摘要
现代物流业是现代经济的重要组成部分,是我国工业化进程中最为经济合理的综合服务模式。作为现代物流系统的重要环节,配送中心受到广泛关注,许多企业组建了自己的配送中心,第三方物流配送中心纷纷成立,铁路等传统运输方式也在积极进行现代物流配送中心建设的相关研究和探索。配送中心连接着供货点和需求点,是两者之间的桥梁,优化配送中心设备配置,控制库存费用,降低运营成本,提高服务水平,对于整个物流系统都具有非常重要的作用。
本文以对配送中心日常作业流程的细致分析为基础,以有效配置配送中心基本作业设备、提高作业效率和降低营运成本为目标,在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,充分考虑配送中心日常作业中存在诸多不确定因素的特点,运用随机过程理论和计算机仿真技术,选择性研究配送中心的两个基础问题,在研究二级库存协同控制问题时考虑了设备配置对配送中心服务过程的影响。本文具体研究内容包括以下几个方面：
研究了采取整车直接运输策略时配送中心基本配送作业设备的配置问题。对于先到先服务作业顺序下的设备配置问题,运用串联排队的理论计算先到先服务规则下配送中心交货周期的平均长度,以对客户配送服务的准时率等为约束条件,以成本最低为优化目标建立了基本配送作业设备配置的模型；对于有优先权服务作业顺序下的设备配置问题,根据配送中心各配送服务相关部门作业的特点,对客户的优先服务方式进行了分配,以此为基础计算了配送中心对不同等级客户交货周期的平均长度,建立了基于排队论的基本配送作业设备配置模型。对于两种作业顺序下的设备配置问题均采用枚举法求解最优值。在Matlab语言环境下根据系统运行情况直接开发了两个仿真程序分别用于模拟先到先服务和有优先权服务两种作业顺序下配送中心基本配送服务作业过程,建立了采取整车直接运输策略时配送中心基本配送作业设备配置的仿真模型,并进行优化求解。
研究了采取零担运输策略时配送中心基本配送作业设备的配置问题。对于即时发车条件下的设备配置问题,分析了配送中心货物拣选任务的完成情况和配送中心内部待运货物数量的变化情况,推导出配送中心作业平稳的充分和必要条件,计算了即时发车条件下配送中心交货周期的平均长度,以成本最低为优化目标,建立了基于排队论的基本配送服务作业设备配置模型；对于不满载发车条件和满载发车条件下的设备配置问题,运用排队论中批量服务的理论分别计算了配送中心交货周期的平均长度,建立了基本配送作业设备配置的模型。对于三种发车条件下的设备配置问题均采用枚举法求解最优值。在Matlab语言环境下根据系统运行情况直接开发了三个仿真程序以分别模拟三种发车条件下配送中心基本配送服务作业过程,建立了采取零担运输策略时配送中心基本配送作业设备配置的仿真模型,并进行优化求解。
研究了需求连续的点库存控制问题。以库存总成本最小为优化目标,构建了不考虑服务水平约束的连续型点库存控制模型。在求解过程中,分别针对均匀分布、指数分布和正态分布等三种常见的提前期需求情况,计算了每个订货周期内的平均缺货量,以安全因子作为中间变量,推导出不同需求条件下最优订货量和最优订货点等指标的计算公式；以成本最小为优化目标,将对客户的服务水平作为约束条件之一,构建了考虑服务水平约束的连续型点库存控制模型,将需求量服务水平作为固定数值对模型进行求解,以安全因子作为中间变量,推导出均匀分布、指数分布和正态分布等三种需求条件下最优订货量和最优订货点等指标的计算公式。
研究了考虑配送中心配送服务作业过程的二级库存协同控制问题。本文所研究的二级库存协同控制系统由一个配送中心和若干个零售商组成,配送中心对零售商需求的反应时间不仅受配送中心库存策略的影响还受到配送中心配送作业能力和配送需求到达密集程度的影响。通过对系统作业情况的细致分析,以成本最小为优化目标构建了二级库存协同控制的仿真模型,开发了仿真程序,并运用改进的遗传算法对问题进行优化求解。
Modern logistics is the important component of the modern economics, and the most economical and reasonable integrated service mode. As the important link in the logistics system, distribution center attracted a wide spread, and a lot of enterprise set up their own distribution center, and many third party logistics distribution centers are established, and the traditional transportation ways like as the railway are engaged in the research of building the modern distribution center. Distribution center connect the suppliers and the consumers, which is the bridge. It's very useful for the whole logistics system to optimize the equipment configuration, to control the inventory cost, to decrease the operating cost and to improve the service level of the distribution center.
Based on the careful analysis of the routine operating flow of the distribution center and the relative research at home and abroad, and in order to effectively allocate the basic equipment in the distribution center, to improve operation efficiency, and to decrease operation cost, and considering the character that there are a lot of uncertain factors in the routine work of the distribution center, this paper selectively researches several basic problems in the process of construct and the routine work in the distribution center by the stochastic process theory and computer simulation. The research contents include as following:
Firstly, this paper researches the problem how to optimize the equipment configuration based on direct shipping strategy. For the problem of the equipment configuration under the order of first come first serve, this paper calculates the average time length of delivery cycle of the distribution center by the tandem queuing, and constructs the model to optimize the equipment configuration based on the queuing theory with the goal of minimizing the total cost, and with the restrictive condition to delivery the freight on time. For the problem of the equipment configuration under the order of priority service, this paper sets the service ways for different customs according to the operating features of different sectors of the distribution center, and calculates the average time length of delivery cycle of the distribution center, and constructs the model to optimize the equipment configuration based on the queuing theory with the goal of minimizing the total cost. For the equipment configuration under the two orders of serve, this paper designs the search steps based on the enumeration method to find the optimal value. This paper exploits two simulation programs to simulate the delivery process of the distribution center under the order of first come first serve and the order of priority service according to their actual operation situation by matlab language, and constructs their simulation models and then optimizes their solutions.
