摘要
知识及知识管理是21世纪企业竞争优势的重要来源，在激烈变化的市场环境中，如何从企业外部寻求适合自身的知识及能力，并将其转化为实际的创新能力和盈利能力是决定企业能否持续成功的重要因素。集群供应链网络作为兼具集群和供应链双重特征的企业网络，是企业接近知识、资源、技术以及市场的重要渠道。本研究的总体思路按照SCP（结构-行为-绩效）研究范式来展开，在分析集群供应链的产生机理及其网络特征的基础上，主要从结构维度和关系维度这两个研究视角来考察集群供应链资本、企业知识发展能力以及创新绩效三者之间的关系。具体研究内容包括：
从共生理论角度阐述了集群与供应链的共生机理。质参量的相容、共生环境的激励、共生模式的合理性等因素决定了集群与供应链共生关系的形成。通过建立Logistic模型，分析了基于不同贡献度的集群和供应链共生模式的阶段性变化特征，并运用Matlab软件对集群和供应链各种不同的共生模式进行了数据模拟。分析表明，集群与供应链的共生可以最大化地获得分工经济和规模经济带来的外部效应，这也是集群供应链社会关系网络及社会资本形成和发展的客观物质基础。
从结构维度和关系维度分析了集群供应链联结类型，提出了对集群供应链资本进行测量的具体问项。网络结构和网络关系决定了集群供应链网络中资源的流动和共享程度，决定着的网络成员的社会联系和社会资本。运用社会网络分析理论，从网络结构和网络关系两个维度将集群供应链网络划分为弱联结稀疏型网络、强联结稀疏型网络、弱联结密集型网络和强联结密集型网络四种。分析了这四种基本联结类型的特征及其对企业知识转移的影响，指出了不同类型间的相互演化规律。研究认为强联结密集型网络发展到后期可能会出现网络创新锁定的负效应，并最终导致集群供应链网络的解体和重构。借鉴社会资本理论，界定了集群供应链资本的概念，提出了集群供应链结构资本的三个主要测量指标自我网络、网络的中心性、网络的开放性和集群供应链关系资本的三个主要测量指标关系频率、关系稳定性、关系质量和互惠性。
从个体角度分析了集群供应链环境下企业知识共享和知识转移的决策行为。通过建立动态博弈模型分析供应链上两企业的多阶段知识共享决策，当双方的知识互补程度较高时，可以较好的弥补学习成本，知识共享的可能性较大。这说明在同质性较强的网络中，知识竞争要强于知识合作。同时，建立了成员企业和集群整体间隐性知识转移的微分动力学模型，从网络结构和网络关系两个维度分析了影响企业对隐性知识转移吸收能力的主要因素。分析表明，代表网络结构维度的接触率和代表网络关系维度的强联结比例这两个因素有利于企业获取更多的隐性知识。
从理论和实证两方面分析并验证了企业集群供应链资本、知识发展能力与创新绩效三者之间的关系。以企业知识发展能力为中介变量，构建了集群供应链结构资本（自我网络、网络中心性和网络开放性）与关系资本（关系频率、关系稳定性、关系质量及互惠性）、知识发展能力和创新绩效三者间的概念模型，并提出了相应的关系假设。在收集的154份浙江集群企业有效问卷基础上，对概念模型进行了统计检验、多元回归分析和中介效应检验，结果表明集群供应链资本直接或者间接通过知识发展能力来影响企业创新绩效，其中知识获取能力和知识吸收能力发挥着重要的中介作用。
论文研究的结果表明，集群供应链网络在发展到相对成熟期后，网络成员间联系相对密集，联结关系相对较强，网络内部的信息和知识流动顺畅，成员个体的集群内部自我网络规模大小对于知识发展能力及创新绩效的影响并不显著；反而是网络的开放性特征对于企业知识发展能力和创新绩效具有显著的正向效应，这说明对于集群供应链这种相对封闭的企业网络组织，更多的与网络外部建立联系的重要性。虽然这是建立在特定样本数据基础之上的结论，其至少也代表了集群供应链网络今后的一种发展趋势，这对于企业、政府职能机构以及理论研究工作者都具有一定的借鉴作用。
Knowledge and knowledge management are important sources of competitiveadvantage in the21st century. With intense changing market environment, it is a kindof important factors to decide whether enterprise continued success how to seekknowledge and ability and translate them into practical innovation capability andprofitability from the enterprise external. Cluster supply chain network is a specialkind of enterprise network with double feature of cluster and supply chain, and is animportant channel for enterprises close to the knowledge, resources, markets, andtechnologies.In this study, the overall idea is basically to expand according to theSCP (structure-conduct-performance) research paradigm. Based on analysis of thegeneration mechanism of cluster supply chain network and network characteristics,the dissertation studies the relationship of cluster supply chain capital, knowledgedevelopment and innovative performance from structural dimension and relationshipdimensions.
