摘要
随着大量电源设备在人们生产、生活中各个领域里的大量应用,对电源性能的测试设备的要求也越来越高。传统的电源测试设备是采用无源器件连接而成,如电阻丝、电感、电容等,存在着能耗高、体积大、特性模拟不灵活等缺点。
本文主要针对三相被试电源设备,如UPS、逆变器等,应用电力电子技术,采用双PWM变换器构成背靠背系统的主电路拓扑,设计了一套三相电力电子负载装置(PEL)。该装置由模拟负载变换器和并网变换器组成,其中模拟负载变换器的主要功能是灵活、准确的模拟各种实际负载特性,如三相平衡阻性负载、阻感性负载、阻容性负载、三相不平衡负载、非线性负载、动态负载等；而并网变换器的主要功能一方面是将模拟负载变换器吸收的有功高效、快速地回馈电网以维持直流母线电压的恒定,另一方面还需要补偿被试电源设备对电网的谐波污染,即保证整个试验系统是绿色的、节能的。
由于系统的核心是三相电压源型PWM整流器(VSR),因此本文推导了VSR的基本数学模型,在此基础上,对其在αβ坐标系下的工作原理、控制方法等进行了详细地分析,尤其对其直流母线电压的谐波特性及其对系统的影响进行了研究。
模拟负载变换器电流环的稳态精度以及动态性能是决定PEL性能的主要性能指标。在主电路参数设计好之后,其电流控制方法的选择与设计就显得尤为重要。本文比较了各种控制方法,如PID控制、滞环控制、单周控制等,最后从综合性能考虑,选择了能够对正弦交流指令进行无静差跟踪以及对正弦干扰具有较好抑制能力的谐振控制器作为模拟负载变换器电流环的基本控制器。应用根轨迹对系统的零、极点进行分析时发现,将传统的谐振控制器应用于PEL,系统是不稳定的。因此,本文采用零极点对消法以及超前校正控制器对传统的谐振控制器进行改进,保证了系统在连续域里的稳定性及较好的动态性能。实际的控制系统采用的是基于DSP的数字控制系统,常常采用滞后一拍控制来避免采样及计算延时带来的占空比丢失问题。由于滞后一拍对中频段相角特性的影响降低了系统的相角裕度,原本连续域中稳定的系统在离散域中变得不稳定。本文应用状态观测器对电流进行提前一拍预测,并且采用重复补偿器对周期性的观测误差进行补偿,由于控制对象阶数较低,状态观测器设计相对简单,实际应用也较为容易。
传统的并网变换器只回馈有功能量,而实际上被试电源可能对电网产生大量谐波污染,因此本文研究了对被试电源的谐波污染进行补偿的方法。对被试电源输入电流谐波的快速、准确检测是谐波补偿的前提,本文采用变步长自适应滤波算法作为谐波检测算法,对其基本原理及设计方法进行了分析与研究。传统的变步长自适应滤波算法仅仅将基波有功及无功电流幅值作为权值,导致稳态误差中含有占比重较大的低次谐波成分,所以其步长收敛值以及权值稳态值中均含有较大的谐波含量,严重影响了检测的精度。本文将25次以下各低次谐波幅值均作为权值进行自适应滤波,稳态误差中的谐波含量大大减少,保证了谐波检测的准确性。电流环控制器的性能是并网变换器能否实现其功能的保证。本文采用一种PI控制器+重复控制器串联的复合控制结构作为电流环控制器,其中PI控制器的主要功能是抵消控制对象的低频极点对系统性能的影响,增大电流环的带宽；PI控制器对交流正弦信号无法做到无静差跟踪,重复控制器的主要功能是消除PI控制器的稳态误差,同时抑制周期性的外部扰动,保证系统的鲁棒性。由于PI控制器已经对系统进行了较好的校正,重复控制器设计相对简单,其中的校正环节仅仅用一个截止频率较高的低通滤波器+相位补偿即可。
本文中的理论分析及控制方法均应用MATLAB软件进行了相关仿真验证。同时,搭建了一台功能较齐全的10kVA电力电子负载样机以及一台三相逆变器作为被试电源,在样机上对PEL模拟各种负载特性进行了测试及试验。装置运行稳定、可靠,为工业应用奠定了基础。
In recent years, with numbers of power supply equipment widely applying in various fields of industry application and people's living, the requirements on the performance of power supply test equipments are also increasing. Traditional test equipments are mainly built-up with passive components, such as resistance, inductance, capacitance, etc. There are many disadvantages exist in it, mainly is large energy consumption, bulky, inflexible on characteristics simulating. This paper presents a three-phase Power Electronics Load (PEL), which adopts back-to-back PWM converter as the main circle, and it could be applied in the three-phase power supply test experiment to replace the traditional loads. This PEL consists with Simulating Converter (SC) and Grid Connected Converter (GCC). SC must accurately and flexible simulate several of load characteristics, such as balance resistance, emotional resistance, capacitive resistance, unbalance, nonlinear, dynamic and so on. GCC must firstly quickly and efficiently feedback the energy absorbed by SC, meanwhile it would be much better if GCC could compensate the harmonics current caused by the Devices Be Tested (DBT).
The basic mathematical model of three-phase voltage source rectifier has been present. Based on it, the principle and control method on static coordinate flame was analyzed in detail, especially of the harmonic characteristics of DC link voltage and its affect on the system.
The accuracy and dynamic response of SC's current loop are the main characteristics of PEL. When the parameters of main circle have been designed, the choice and design of the current loop control method are particularly important. This paper compared all kinds of control method, including PID controller, hysteresis control, one cycle control, etc. Then the resonant controller was chosen as the basic controller method of SC's current loop, because it could achieve zero steady error when tracking the periodic sinusoid command, meanwhile it performs strong anti-interference on the periodic sinusoid disturbance. Using root locus to analyze the system, it is obviously unstable when traditional resonant controller was adopted. Then the pole-zero cancellation method and a lead compensator were applied to improve the traditional resonant, which lead to a good performance in continue domain. Implementing this improved resonant controller in the discrete system, it is also unstable when the one-step-delay caused by DSP system was taken into consideration. Therefore, a state observer was adopted to counteract the effect of one-step-delay control, and a repetitive compensator was used to reduce the periodic errors of this observer.
In the actual experiment system, DBT produces abundant harmonics, and the harmonics enter into the grid directly if GCC doesn't compensate them. In order to develop a green PEL, this paper has researched the method to reduce the harmonics caused by DBT. Rapid and accurate detecting technique is the primary task of harmonic compensation. Therefore, a variable step-size adaptive algorithm was adopted to detect the harmonics of DBT input current. The traditional variable step-size adaptive algorithm only takes the amplitude of active and reactive current as its weight, which leads to a large proportion harmonics in the steady state error of the algorithm, and the detecting accuracy was seriously reduced. Adding each amplitudes of active and reactive harmonics current lower than 25th could solve this problem, and this method was implement by this paper, which guarantees the accuracy of the algorithm. After the harmonics of DBT input current had been detected, the reference of GCC's current loop became non-linear current, and it was difficult to tracking this non-linear reference current. Based onαβcoordinate system, a current control strategy with repetitive controller and PI controller in series connection was proposed PI controller was designed follow the traditional way to enhance the system's bandwidth, and the repetitive controller was designed to reduce the periodic errors and anti-interference the disturbance.
All the theoretical analysis and the effect of control methods were verified by simulation based on MATLAB A 10kVA prototype of three-phase PEL and an inverter as DBT were successfully developed, the results of tests and experiments testify the effective and performance of this prototype.
引文
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