Secondly, this paper researches the problem how to optimize the equipment configuration based on package transportation strategy. For the problem of the equipment configuration under the condition of instant departure, this paper analyzes the situation to pick goods and the change of the quantity of the goods waiting for delivery, and deduces the necessary and sufficient condition of operation stationary of the distribution centre, and calculates the average time length of delivery cycle of the distribution center, and constructs the model to optimize the equipment configuration based on the queuing theory with the goal of minimizing the total cost. For the problems of the equipment configuration under the condition of the no full load departure and the full load departure, this paper calculates the average time length of delivery cycle of the distribution center, and constructs the model to optimize the equipment configuration based on the queuing theory. For the equipment configuration under the three conditions of departure, this paper designs the search steps based on the enumeration method to find the optimal value. This paper exploits three simulation programs to simulate the delivery process of the distribution center under these condition of departure according to their actual operation situation by matlab language, and constructs their simulation models and optimizes their solutions.
Thirdly, this paper researches the spots inventory control problem with the continuous demand. This paper constructs the continuous inventory control model without the service level constraint with the goal of minimizing the total inventory cost. In the process of solving the problems, according to three common demand types in the lead time such as the uniform distribution, the exponential distribution and the normal distribution, we calculate the average backorder quantity in one order cycle, and with the intermediate variable of safety factor, we deduce the calculation formulas of these indexes such as optimal order point and optimal order quantity. This paper constructs the continuous inventory control model with the service level constraint with the goal of minimizing the total inventory cost. We look the demand quantity service level as the known parameter, and with the intermediate variable of safety factor, we deduce the calculation formulas of these indexes such as optimal order point and optimal order quantity under the demand condition such as the uniform distribution, the exponential distribution and the normal distribution.
Finally, this paper researches the two echelon inventor control problem considering the delivery process. The two echelon inventor control system is composed by one distribution center and some retailers, and the response time is affected not only by the inventory control strategy of the distribution center but also by the performance ability of the distribution center and the arrival intensive degree of the distribution demand. Based on the careful analysis of the operating situation of the system, constructs the inventory control simulation model with the service level constraint and with the goal of minimizing the total cost, and exploits the simulation programs and optimizes their solutions with the genetic algorithm.
引文
[1]孟祥茹.论绿色物流.物流科技,2001(4)：40-43
[2]徐佳.对发展我国电子商务物流的思考.中国物价,2003(10)：23-25
[3]金真,唐浩.现代物流.中国物资出版社,2001
[4]朱隆亮,谭任绩.物流运输组织管理.北京：机械工业出版社,2003
[5]丁俊发.学习《国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要》有感.中国物流与采购,2006(10)：16-19
[6]王伟.柔性配送系统的构建与优化研究：[博士学位论文].上海：上海海事大学,2006
[7]叶志坚.共同配送整合模型及算法研究：[博士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学,2004
[8]韩世莲.物流配送线路多目标优化方法研究：[博士学位论文].南京：东南大学,2005
[9]Shen Z J. Efficient algorithms for various supply chain problems[D]. Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, 2000
[10]Shen Z J M, Coullard C, Daskin M S. A joint location-inventory model. Transportation Science,2003,37(1):40-55
[11]Guha S, Khuller S. Greedy strikes back:Improbed facility location algorithms[C]. In:Proceeding ofthe 9th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposioum on Discrete Algorithms,1998:649-657
[12]Holmberg K, Rinnqvist M, Yuan D. An exact algorithm for the capacitated location problems withsingle sourcing. European Journal of Operational Research,1999,113(1):544-559
[13]Korupolu M R, Plaxton C G, Rajaraman R. Analysis of a local search heuristic for facility location problems[R]. Technical Report 98-30, DIMACS, Rutgers University,1998
[14]Brimberg O., Revelle C.. A bi-objective plant location problem: cost vs. demand served. Location Science,1998,6(1):121-135
[15]Vaidyanathan Jayaraman. A multi-objective logistics mod-el for a capacitated service facility problem. Interna-tional Journal of Physical Distribution&Logistics Man-agement,1999,29(1):69-70