The dissertation analyzes the symbiosis mechanism of cluster supply chain. Thequalitative parameters compatible, symbiosis environmental incentives andsymbiosis mode reasonableness affect relationship of cluster supply chain. Thedissertation analyzes the phase change of the cluster and supply chain symbiosismode by logistic model, and simulates various symbiosis mode of the cluster andsupply chain by matlab software. The analysis shows that the cluster supply chainsymbiosis can maximize to external effects brought about by the division of laborand the economies of scale. The symbiosis of cluster and supply chain is theobjective basis of social relations and social capital of supply chain network.
The dissertation analyzes the tie type of cluster supply chain, presents specificmeasure items of cluster supply chain capital from the structural dimensions andrelations dimension. The network structure and network relations determine the flowand sharing of cluster supply chain network resources, determine social ties andsocial capita of network members. According to structural dimension and relationaldimension of social network analysis theory, the dissertation puts forward the fourbasic tie type of cluster supply chain network: sparse-weak tie, intensive-weak tie,sparse-strong tie and intensive-strong tie. The study analyzes characteristics of fourtie types and the influence of enterprise knowledge transfer, and points out mutualevolution rule of different types. The study shows that intensive-strong tie networkmaybe appear negative effect of network innovation locked when it developing tolate, and eventually lead to cluster supply chain network disintegration andreconstruction. The study defines the concept of cluster supply chain capital,proposes cluster supply chain structure capital three indicators of ego centerednetwork, network centrality, network openness and supply chain relationships capitalthree indicators of frequency, relationship stability, relationship quality and reciprocity.
The dissertation analyzes knowledge sharing and knowledge transfer behaviorunder cluster supply chain environment from the individual perspective. The studyexplains knowledge shared decision-making of the supply chain enterprises througha multi-stage dynamic game model. More complementary knowledge can bettercompensate for the learning cost and have more knowledge sharing. This shows thatknowledge competition is stronger than knowledge cooperation in homogeneitynetwork. Moreover, the study set up differential dynamics model about tacitknowledge transfer between member enterprises and the whole cluster to analyze themain factors that affect tacit knowledge absorption capacity from network structureand network relations dimensions. The analysis shows that the network structuredimension (contact rate) and network relations dimension (strong ties proportion)will help the enterprises to obtain more tacit knowledge.
The dissertation researches the relationship of cluster supply chain capital,knowledge development capacity and innovation performance from the theoreticaland empirical analysis. The study presents a conceptual model and relationshipassumptions about cluster supply chain structural capital and relational capital,knowledge development capacity and innovation performance in which enterpriseknowledge development capacity as mediating variable. Cluster supply chainstructure capital is represented with ego centered network, network centrality andnetwork openness. Cluster supply chain relational capital is represented with contactfrequency, relationship stability and relationship quality and reciprocity.Thedissertation conducts statistical test, multiple regression analysis and intermediaryeffect test through survey of154Zhejiang cluster enterprises. The results show thatcluster supply chain capital affects innovation performance through knowledgedevelopment capacity directly or indirectly in which knowledge acquisition abilityand knowledge absorptive capacity plays important intermediary role.
The results of study show that network of cluster supply chain developments torelative mature period, the links between the members of the network will berelatively dense, coupling relationship will be relatively strong within the network,information and knowledge within the network will be flow smoothly, the scale ofego centered network for knowledge development and innovation performance hasno significant effect. Contrary, a significant positive correlation effects forknowledge development and innovation performance characteristics of networkopenness, this shows relative to the cluster supply chain this relative closed networkorganization, more with the importance of external network link. Although thisconclusion is based on the specific sample data, it at least represents a developmenttrend of the cluster supply chain network, which has a certain reference forenterprises, government institutions and theoretical research workers.
引文
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