摘要
近几年来,随着城镇改造建设步伐的加快和人们生活水平的提高,许多地方都在兴建美食街(城)。美食街(城)对于完善城市生活功能、解决就业、方便餐饮业管理、增加财政收入和提升城市形象具有重要意义。
从理论上看,美食街(城)实际上就是餐饮产业集聚,是产业集聚(又称为“企业集聚”)的一种。目前对于产业集聚的研究主要集中于制造业,对餐饮产业集聚研究甚少。而作为服务业的餐饮产业集聚显然有别于制造业集聚。因此,研究餐饮企业集聚演化机制及其管理问题不仅有利于实践,而且有利于完善产业集聚的相关理论。
为了更深入研究餐饮产业集聚演化机制,本论文围绕餐饮产业聚集的原因,餐饮产业集聚的演化阶段和过程,餐饮产业集聚的管理模式三个方面来展开论述,以定性和定量分析、静态和动态分析相结合的方法,对餐饮产业集聚的原因、演化过程进行了实证研究。
餐饮产业集聚的原因是从企业聚集效应·(第二章)、集聚所在区域的环境要素(第三章)和集聚企业自身行为(第四章)三个方面来讨论的。
论文第二章第一节首先从理论上探讨餐饮产业集聚的聚集效应,第二节从实地访谈调查来检验理论上所认可的聚集效应哪些是真实存在的和主要的,第三节深入验证聚集效应对餐饮产业主要经营问题的影响。通过企业人员访谈和统计数据检验,餐饮产业集聚的优势和劣势与其他行业的产业集聚既有相同点,也有不同点。总的说来,餐饮产业集聚的优势主要是在市场广告效应方面,劣势主要是消费市场竞争加剧,企业租金成本增加,而对原料投入要素的争夺并不明显。
第三章第一节首先通过实地调研,深入考察成都、重庆、北京、广州和深圳等大城市的40多个典型城市人口聚集区域情况。以绘图方式找出影响餐饮产业集聚的消费者空间分布因素。第二节和第三节进一步调查分析了餐饮企业空间分布密度与市场设施密度和区域宏观经济要素之间的相关性,第四节则从消费者心理角度分析其集聚偏好对餐饮产业集聚的影响。第四章从实际案例中归纳出企业的竞争、合作和创新行为对餐饮产业集聚发展的影响。经过本章的调查分析发现,餐饮产业集聚的企业分布密度受某些市场设施影响,与宏观经济因素正相关。这些因素实际上体现了消费者的活动空间或者经济属性。更重要的是,消费者的集聚消费偏好也会影响餐饮产业集聚的规模,两者之间的关系是正相关的。
餐饮产业集聚的演化阶段和影响演化过程的因素则是从企业聚集效应、集聚所在区域的环境要素、聚集企业自身行为三方面要素在演化阶段的不同表现来研究的(第五章)。第五章第一节从理论和案例两个角度分析验证了餐饮产业集聚发展的过程,然后第二、三、四节分别从企业聚集效应、集聚所在区域的环境要素、聚集企业自身行为三方面和大量案例中,归纳出集聚发展各阶段的主要影响因素。本章通过案例分析法和比较分析法,找出了餐饮产业集聚不同于制造业集聚的竞争、合作、创新行为的内容、特点,及其对集聚演化的影响。归纳出了餐饮产业集聚的演化阶段和各阶段的影响因素,认为,(1)无论是自然形成还是人工构造的餐饮产业集聚,其演化阶段可以划分为“形成、持续发展和衰落”三个阶段,(2)每个阶段的发展主要受外部环境因素变化的影响,聚集效应对集聚演化的影响是有限的。餐饮产业集聚的形成主要取决于消费市场的规模和分布,其发展受政策因素和管理因素影响较大,其衰落原因主要有：内部企业的不正当竞争、消费市场的变化、城市变迁、环境设施的限制、不同集聚之间的相互竞争、以及意外风险的打击等。总之,相对于制造业集聚,餐饮产业集聚的演化过程不仅短,而且外部风险大。
论文最后讨论了餐饮产业集聚的管理模式、竞争力类型、绩效衡量和不同阶段的管理措施(第六章)。第六章第一节首先从餐饮产业集聚实际案例中归纳出了两种管理模式,第二、三和四节则分别讨论了集聚竞争力类型、绩效衡量和不同阶段的管理措施,是对集聚管理内容的深化研究。本章从实践角度提出了餐饮产业集聚的服务管理、投资管理两种管理模式,并就两种管理模式对集聚发展的影响进行了分析。运用TOPSIS法建立了集聚绩效综合评价模型。在此基础上,提出了餐饮产业集聚不同发展阶段的管理措施。
With the progress of urbanization and the improvement of people's standard of living in recent years, gourmet streets (cities) have been set up in many places, which help to make life easier as part of urban facilities, offer employment opportunities, increase revenues and promote the image of a city.