[16]Oded Berman, Zvi Drezner, George O. Wesolowsky. Satisfying partial demand in facilities location. IIE Transactions,2002,34:971-978
[17]龚延成,郭晓汾,蔡团结.物流配送点选址模型及其算法研究.中国公路学报,2003,16(2)：123-126
[18]DREZNER T. Location ofmultiple retail facilitieswith limited budget constraints-in continuous space. Journal of Retailing and ConsumerServices,1998(3),173-184
[19]Dorigo M, Gambardella L M. Ant colony system:A cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem. IEEETrans. on Evolutionary Computation,1997,1(1):53-66
[20]Wen Yu, Wu Tiejun. Real-time rolling horizon optimization of urban traffic controll based on antalgorithm. Control andDecision, 2004(9):1057-1063
[21]Klose. A Lagrangean relax-and-cut approach for the two-stage capacitated facility location problem. European Journal of Operational Research,2000(126):408-421
[22]Vaidynathan Jayarnman, Hasan pirkul. Planning and coordination of production and distribution facility for multiple commocities. European Journal of Operational Research,2001(133): 394-408
[23]Mazzola, Neebe. Lagrangian-relaxation-based solution procedures for a multiproduct capacitated facility location problem with choice of facility type. European Journal of Operational Research, 1999(115):285-299
[24]Antunes, Peeters. On solving complex multi-period location models using simulated annealing. European Journal of Operational Research,2001(130):190-201
[25]Vaidyanathan Jayaraman, Anthony Ross. A simulated annealing methodology to distribution network design and management. European Joural of Operational Research,2003(144):629-y45
[26]郜振华.基于改进微粒群算法的配送中心选址研究.计算机应用,2008(9)：2401-2403
[27]Michel, Hentenryck. A simple tabu search for warehouse location. European Journal of Operational Research,2004,157:576-591
[28]Jaramillo, Bhadury, Batta. On the use of genetic algorithms to solve location problems. Computers and Operations Research,2002, 29:761-779
[29]Mitsuo Gen, Admi Syaif, Hybrid genetic algorithm for multi-time period producton/distribution planning. Computers and Industial Engineering,2005,48:799-809
[30]Bodin L. D., Golden B. L., Assad A. A., Ball M., Routing and Scheduling of Vehicles and Crews:The State of Art, Computers& Operations Research,1983, No.10:63-211
[31]Bodin L., Golden B., Classification in Vehicle Routing and Scheduling, Networks,1981, Vol.11:7-108
[32]祝崇隽,刘民,吴澄.供应链中车辆路径问题的研究进展及前景.计算机集成制造系统,2001(7)：1-6
[33]郎茂祥,胡思继.用混合遗传算法求解物流配送路径优化问题的研究.中国管理科学,2002(5)：51-56
[34]Sung-Chul Hong and Yang-Byung Park. A heuristic for bi-objective vehicle routing with time window constraints. Int. J. Production Economics 62(1999):249-258
[35]Ki Young Kim and Kap Hwan Kim. A routing algorithm for a single straddle carrier to load export containers onto a containership. Int. J. Production Economics 1999(59):425-433
[36]Taillard, E. Parallel interative search method for vehicle routing problems. Networks,1993,23:661-673
[37]Genreau, M., Hertz, A, and Laporte, G. A tabu search heuristic for the vehicle routing problem. Montreal:Publication 777, Centre de recherche sur les transpors,1991
[38]贺国先,刘凯.优化物流中心配送方案的遗传算法.系统工程理论与 实践,2003(4)：76-81
[39]Federgruen A, Zipkin P. A combined vehicle routing and inventory allocation problem. Operations Research,1984(5):1019-1037
[40]Armstrong Ronald D, Jin Zhiying. Strongly polynomial simplex algorithm for bipartite vertex packing. Discrete Applied Mathematics, 1996,64(2):97-103
[41]Chen C S, Lee S M, Shen Q S. An analytical model for the container loading problem. European Journal of Operational Research,1995,80: 68-76
[42]Jangha Kang, Sungsoo Park. Algorithms for the variable sized bin packing problem. European Journal of Operational Research,2003, 147:365-372
[43]赵鹏.基于有效空间模型的配送优化及应用研究：[博士学位论文].重庆：重庆大学,2006
[44]曹宏美,高利,张天宫.优化多品种货物配装的蚂蚁算法.交通与计算机,2008(2)：11-14
[45]Hopper E, Turton B. A Genetic Algorithm for a 2D Industrial Packing Problem. Computers& Industrial Engineering,1999,37(1-2):375-378
[46]Hopper E, Turton B. C. H. An empirical investigation of meta-heuristic and heuristic algorithms for a 2D packing problem. European Journal of Operational Research,2001,128(1):34-57
[47]Leung T W, Chan Chi Kin, Troutt Marvin D. Application of a mixed simulated annealing-genetic algorithm heuristic for the two-dimensional orthogonal packing problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 2003,145(3):530-542
[48]甘天圣,刘琼,邱浩波.面向ASP应用的多目标物流配送路径算法研究.中国制造业信息化,2005(8)：75-78
[49]王玲玲,李晓萍.分送式货物配送的优化.交通科技与经济,2007(9)：110-112
[50]BassanY, Roll Y, Rosenblat tM. J., Internal layout design of a warehouse, AIIE Transactions,1980(4):317-322
[51]Rosenblatt M. J., Roll Y., Warehouse design with storage policy consideration, International Journal of Production Research,1984
[52]Pandit R., Palekar U. S., Response time considerations for Optimal warehouse layout design, Journal of Engineering for Industry,1993(3): 322-328
