摘要
秦艽(Gentiana Macrophylla)为龙胆科龙胆属多年生草本植物,是一种常用中药材。以根入药,主治风湿痹痛、经脉拘挛、黄疸、骨节酸痛、日哺潮热、发热等病症,对风湿性关节炎有较好的疗效。龙胆苦苷为主要有效成分。亚洲是龙胆属植物的起源地,但该属植物在这一关键地区的传粉生物学资料比较欠缺。本研究通过人工控制试验,对秦艽开花过程中花部表型变化、开花特性、传粉特性以及不同处理下的结实率进行研究,旨在了解掌握秦艽的繁殖特性,为合理有效地保护和利用这一珍稀濒危物种提供科学依据,为秦艽的生殖生态学研究提供理论依据,也为秦艽品种提纯和改良研究提供技术支持。
通过野外实地观察秦艽的开花动态和访花者,分别用TTC法测定秦艽花粉活力,用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性,用杂交指数(OCI)测定秦艽的繁育系统,用套袋实验测定秦艽的结实率。结果表明∶
人工栽培的秦艽花期为六月初至七月下旬,盛花期为六月中旬至七月中旬,果期八月至九月,单花花期6～7天。秦艽每天上午8∶00开始开花,10∶00–14∶00开花最多。柱头可授性为开花的第3天和第4天最佳。秦艽花花粉活力在开花当天达到80.5%以上,之后逐日下降。与其它龙胆属植物相似,秦艽也存在暂时性闭合现象。
秦艽的杂交指数OCI≥4,自然结实率为79.8%。在人工控制传粉环境条件下,同株异花授粉和异株异花授粉处理都能够获得较高的结实率,表明秦艽同时自交(同株)亲和和异交亲和。去雄不套袋也能获得结实率,且100%样本均结实;然而不去雄套袋(自交)结实率为零,这一结果表明秦艽单花授粉过程须依赖传粉媒介才能结实。综上所述∶秦艽的传粉系统为异交(异株、异花)亲和,自交(同株)亲和,单花结实必须依赖传粉者。杂交指数法所得结果与套袋试验测定结实率所得结果一致;盆栽试验与田间试验结果一致。
秦艽花上访花者多属于膜翅目、双翅目、鳞翅目、鞘翅目昆虫。蜂类是秦艽的主要传粉者,其中熊蜂是有效传粉者。
Gentiana macrophylla is perennial grass of Gentianaceae. Gentiana macrophylla is the most commonly used Chinese traditional medicine and just use the roots for medcine. Gentiana macrophylla has the main function of rheumatism ache,pulse spasm,icterus,condyle ache,feeding tide and heat,faver , and so on , and has beter curative effect on rheumatoid arthritis.Gentiopicrin is the efficient component.Asia is the origin terra of Gentianaceae,where gravely lack studies on pollination biology of Gentianaceae.Among plants of Gentianaceae, interiorly we have fractionary information of Gentiana straminea and have no information about other plants of Gentianaceae.In this paper,we conducted artificial experiments to study the flower change,blossoming characteristic,pollination characteristic and fruit set of Gentiana macrophylla.we aimed to mostly realize and master reproduction characteristic of Gentiana macrophylla,and provide science knowledge to effeccctivelly protect and utiliza the precious species which is in severe danger,and provide theory for studies of the procreation ecology and technicks for species purification and improvement of Gentiana macrophylla.
In this paper , we aimed to characterize pollination syndromes , pollinators and fruit set of an artificially cultivated population in the medical species Gentiana macrophylla (Gentianaceae).We tested pollen vigor and stigma receptivity along the blooming process, conducted the breeding experiments and qualified outcrossing indexes (OCI) and fruit set of this population. The results follows.
The florescence of the artificially cultivated Gentiana macrophylla lasts two months,from early June to the last ten days of july.The blossoming flork is from the middle ten days of June to middle ten day s of July and the plant starts blossoming at 8AM,between 10AM and 2pm is day-dy-day blossoming flork. Every single flower lasts six days or seven days.the period from August to September is fruiting time. The pollen vigor reached the highest in the first blooming day and then continued to decrease while the highest stigmatic receptivity occurred in the second and third day. Gentiana macrophylla conform with other plants of Gentianaceae that Gentiana macrophylla also has temporal closure phenomena.
The fruit set ratio is very high,around 79.8% and OCI is estimated to be higher than four.The treatments by artificial monoecious cross- pollination and dioecious cross-pollination both have higher fruit set, which indicated Gentiana macrophylla self-compatibility and outcrossing compatibility.The emasculation treat also has seed and all sample has seed;but the fruit set of bagged treat with no emasculation is zero.Bagged experiments similarly suggested that this population is outcrossing , self-compatible and insect-independent for fruit and fruit set , which conformed with OCI result.
Flower visitors are diverse, including those from Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleopyera; bees are main pollinators. However, bombus are the most effective pollinators as revealed for the other gentians in the field.
引文
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