In theory, gourmet streets (cities) are in fact clusters of catering businesses, which belong to the category of business clusters (or industrial clusters). Studies on business clusters are currently concentrated on those of manufacturers and few touches upon the clusters of catering businesses, which, as part of the service industry, are apparently quite different from clusters of manufacturers. Research into such problems as their evolution mechanism and management contributes not only to practice but also to the theory of business clusters.
To make an intensive study of the evolution mechanism of catering business clusters, the paper employs static and dynamic approaches to expound the causes for the clusters, their evolutionary tracks and management modes in both qualitative and quantitative terms. Cases are also cited in this part.
Three reasons that have an impact on the gathering of catering businesses are discussed in ChapterⅡ(Agglomeration Effects of Businesses), Chapter III (the Exterior Factors of the Surrounding Areas) and ChapterⅣ(the Interior Factors of the Business).
The first section of ChapterⅡis a theoretical analysis of the agglomeration effects of catering business clusters. The second section sets out to find out which of the above analyzed effects are substantial and crucial by spot interviewing, while the third section further examines the influence that these effects have on the main managerial issues of a business. The interviews of personnel in catering businesses and statistics make it clear that such clusters have some advantages and disadvantages peculiar to the catering businesses as well as those that are common to business clusters. As a rule, the strength of such clusters lies in its advertising effect while, on the other hand, fierce competition leads to rising of rents. The ratio of raw material cost doesn't show remarkable signs of increase.
The first section of ChapterⅢillustrates with pictures the influence of the spatial distribution of customers on catering business clusters, using statistics from field surveys of more than 40 densely-populated urban areas. The second and third sections expound the correlation of spatial density of catering businesses, market facility density and regional macro-economic elements. The fourth section analyzes the effect of the preference of customers on catering business clusters. Based on case study, Chapter IV is an attempt to conclude which, of the variety of competitive, cooperative and innovative organizational behaviors conducted by a business, are the most influential on catering business clusters. The part comes up with the conclusion that the distribution of catering business clusters is subjected to some market facilities and positively correlated to macro-econmic factors that reflect the activity space and economic attributes of customers. More importantly, the preference of customers is also positively correlated to the scale of catering business clusters.
The analysis of the evolving stages of catering business clusters and the factors influencing their evolution includes the agglomeration effects of catering businesses, the exterior factors of the surrounding areas and the interior factors of the business on different stages. The first section of ChapterⅤpresents the evolving courses of catering business clusters in both theory and practice. The second, third and fourth sections bring forth the factors that influence the different evolving stages with case study in terms of the agglomeration effects of catering businesses, the exterior factors of the surrounding areas and the interior factors of the businesses. This chapter discusses the competitive, cooperataive and innovative features that catering business clusters have and that manufacturing business cluster do not. The impact of these features on their evolution is also talked about here. This chapter summarizes the evolving stages of these business cluters and the factors that work on each stage. According to the analysis, catering business clusters, whether naturally developed or artificially designed, comprise three phases of development:forming, developing and declining, each of which is mainly influenced by exterior environment. The influence of the agglomeration effect on their evolution is limited. The forming of such clusters depends mainly on the scale and distribution of consumer markets. Policy and management determine the developing of such clusters, and the reasons for their declining include malfeasant competition between interior businesses, change of consumer market, urban development, restriction of the environment and facilities, competition between business clusters, and unexpected risk, etc. Generally speaking, catering business clusters featuare short term of evolution and high exterior risk.
The last part of the paper discusses the management models, competence types, performance assessment and specific management methods at separate phases of the catering business clusters. The first section of ChapterⅥcomes up with two management models after doing case study of the catering business clusters. The following three sections are a breakdown of their management and examine respectively their competence types, performance assessment and specific management methods at different stages. This chapter is not only a further discussion of Chapter V but a speculative enquiry into the applicable managerial measure. Two management modes, service mode and investment mode, are put forward in this chapter, and a comparison of the influence of the two modes on the evolution of such clusters is also carried out. A comprehensive evalution model of the cluster performance is set up in accordance with TOPSIS, on the basis of which managerial measures at different stage of evolution are suggested.
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