[53]Rosenblatt, M. J., Roll Y. A., Zyser V., A combined optimization and simulationa approach for designing automted storage/retrieval systems. IIE Transactions,1993,25(1):40-50
[54]Van Oudheusden D. L., W. Zhu, Storage layout of AS/RS racks based on recurrent orders, European Journal of operational Research,1992, 58(1):48-56
[55]Malmborg C. J. Storage assignment policy tradeoff. International Journal of Production Research,1996(2):363-378
[56]Elsayed E. A., Lee M. K., Kim S., Sequencing and batching procedures for minimizing earliness and tardiness penalty of order retrievals, International Journal of Production Research,1993,31(3): 727-738
[57]Lee M.-K., Kim S-Y., Scheduling of storage/retrieval orders under a just-in-time environment, International Journal of Production Research,1995,33(12):3331-334
[58]Pan C. H., Liu S. Y., A comparative study of order batching algorithms. Omega,1995,23(6):322-328
[59]Van den Berg J. P, Gademann A. J. R. M, Simulation study of an automated storage/retrieval system. International Journal of Production Research,2000,38 (6):1339-1356
[60]Gademann A. J. R. M., Jeroen P. van den berg and Hassan H. Van der hoff. An order batching algorithm for wave Picking in a parallel-aisle warehouse. IIE Transactions,2001,33:385-398
[61]Byung-In Kim, Sunderesh S. Heragu. Clustering-based order-picking sequence algorithm for an automated warehouse. International Journal of Production Research,2003,41(15): 3445-3460
[62]Ratliff, H. D. and Rosenthal, A. S.. Order picking in a rectangular warehouse:a solvable case of the traveling salesman problem. Operations Research,1983,31(3):507-521
[63]Pan C. H., Wang C. H., A framework for dual command cycle travel time model in automated warehousing systems, International Journal of Production Research,1996,34(8):209 9-2117
[64]李诗珍,王长建.优化配送中心订单拣取路径的一种动态规划方法.运筹与管理,2003(12)：117-121
[65]Hwang, Heung-Suk, Cho, Gyu-Sung. A Performance analysis of transporters for order picking warehouse design. International Journal of Industrial Engineering:Theory Applications and Practice,2003, 10(4):614-620
[66]G. Vrecer and F. Cus. Planning of supply to a group of machines. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2003,133:214-217
[67]秦永法.装配系统设计多目标优化及其关键技术研究：[博士学位论文].沈阳：中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所,2004
[68]张连富.配送中心物流系统规划方法研究：[博士学位论文].长春：吉林大学,2007
[69]王景恒.物流配送关键技术优化方法研究：[博士学位论文].长春：吉林大学,2006
[70]谢合明.企业物流管理会计若干问题研究：[博士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学,2008
[71]杨玮,曹巨江,刘昌祺.IQ曲线在物流配送中心规划中的应用.管理技术,2006(6)：100-102
[72]王转,贺文文.基于订单资料分析的配送中心规划及应用.机械工程学报,2007(4)：173-178
[73]孙磊,吴耀,张冠女.动态EIQ_ABC分析在配送中心规划中的应用.山东大学学报(工学版),2006(7)：81-85
[74]许胜余.WITNESS在配送中心规划中的应用.商场现代化,2005(6)：59-63
[75]张毅,李金辉,邢占文.连锁商业配送中心规划决策分析.江苏商论2007(4)：16-17
[76]许胜余.配送中心的规划与建设.物流技术与应用,2005(6)：59-61
[77]张悦来.浅谈大型连锁超市配送中心规划设计.物流过程与管理,2008(12)：174-176
[78]胡燕祝,吕宏义.物流配送中心的规划与管理.包装工程,2005(7)： 24-26
[79]储雪检.物流配送中心规划方案探讨.物流技术,2005(9)：210-213
[80]吕伟,汝宜红,杨文惠.配送中心特点的国际比较分析.铁道物资科学管理,2000(1)：11-12
[81]周乐.基于柔性的配送系统服务能力研究：[博士学位论文].上海：上海交通大学,2007
[82]陈建国,魏修建,朱丹.第三方物流服务商物流能力构成研究.新疆财经,2008(6)：71-75
[83]徐佳,邹敏.配送中心服务能力构成及量化研究.中国水运,.2006(9)：219-220
[84]林希.物流配送中心服务能力的研究.中国市场,2007(9)：92-93
[85]傅新平,徐佳,陈天成.物流配送中心服务能力仿真评价.交通与计算机,2007(5)：25-28
[86]程世平.基于因子分析的物流能力评价指标研究.商场现代化,2008(4)
[87]周晓光,张强,宋元涛.配送中心服务质量的属性综合评价.工业工程.2006(9)：72-76
[88]王林,张金隆.基于灰色理论的连锁配送中心服务质量评价.世界标准化与质量管理,2002(11)：19-22
[89]王华,韦福祥.直销企业物流中心的配送服务质量与顾客满意度评量.宜宾学院学报,2007(2)：61-72
[90]王晓东,胡瑞娟.供应链管理与高级规划—概念、模型、软件与案例分析.北京：机械工业出版社,2005
[91]秦应兵,叶怀珍.配送中心服务质量评价指标体系及其模糊综合评价.物流技术,2000(5)：26-27
[92]范存军,郭孜政,陈振华.配送中心客户服务质量综合评价研究.交通标准化,2005(3)：21-23
[93]Anthony, Ross. An integrated benchmarking approach to distribution center performance using DEA modeling. Journal of Operations Management,2002(1):19-32
[94]甘红云,杨家其,蒋惠园.物流绩效评价研究述评.现代物流,2002(10)：24-26
[95]杜小雄,孙涛.品牌服装连锁经营物流配送中心绩效评价的研究.价值工程,2009(1)：87-89
[96]刘振华.配送中心营运绩效评价分析.物流经济,2008(4)：43-44
[97]林辉,项晓园.连锁超市生鲜加工配送中心的物流绩效评价.价值工程,2008(5)：76-78
[98]许胜余.物流配送中心管理.成都：四川人民出版社,2002
[99]丁静.配送中心配送绩效评价的研究.价值工程,2007(6)：72-75
[100]宋远卓,徐菱,冯岩.现代物流配送中心评价体系研究.供应链,2007(10)：92-93
[101]陈慧娟.物流中心生产力评估100诀.台北：经济部商业司,1994
[102]李中华,夏绍模,赵愈.改进TOPSIS法在配送中心评价中的应用.物流科技,2006(12)：75-78
[103]Harrison, A.Logistics Management and Strategy.Pearson Education Limited,2002,
[104]黄林,王阳军,卢红锋.配送服务时间可靠性研究物.流科技,2008(6)：7-9
[105]张山旭.利用计量控制图控制配送中心的服务时间.物流科技,2007(12)：12-14
[106]Fishman, T. C.Click here for tomatoes. Money Magazine.2005 (4):143-146
[107]马楠,丁文英,智赞.钢材加工配送中心排产计划的研究.中国水运,2007(6)：191-192
[108]夏向阳,刘杰.EGS环境下的订单分配优化分析.工业工程与管理,2007(2)：61-65
[109]王宏勇,朱翼隽.生产-库存系统中物流调度系统的分析.物流技术,2008(12)：6314-6317
[110]梅晚霞,马士华.供应链中转节点物流能力计划问题研究.管理学报,2008(2)：153-156
[111]董明.集成制造物流网络的建模与绩效分析.上海交通大学学报,2006(4)：
[112]王惠,符策,陈燕,屈莉莉.复杂信息条件下敏捷物流配送问题的动态分析.系统工程,2005(8)：31-35
[113]区伟明,胡奇英.CIMS物流调度系统的建模与仿真.计算机集成制造系统2004(9)：1065-1072
[114]吴耀华,王胜力,王常香.排队论在物流规划中的应用.物流科技 2004(5)：53-55
[115]Swihart M R, Papastavrou. A stochastic and dynamic model for the single-vehicle pjckup and delivery problem. European Journal of Operational Research,1999(114):447-464
