在校学生伤害事故责任归属研究
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摘要
在教育部发布《学生伤害事故处理办法》之前,笔者对侵权行为法中比较
    新的问题——学校责任问题一直非常关注,本文就是笔者力求在学生伤害事故
    责任归属问题上所作的探索与研究,其特点与创新之处在于考查、分析了国内
    外有关在校学生伤害事故的理论和范例之后,提出了解决我国在校学生伤害事
    故责任归属的理论根据与解决方法。
    本文认为,“在校学生伤害事故”是指:在校学习、生活的学生,在学校实
    施的教育教学活动或者学校组织的校外活动期间,在学校负有管理责任的校舍、
    场地、其他教育教学设施、生活设施内受他人伤害或受意外伤害,以及给他人
    造成伤害,从而造成人身伤亡的事故。
    在校学生伤害事故的基本内涵应该是:一、事故发生在学生接受学校教育
    期间。二、事故涉及主体为学生。三、行为人已经对受害者造成了人身伤害后
    果。四、事故的发生与学校的教育教学活动有联系。五、从事故发生的原因上
    看,存在归责学校事由。按事故发生的地点,最常见的形式为校内常见学生伤
    害事故和校外常见学生伤害事故两类。
    影响在校学生伤害事故责任认定的因素是多种多样的,完善学校安全法必
    须从法律价值取向、法制建设进程和教育体制建设等方面去考虑。本文在第三
    部分不惜重墨,以学校与在校学生间的法律关系为基础,从法律价值取向、法
    制建设进程和教育体制建设的角度,结合国内外的理论和实践,用自己的观点,
    评析了我国理论界和司法实践中目前存在的,划分在校学生伤害事故责任的几
    种代表性观点,指出了其中的不足和不能作为划分在校学生伤害事故责任依据
    的理由。
    研究在校学生伤害事故中民事责任的归属是本文的根本目的,本文根据在
    校学生伤害事故所涉主体的年龄,分成年学生伤害事故责任划分和未成年学生
    伤害事故责任划分两部分论述。
    在成年学生伤害事故责任划分中,针对致害人是成年学生和校方人员,笔
    者提出了分别适用一般过错原则和“过错推定”原则的主张,以及坚持致害学
    
    生的独立财产赔偿原则等观点。
     在未成年学生伤害事故责任划分中,本文又分义务教育和非义务教育两个
    阶段。笔者认为,在义务教育阶段,应以国家赔偿法为根据,由学校根据法律
    的授权承担既是对在校学生的,也是对国家的法定义务;在非义务教育阶段,
    应依“过错推定”原则推定加害学生的法定监护人之监护过错。
     另外,本文还就学校教师在教育教学管理过程中对学生安全之注意义务的
    标准、因不可抗力或意外事故致在校学生伤害的责任归属、校方和在校学生一
    方违反附随义务的法律责任、以及在校学生伤害事故责任承担范围等问题提出
    了自己的主张。
Before the issue of Legal Solutions to Hurts to Or from Students
    by China Education Ministry ,the author has paid great attention to school responsibilities , a new occurrence in the action of Law of Torts. The paper engages in the research on the shares in the responsibilities for hurts to or from students , which features solutions to these hurts and their legal bases in accordance with the analysis of some related domestic and overseas cases from the view of judicial theories and practice.
    In the author's opinion , hurts to or from students refer to the intentional or accidental hurts to or from students which cause casualties in such places where the school is to take charge of the safety of the students as school buildings , outdoor grounds , other teaching facilities or living facilities at the times of teaching activities or out-campus activities organized by the school.
    The basic connotation of hurts to or from students includes : a) The occurrence of the hurt is in the duration when the student is taking education in the school, b) The Main body of the hurt is a student, c) The action-taker has imposed hurts on some other body, d) The occurrence of the hurt is connected with school teaching activities . e) From the point of causes , the school must take relevant responsibilities. Classified according the places of occurrence , two commonest occurrences are common on-campus hurts and common out-campus
    
    
    
    hurts.
    There are various factors to prevent the hurts from being properly recognized. It is a must to take into considerations the value orientation of laws , the progress of law construction and the construction of educational systems in order to improve the school safety laws. In part three , on the basis of legal relationships between schools and the students , from the view of the progress of law construction and the construction of educational systems , and with regard to domestic and overseas judicial theories and practice , the paper emphasizes on the analysis of some representative opinions in how to recognize the responsibilities for hurts to or from students which are commonly seen in judicial theories and practice, as well as the analysis of their deficiencies and the reasons why such responsibilities can not be recognized in the way of past experiences.
    The major goal of the paper is to study the ascription of civil responsibilities for hurts to or from students . According to different age stages of main bodies involved in the hurts , the paper divides the responsibilities into two sorts : the responsibilities for hurts from adult students and the responsibilities for hurts from underage students .
    In recognizing the responsibilities of hurts from adult students , with regard to the fact that the hurt-imposer is an adult student or a school worker, the writer puts forward the opinions based on the fault
    
    
    
    principle and the principle of " fault deduction" as well as the opinions that the hurt-imposing students should compensate for the hurts with their independent possession .
    The paper divides the responsibilities for hurts from underage students into two sorts : hurts from underage students under compulsory education and hurts from underage students under non-compulsory education .The writer thinks , in compulsory education ,the school should take the legal obligations authorized by the law , to the students and to the state , while in non-compulsory education , the guardianship faults can be deducted to the legal guardians of the hurt-imposing students on the basis of "fault deduction" principle .
    In addition , the writer puts forward some opinions in the criteria of the duty of care in teaching management for the teachers , the ascription of responsibilities of hurts to or from students due to inevitable accidental causes ,the legal responsibilities of one party between the school and the students who disobeys the attached obligations , and moreover the range of responsibilities for hurts to or from students .
引文
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