series of mesostructured zirconium organophosphonates were successfully synthesized via hydrothermal route with CTAB as surfactant template and ZrOCl2as zirconium source. With1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1'-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) as phosphorus, mesoporous zirconium organophosphonates (ZrHEDP-x-24) were obtained with different P/Zr molar ratios, which have high specific surface areas (702-970m2/g), uniform pore sizes (3.4-3.6nm) and large pore volumes (0.74-0.86cm3/g); When HEDP was replaced by amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) or sodium salt of ethylene diamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid)(EDTMPS), another two mesoporous zirconium organophosphonates ZrATMP and ZrEDTMPS were synthesized with much longer organic groups integrated in the hybrid framework; When ethanol, acting as cosurfactant, was added in the synthetic aqueous solution, microporous zirconium phosphonates (E-ZrHEDP-8-y) and ordered mesoporous zirconium phosphonate (E-ZrHEDP-4-24), bridged with1-hydroxyethylidene groups in the hybrid framework were prepared by controlling synthetic parameters. The pore sizes for E-ZrHEDP-8-y. can be tuned from small micropore (0.87nm) to mid-meso (2.50nm) range, in combination of microporous surface area from116to509m2/g and pore volume from0.11to0.35cm3/g.
Above prepared hybrid porous zirconium organophosphonates were applied to multiple applicantions including as solid acid catalyst, as catalyst to catalyze CO2chemical fixation and as adsorbent for dye removal. E.g. ZrHEDP-x-24samples were used as solid acid catalysts for preparation of methyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-ribofuranoside from D-ribose, and exhibited robust catalytic activity with high product yield and good reusability with desirable stability, due to their high specific surface area and abundant porosity. Besides, mesoporous hybrid zirconium organophosphonates ZrHEDP, ZrATMP and ZrEDTMPS exhibited high catalytic activities per proton acid active site in hydrolysis of acetyl acetate and high TOFs for esterification of acetic acid with ethanol, due to the combination of the larger specific surface area, abundant mesoporosity and hydrophobicity of pore surfaces created by the embedded organic groups in the framework, when compared with NKC-9and ZrPO4. In the esterification of acetic acid with cyclohexanol, all the three hybrid catalysts showed superior recyclability. As a new type of chemical CO2fixation catalysts, those three hybrids were served as efficient heterogeneous solid to catalyze the cyclization of aziridines with green and sustainable CO2as C1building block under mild conditions without co-catalysts and solvents. The whole preparation process was non halogen-contained, economic, safe and environmentally benign, along with the high yields (60-96%) and excellent regio-selectivity (93-98%) for the reactions of various aziridines with CO2.
When E-ZrHEDP-x-y was used as adsorbent to removal dyes, E-ZrHEDP-4-24with mesopore size of2.41nm exhibited higher adsorption capacity and more rapid adsorption rate for the organic dyes removal than the identical compositional materials with smaller pore sizes (0.87nm and1.62nm). Besides, RhB-loaded ZrHEDP-4-24composite exhibited a comparable fluorescence to RhB in ethanol. All above suggest the potential of microporous and mesoporous hybrid zirconium organophosphonates in the field of solid acid catalysts, adsorbents and as host to load luminescent dyes to be used as solid-state dye lasers and optical devices.
2. Aluminum phosphonates in the form of lamellar mesostructure with crystalline pore wall,2D-hexagonal and particle-aggregated mesophase, as well as their corresponding flower-like, block-like and granule-aggregated particle morphologies, have been synthesized with the use of Al(NO3)3, AICl3and Al2(SO4)3as aluminum source via surfactant-templating solvent-evaporation method. The influences of counteranions both on the mesostructure and the morphology of organic-inorganic hybrid materials have been discussed and the present work extended the effect of inorganic additives from inorganic silica to organic-inorganic hybrid materials.
3.2-D hexagonal mesostructured tin phosphonate with HEDP as phosphorus and SnCl4·5H2O as tin source was prepared with the assistance of CTAB as template through hydrothermal route. It was the first time for the successful preparation of periodic mesostructured hybrid tin phosphonates.
4. Surfactant-templating strategy was used to synthesize mesoporous titania-silica-phosphonate triconstituent hybrid materials (TSP) in the form of submicrometer-sized particles with disordered wormhole-like mesostructure, in microemulsion system by utilizing CTAB as surfactant, TEOS, TiCl4and EDTMPS as the silica, titania and P sources, respectively. The integration of silica in the TSP framework could be in favor of the improvement of the regularity of mesostructure, as well as the enlargement of the specific surface area, pore volume and pore diameter. TSP materials were used to adsorb CO2in gas phase and heavy metal ion Cd (II) in aqueous solution.
5. A new mesostructured hybrid assembly consisting of Keggin-type organophospho-tungstate anions and cetyltrimethylammonium cations (HOPW-CTA) was prepared with HEDP as phosphorus, and Na2WO4as tungsten source. The obtained hybrid had crystallized nanoparticles in size of10-30nm possessing elliptical and round shapes. The organophospho-tungstate anion clusters for this material are Keggin type, which were characterized by FT-IR, UV-vis, Raman and31P MAS NMR. When HOPW-CTA was used to catalyze the oxidation of styrene, a moderate yield of77.7%for phenyl glycol was generated with another useful byproduct a-hydroxyacetophenone (15.5%) in "Green" aqueous solution.
引文
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