[116]Bertsimas D J, Ryzin G V. A stochastic and dynamic vehicle routing problems in the euclidean plane. Operations Research,1991 (39): 601-615
[117]Bertsimas D J, Ryzin G V. Stohastic and dynamic vehicle routing problem in the eucidean plane with multiple capacitated vehicles. Operations Research,1993(41):60-76
[118]侯玉梅.供应链的优化与控制：[博士学位论文].北京：中国科学院数学与系统科学研究院,2003
[119]赵东风.物流加工中优先级控制过程研究.信息与控制,1998(5)：365-368
[120]赵东风,孙权.物流加工中双优先级调度控制过程研究.高技术通讯,2000(11)：57-59
[121]余福茂.关于物流系统规划若干关键技术的研究：[博士学位论文].成都：浙江大学,2003
[122]王富忠,沈祖志,马林.现代物流敏捷调运个性化研究.技术经济,2006(1)：79-81
[123]李诗珍,王转.订单拣取路径优化研究--S形启发式方法在配送中心拣货中的应用.物流技术与应用,2002(5)：67-70
[124]赵玉东.某配送中心拣货作业的仿真分析.计算机与信息技术2007(30)：89-91
[125]Van den Berg, J. P. and Sharp, G. P. Forward-reserve allocation in a unit-load warehouse operation with picking periods. Progress in Material Handling Research, The Material Handling Industry of America,1996(5):625-638
[126]张延林,程锡礼.随机库存系统的存货策略计算机仿真.系统工程,2005,23(1)：119-123
[127]Eric Porras Musalem and Rommert Dekker. Controlling inventories in a supply chain:A case study. International Journal of Production Economics,2005,93-94:179-188
[128]沙洪洲,郭果敢.马尔可夫链用于仓储建模与仿真.计算机仿真,2005(4)：61-63
[129]李诗珍,王转,石江.配送中心拣货系统订单处理仿真研究.计算机应用,2003(2)：95-96
[130]Fung, Cheung, Lee. A virtual warehouse system for production logistics. Production Planning and Control,2005(6):597-607
[131]李暄,洪怡恬,郑慧,陈小静.Flexsim系统仿真软件在配送中心分拣系统设计中的应用.物流技术,2009(1)：37-39
[132]吴迪,赵宁,李苏建.配送中心选址优化模型及仿真支持系统.仿真技术,2007(7)：147-150
[133]韦尧兵,谢晓利,雷春丽.基于Witness的配送中心系统仿真设计.中国制造业信息化,2007(9)：12-14
[134]曾钦志.基于Multi_Agent的林产品配送中心建模与仿真：[博士学位论文].南京：南京林业大学,2007
[135]周涛,曹俊玲,乔忠,程钧谟.多供应商单配送中心的库存优化模型研究.数学的实践与研究,2008(19)：15-20
[136]卢安文,王跃平.配送中心安全库存优化.中国物流与采购2008(3)：68-69
[137]曾中文.配送中心的库存控制系统研究.商场现代化,2007(4)：
[138]袁祥勇,谢鸿飞.配送中心库存控制模型及其应用研究.兰州学刊,2006(6)：161-162
[139]陆俊强,戴勇.系统动力学方法在超市配送中心库存策略中的运用.物流技术,2001(9)：8-10
[140]李旭,刘铮铮.系统动力学在超市配送中心库存策略中的应用.物流科技,2006(9)：112-114
[141]施国洪,韩之俊,刘峰.超市配送中心库存策略SD模型研究与分析.数学的实践与认识,2006(5)：38-42
[142]孙斌锋,吕雄伟,李军.基于VMI的配送中心订货点仿真研究.计算机应用研究,2006(2)：48-49
[143]张贺,赵刚.配送中心库存控制仿真.上海海事大学学报,2005(9)：49-53
[144]白小平,高清福.考虑服务水平的配送中心库存控制仿真.物流技术与应用,2006(11)：80-85
[145]M. Wisniewski, C. Jones, K. Kristenses, H. Madsen, P. Ostergaard. Does anyone use the techniques we teach? OR Insight, 1994,7(2):2-7
[146]查迎春.临时价格折扣下的库存问题研究：[博士学位论文].合肥：中国科学技术大学,2008
[147]Silver EA. Operations research in inventory management:a review and critique. Operations Research,1981,29(4):628-645
[148]Nahmia S. Inventory models. In the Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology,1978 Vol.9:447-483, Belzer J, Holzman AG and Kent A. Marcel Dekker, New York
[149]Aggarwal SC. A review of current inventory theory and its application. International Journal of Production Research,1974,12: 443-482
[150]周永务.物流系统的库存控制模型与方法研究：[博士学位论文].合肥：合肥工业大学,2002
[151]秦绪伟.物流系统集成规划模型及优化算法研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国科学院,2006
[152]Donaldson W. A. Inventory replenishment policy for a linear trend in demand-an analytical solution. Opl Res Q,1978(28):663-670
[153]Silver E. A. A simple inventory decision rule for a linear trend in demand. J Opl Res Soc,1979(30):71-75
[154]Ritchie E. The EOQ for linear increasing demand:a simple optimal solution. JOpl Res Soc,1984(35):449-952
[155]Goswami A. and Chaudhri K. EOQ model for an inventory with a linear trendin demand and finite rate of replenishment considering shortages. Int J Syst Sci,1991(22):181-187
[156]Steven J Erlebacher, Russell D Meller. The interaction of location and inventory in designing distribution systems.IIE Transactions,2000(32):155-166
[157]Weng Z k, Wong R T. General models for the supplier's all unit quantity discount policy. Naval Research Logistics,1993(7):971-991
[158]Haresh G. A study of quantity discount pricing models with different ordering structure order coordination, order consolidation, and multi-tier order hierarchy. Internation Journal of Production Economics,2001(2):203-225
[159]Sarker BR, Mahmood AI Kindi. Optimal ordering policies in response to a discount offer. International Journal of Production Economics,2006(100):195-211
[160]Khouja, M. Optimal ordering, discounting, and pricing in the single-period problem. Int. J. Production Economics,200,65: 201-216
[161]陈宪章.季节性需求下的最优库存控制策略的研究.哈尔滨工程大学学报,2004(10)：689-695
[162]Potts, C. N. Van Wassenhove, L. N. Integrating scheduling with batching and lot-sizing, A review of algorithms and complexity. Journal of the Operational Research Society,1992(43): 895-406
[163]Kuik, R, Salomon, M, Van Wassenhove, L. N. Batching decisions:Structure and models. European Journal of Operational Research,1994(75):243-263
[164]Kimms, A. Multi-Level Lot-Sizing and Scheduling Methods for Capacitated Dynamic and Deterministic Models. Physica Verlag Series on Production and Logistics, Springer, Berlin,1997
[165]杨杰.非平稳需求库存控制策略研究：[博士学位论文].合肥：中国科学技术大学,2007
[166]C. P. Kulamas. Single-item and multi-item inventory system with deterministic, continuous, time-dependent demand. Computers Ind. Engng 1993(24):57-68
[167]M. A. Hariga. Comparison of heuristic procedures for the inventory problem with a linear trend in demand. Computers Ind. Engng.1995(28):245-258
[168]M. A. Hariga. The inventory problem with a linear trend in demand. Computes Ind. Engng,1993(24):143-150
[169]C. T. Su, L. T. Tong and H. C. Liao. An inventory model under inflation for stock dependent consumption rate and exponential decay. Opsearch,1996(33):71-82
[170]H. C. Liao, C. H. Tsai and C. T. Su. An inventory model with deteriorating items under inflation when a delay in payment is permissible. Int. J. Prod. Econ,2000(63):207-214
[171]M. Goh. EOQ models with general demand and holding cost functions. Eur. J. Opl Res,1994(73):50-55
[172]Bookbinder, J. H., Tan, J. Y. Strategies for the probabilistic lot-sizing problem with service-level constraints. Management Science,1988(9):1096-1108
[173]Sox, C. R. Dynamic lot sizing with random demand and non-stationary costs. Operational Research Letters,1997(20):155-164
[174]Tarim, S. A, Kingsman, B. G. Modelling and computing (Rn, Sn) policies for inventory systems with non-stationary stochastic demand. European Journal of Operational Research,2006(174):581-599
[175]Vaughan, T. S. Failure replacement and preventive maintenance spare parts ordering policy. European Journal of Operational Research, 2005(161):183-190
[176]Bollapragada, S., Morton, T.E. A simple heuristic for computing nonstationary (s, S) policies. Operations Reseatch,1999(4): 576-585
[177]Ram Gamesman. Managing supply chain inventories:A multiple retailer, one warehouse, multiple supplier model. Production Economics, 1999(59):341-354
[178]E. B. Diks, A. G. de Kok, A. G. Lagodimos. Multi-echelon systems: a service measure perspective. European Journal of Operational Research, 1996(95):241-264
[179]Dawn Barnes-Schuster, Yehuda Bassok. Direct shipping and the dynamicsingle-depot/multi-retailer inventory system. European Journal of Operational Research,1997(10):509-518
[180]胡建国.随机需求条件下的物流系统模型及算法研究：[博士学位论文].长沙：长沙理工大学,2005
[181]Matheus, P., Gelders, L. The (R, Q) inventory policy subject to a compound Poisson deand pattern. International Journal of Production Economics,2000(68):307-317
[182]Mak, K. L, Lai, K. K, Ng, W. C, etal. Analysis of optimal opportunistic replenishment policies for inventory systems by using a (s, S) model with a maximum issue quantity restriction. Euroean Journal of Operational Research,2005(166):385-405
[183]王之泰.现代物流学.北京：中国物资出版社,2005
[184]陈耀茂.实用库存管理法.北京：徐氏基金出版社,2004
[185]曹淑芳.库存管理.南京：南京工学院出版社,2005
[186]Federgren, A. and Y. S., Zheng. An efficient algorithm for computing anoptimal (r, q) policy in continuous review stochastic inventoiry system. Operation Research,1992,40:808-813
[187]Zheng, Y.-S. On properties of stochastic inventory system. Management Science,1992,38:87-10
[188]R. Forsberg. Exact evaluation of (R, Q) policies for two-level inventory systems with Poisson demands. European Journal of Operational Research,1997,96:130-138
[189]R. Forsberg. Evaluation of (R, Q) policies for two-level inventory systems with generally distributed customer inter arrival times. European Journal of Operational Research,1997,99:401-411
[190]Sven Axsater. Exact analysis of continuous review (R, Q) policies in two-echelon inventory systems with compound Poisson demand. Operations Research,2000,48:686-696
[191]Chen F.94%-Effective policies for a two-stage serial Inventory system with stochastic demand. Management Science,1999, 45(12):1679-1696
[192]De Bodt, S. C. Graves. Continuous review policies for a multi-echelon inventory problem with stochastic demand. Management Science,1985,31:1286-1295
[193]Badinelli, R. A model for continuous-review pull policies in serial inventory systems. Operation Research,1992,40:142-156
[194]De Bodt, M. A., Wassenhove, L. V. Lot sizes and safety stocks in MRP:a case study, Production and Inventory Management,1983(1): 1-16
[195]Blackburn, J. D., Kro, D. H., Millen, R. A. A Comparison of Strategies to Dampen Nervousness in MRP Systems, Management Science, 1986,32(4):413-42
[196]Sridharan, V., LaForge, R. L. The Impact of Safety Stock on Schedule Instability, Cost and Service, Journal of Operations Management,1989,8(4):327-347
[197]陈荣秋,马士华.生产与运作管理.北京：高等教育出版社,2003：206-229
[198]柳键,易伟明.安全因子优化与协调模型研究.数学的实践与认识2004(12)：25-30
[199]张艾荣,张子刚,郭翔.具有随机提前期的库存模型中安全因子的优化.2007(7)：115-120
[200]Ching, W. K. Optimal (s, S) policies with delivery time guarantees for manufaeturing systems wit hearly set-up. Computers and Industrial Engineering,2001,40(3):249-257
[201]Ching, W. K. and Tai, A. H. Aquantity-ime-based dispatehing policy for a VMI system. Computational Science and Its Application-ICCSA 2005:International Conference, Singapore, Proceedings, Part Ⅳ, 2005,342-349
[202]Chen, F. Y. And Xu, T. Z. Integrated inventory replenishment and temporal shipment consolidation:a comparison of quantity-based and time-based models. Annals of Operations Research,135(1):197-210
[203]Lee H L, So Kut C, Tang C S. The value of information sharing in a two-level supply chain. Management Science,2000,46 (5):626-643
[204]邵晓峰,黄培清,季建华.供应链中供需双方合作批量模型的研究.管理工程学报,2001,15(2)： 54-57
[205]李华,李益强,徐国华.供应链配送中的提前期模型研究.管理工程学报,2004,18(3)：112-114
[206]Chang H C, OuyangL Y, Wu K S, etal. Integrated vendor-buyer cooperative inventory models with controllable lead time and ordering cost reduction. European Journal of Operational Research,2006,170(2): 481-495
[207]Bookbinder, J. H. and Cakanyildirim, M. Random lead times and expedited orders in (Q, r) inventory systems. European Jounal of Operational Research,1999,115(2):300-313
[208]Cakanyildirim, M., Bookbinder, J. H. and Gerchak, Y. Continuous review inventory models where random ed time depends on lot size and reserved capacity. International Journal of Production Economics,2000,68(3):217-228
[209]Mohebbi, E. Supply interruptions in a lost-sales inventory system with random lead time. Computers and Operations Research,2003, 30(3):411-426
[210]Sheu, S. H. and Chien, Y. H. Optimal age-replacement policy of a system subject to shoeks with random lead-ime. European Journal of Operational Research,2004,159(1):132-144
[211]Roberta S.Russell,Bernard W.Talor Ⅲ. Operations Management (Third Edition), Prentice Hall, Inc.2000
[212]Lee J. Krajewski, Larry P. Ritzman. Operations Management Strategy and Analysis(Fifth Edition). Addison-Wesley,1999
[213]Stephen F. Love. Inventory Control. McGraw-Hill Book Company.1979
[214]Joseph G. Monks. Operations Management Theory and problems(Second Edition). McGraw-Hill Book Company.1982
[215]Wlliam J. Stevenson. Operations Management (Seventh Edition), McGraw-Hill Irwin,2002
[216]R. Dan Reid, Nada R. Sanders. Operations Management. John Wiley&Sons, Inc.2002
[217]Howard Barnett. Operations Management. Macmillan Professional Masters.1992
[218]Aucamp, D. C., The Evaluation of Safety Stock, Production and Inventory Management,2nd Quarter,1986
[219]Amy Zhaohui Zeng, Jack C. Hayya. The p erformance of two popular service measures on management effectiveness in inventory control. Int. J. Production Economics 1999 (58):147-158
[220]Deuermeyer, BL and Schwarz LB. A model for the snalysis of system service level in warehouse-retailer distribution systems:the identical retailer case. Management Science,1981(16)
[221]Moinzadeh, K and Lee, HL. Batch size and stocking levels in multi-echelon repairable systems. Management Science,1986(32)
[222]Lee, HL and Moinzadehc, K. Two-parameter approximations for multiechelon repairable inventory models with batch prdering policy.IIE Transactions,1987(19)
[223]Lee, H L and Moinzadeh, K. Operating characteristics of a two-echelon inventory system for repairable and consumable items under batch ordering and shipment policy. Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, 1987(34)
[224]Svoronos, AP and Zipkin, P. Estimating the performance of multi-level inventory systems. Operations Research,1988(36)
[225]Axsater, S. Exact and approximate evaluation of batch-ordering policies for two-level inventory systems. Operations Research,1993(41)
[226]Clark, AJ and Scarf, H. Optimal policies for a multi-echelon inventory problem. Management Science,1960(6)
[227]Chen F, Zheng Y-S. One-Warehouse Multiretailer Systems with Centralized Stock Information. Operations Research,1997(45)
[228]Axsater, S. Simple Evaluation of echelon stock (R, Q) policies for two-level inventory systems.IIE Transactions,1997(29)
[229]S. Nahmias, S. A. Smith. Optimizing inventory levels in a two-echelon retailer system with partial lost sales. Management Science,1994,40:582-596
[230]边旭,王迎军,潘德惠.随机性需求下一类分销系统的协调问题及仿真.系统工程理论方法应用,2003,12(1)：87-90
[231]高峻峻,王迎军,郭亚军.需求不确定的分销系统最小成本模型.东北大学学报,2002
[232]R. Harihara and P. H. Zipkin. Customer-order information, leadtimes, and inventories. Management Science,1995,41:1599-1607
[233]苏志远.虚拟物流配送中心关键技术研究.博士20050923
[234]张晓青.物流管理基础.广州：华南理工大学出版社,2006.10-11
[235]孟祥茹,吕延昌,孙学琴.现代物流管理.人民交通出版社.2002.03
[236]濮小金,司志刚.现代物流.机械工业出版社.2005.09
[237]张卫星,王正选.物流学.北京：北京工业大学出版社,2002.65-68
[238]李斌.物流的时空效应分析.时代经贸,2007(8)：11-12
[239]徐章一.基于供应链一体化的物流敏捷化实现机制研究：[博士学位论文].武汉：华中科技大学,2004
[240]杨家其.现代物流与运输.北京：人民交通出版社,2003
[241]施建华.第三方物流运作实务.北京：人民交通出版社,2005.44-47
[242]全国物流标准化技术委员会.GB/T 18354-2001修订本.《物流术语》国家标准修订稿第三稿.北京：中国标准出版社,2006-03-08
[243]李高扬.物流网络协同优化理论与方法研究：[博士学位论文].天津：天津大学,2007
[244]侯书森,孔淑红.企业供应链管理.北京：中国广播电视出版社,2002.237-239
[245]李新华.企业物流管理.北京：中国广播电视出版社,2002
[246]潘军.电子商务物流管理.南京：东南大学出版社,2002
[247]黄福华.现代物流运作管理精要.广州：广东旅游出版社,2002
[248]王燕,蒋笑梅.配送中心全程规划.北京：机械工业出版社,2004
[249]姚城.物流配送中心规划与动作管理.广州：广东经济出版社,2004
[250]汝宜红,宋伯慧.配送管理.北京：机械工业出版社,2005
[251]何明珂.现代物流与配送中心.北京：中国商业出版社
[252]孔伟成,陈水芬.网络营销.北京：高等教育出版社,2002.287-288
[253]王雄志.配送中心配货作业计划方法研究：[博士学位论文].广州：暨南大学,2007
[254]王转.配送中心规划_之二.物流技术与应用,2001(6)：72-75
[255]宋迎春.企业时基物流管理模式研究：[博士学位论文].杨凌：西北农林科技大学,2004
[256]杜少甫.VMI集成环境下的补货发货策略研究：[博士学位论文].合肥：中国科学技术大学,2007
[257]Burns L. D., Hall R. W., Blumenfeld D. E. Distirbution strategies that minimize transportation and inventory costs. Operations Research.1985,33:469-490
[258]王亮,李世,孙绍荣.随机需求直接发运的运输与库存整合优化研究.管理工程学报,2007(2)：130-133
[259]Kleywegt, A., V. S. Nori, M. W. P. Savelsbergh.The stochastic inventory routing problem with direct deliveries. Transportation Science,2002(36):94-118
[260]Jossef Perl, Mark S. Daskin. A unified warehouse loca-tion-routing methodology. Journal of Business Logistics, 1993,5(1):92-111
[261]毛薇.物流园区优化布局和物流运行关键技术的研究：[博士学位论文].长春：吉林大学,2004
[262]赵辉.车辆优化调度问题的研究：[博士学位论文].天津：南开大学,2006
[263]李冰.动态车队管理问题的模型及算法研究：[博士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学,2004
[264]宗序平.概率论与数理统计.北京：机械工业出版社,2007
[265]孙荣桓.随机过程及其应用.北京：清华大学出版社,2004
[266]胡细宝,王丽霞.概率论与数理统计.北京：北京邮电大学出版社,2004
[267]孟玉珂.排队论基础及应用.上海：同济大学出版社,1989
[268]Burke, P. J. The output of a queuing system. Operation research In:White H J, Smith R, eds. Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the International Society for Experimental Hematology. Houston: International Society for Experimental Hematology,1956.699-704
[269]唐应辉.排队论.成都：电子科技大学,2000
[270]肖田元,张燕云,陈加栋.系统仿真导论.北京：清华大学出版社,2000
[271]王凌,张亮,郑大钟.仿真优化研究进展.控制与决策,2003(3)：257-262
[272]冉文学.卷烟销售配送物流中心组成设备的研究.中国包装工业2007(1)：51-55
[273]So, K. C. and Song, J. S. Price, delivery time guarantees and capcitys election. European Journal of Operational Research,1998,111(1):28-49
[274]Daganzo, C. F. Logistics systems analysis. Third edition. NY: Springer,1999
[275]高峻峻.不确定性需求下供应链中分销系统的建模与仿真：[博士学 位论文].长春：吉林大学,2006
[276]Cetinkaya, S. and Lee, C.-Y. Stock replenishment and shipment seheduling for vendor-managed inventory systems. Management Science, 2000,46(2):217-232
[277]Rabinowitz, G, Mehrez, A., Chu.C.-W. and Patuwo, B. E..A partial backorder control for continuous review (r, Q) inventory system with poisson demand and constant lead time. Computers and Operations Research, 1995(7):689-700
[278]李勇.供应链中分销配送优化模型及算法研究：[博士学位论文].重庆：重庆大学,2005
[279]田俊峰.不确定性条件下供应链管理优化模型及算法研究：[博士学位论文].成都：西南交通大学,2005
[280]官建成.随机服务过程及其在管理中的应用.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2000
[281]Viswanathan, S. A new optimal algorithm for the joint replenishment problem. Journal of the Operational Research Society,1996,47:936-944. Viswanathan
[282]梁瑞风.多品种小批量物流中心仿真建模方法研究[D].北京：北京科技大学,2006
[283]鲁子爱.港口服务系统仿真与港口规模优化研究：[博士学位论文].南京：河海大学,2002
[284]徐鼎亚.市场营销学.上海：复旦大学出版社和[]乔娟.市场营销学.北京：中国农业大学出版社
[285]唐孝飞.第三方物流配送仿真系统的研究.系统仿真学报,2002(1)：44-46
[286]Lawson, DG and Porteus, EL. Multistage inventory management with expediting. Operations Research,2000(6):878-893
[287]Khouja, MA. Note on the newsboy problem with an emergency supply option. Journal of Operations Research Society,1996,47: 1530-1534
[288]Qu, WW, Iyogun, P and Erenguc, SS. An integrated inventory-transportation system with modified periodic policy for multiple products. European Journal of Operational Research,1999,115: 254-269
[289]James, K. H. Markovian decision processes in shipment consolidation. Transportation Science,1995, vol.29(3):242-255
[290]田乃硕,徐秀丽,马占友.离散时间排队论.北京：科学出版社,2008
[291]周志中,周亚平.一类批量服务排队系统的求解.运筹与管理2000(3)
[292]林元烈,梁宗霞.随机数学引论.北京：清华大学出版社,2003
[293]BALLOU. R. H企业物流管理——供应链的规划、组织和控制.北京：机械工业出版社,2002
[294]Axsater, S. and Juntti, L. Comparison of echelon stock and installation stock policies for two-level inventory systems. International Journal of Production Economics,1996(45)
[295]赵可培.运筹学.上海：上海财经大学出版社,2000
[296]张慧颖.不确定需求下的供应链库存协调管理研究：[博士学位论文].天津：天津大学,2004
[297]Ronald H Ballou. Business logistics management Planning, organizing, and controlling the supply chain.4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall,1999:248-290
[298]Bowersox D J, Closs D J. Logistics Management:the Integrated Supply Chain Process. New York:The McGrawHill, Inc.,1996
[299]Pan J C, Hsiao Y C. Inventory models with back-order discounts and variable lead time. International Journal of Systems Science,2001, 32(7):925-929
[300]Baker K. R., M. J. Magazine, H. L. Nutle. The effect of commonality on safety stock in a simple inventory model. Managemnent Sciene,1986, Vol.32(8):982-988
[301]周小庄.制造企业库存成本控制的JIT方法研究：[博士学位论文].上海：同济大学,2007
[302]刘立辉.库存与运输整合优化问题的研究现状.物流技术,2006(4)：16-18
[303]熊浩.二级库存系统中库存策略的比较研究.系统工程理论与实践,2007(6)：101-105
[304]王正国.供应商管理库存系统中配送优化方法研究：[博士学位论文].武汉：华中科技大学,2006
[305]姜昌华.遗传算法在物流系统优化中的应用：[博士学位论文].上海：华东师范大学2007
[306]张铃,张钱.遗传算法机理的研究.软件学报,2000(7)：945-952
[307]任庆生,叶中行,曾进等.遗传算法中常用算子的分析.电子学报,2000(5)：113-114
[308]游雪肖,钟守楠.十进制编码遗传算法的模式理论分析.武汉大学学报(理学版),2005(7)：542-546
[309]玄光男,程润伟.遗传算法与工程优化.北京：清华大学出版社,2004(1)
[310]叶在福,单渊达.基于多种群遗传算法的输电系统扩展规划.电力系统自动化.2000(5)：24-27
[311]周济,罗应立,张建华等.面向对象的遗传算法及其在神经网络辅助设计中的应用.计算机工程与应用,2000,(2)：54-57
[312]曹庆奎.供应链多级库存成本优化与绩效评价研究：[博士学位论文].天津：天津大学,2007
