摘要
磷是水体浮游藻类生长和造成湖泊水体富营养化的重要控制因子之一,磷在表层沉积物中的赋存形态及其释放特性对于湖泊富营养化具有重要的影响。本研究以东平湖表层沉积物为研究对象,研究表层沉积物的理化特征和磷的形态赋存特征,以及pH、扰动等环境条件对表层沉积物中磷释放的影响,并利用磷吸附指数(PSI)和磷吸附饱和度(DPS)来分析东平湖表层沉积物的磷吸附容量,以此探究了表层沉积物中磷的潜在释放对东平湖富营养化的影响。得出的主要结论有:
(1)东平湖水体基本处于中营养状态。东平湖水体中春季、夏季和秋季的氮磷比分别为10.3~78、19~46和10.2~35,即总氮浓度均超过总磷浓度7倍以上,表明该湖属于磷营养限制性湖泊。
(2)东平湖表层沉积物中总磷的平均含量为851.3 mg·kg~(-1),与我国其他湖泊相比含量较高。表层沉积物中的磷主要以无机磷的形式存在,含量为384.87~772.35 mg·kg~(-1),约占沉积物中总磷的73.57 %。各形态无机磷的含量在沉积物中的比例大小顺序为:Ca-P>Res-P>Al-P+Fe-P>NH4Cl-P,分别占无机磷的47.87 %、29.78 %、21.41 %、0.94 %。生物可利用磷在东平湖沉积物中的含量较高,平均为274.95 mg·kg~(-1),占总磷的32.3 %。
(3)pH对内源P释放的影响实验发现沉积物磷释放量整体表现出:碱性条件>酸性条件>中性条件。在中性条件下,沉积物中的磷相对比较稳定,不易释放到水体中。与中性条件相比,在酸性条件下,沉积物中磷的释放量因钙磷溶解有所增加;而在碱性条件下,因铁磷交换作用,沉积物中的磷向水体释放量较大。
(4)扰动对沉积物中的TP的释放具有较大的影响,TP的释放量和释放速率均存在随着扰动强度的增大而呈显著增加的趋势。扰动导致的沉积物的再悬浮并不会明显改变上覆水的酸碱环境,但是会促进易溶性阳离子的释放。与静态释放(即扰动强度为0 rpm)相比,扰动强度为25 rpm、50 rpm和100 rpm时,TP的累积释放量分别增加了0.185、0.263和0.320 mg·kg~(-1),分别增加了43.2 %、61.4 %和74.7 %,释放速率也比静态条件下明显增大,分别比静态条件增加了36.2 %、41.7 %和127.6 %。
(5)利用沉积物磷吸附指数(PSI)和磷吸附饱和度(DPS)对东平湖表层沉积物的磷吸附容量和沉积物中磷的潜在释放风险进行研究表明,表层沉积物的磷吸附指数变化范围为30.3~45.2 [mg P·(100g)~(-1)]·(μmol·L~(-1))~(-1),表现出从湖心、湖东向湖北、湖南逐渐增大的扇形特征;而磷吸附饱和度变化范围为6.5 %~24.1 %,与磷吸附指数变化趋势恰好相反。磷吸附指数与沉积物中草酸铵提取的铁(FeOX)含量呈极显著正相关,与草酸铵提取的铁铝总量呈显著正相关,磷吸附饱和度与沉积物中草酸铵提取的磷(POX)含量呈显著正相关。磷释放风险指数(ERI)变化范围为14.9 %~67.5 %,表明东平湖表层沉积物中磷释放诱发富营养化的风险处于高度风险范围。
Phosphorus is the major restrictive factor for growth of algae and eutrophication of lake, and phosphorus in surface sediments is important impact for the eutrophication by its binding ways and specific release pattern. The surficial sediment samples were collected from the Dongping Lake to investigate the physicochemical parameters and binding ways of phosphorus, and the impacts of pH and disturbance on the release of TP from the surficial sediments. Phosphorus sorption capacity of the surface sediment was estimated by the phosphorus sorption index (PSI) and the degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) of the sediments in the Dongping Lake. And the risk of potential phosphorus release was also investigated. The main conclusions drawn from present study were listed as follows.
(1) The Dongping Lake was under the moderate eutrophic. The nitrogen: phosphorus ratios ranged from 10.3 to 78, 19 to 46, and 10.2 to 35 for spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. The nitrogen: phosphorus ratios were all higher than 7, indicating the phosphorus was the limited factors for the eutrophication of Dongping Lake.
(2) The average contents of total phosphorus (TP) were 851.3 mg·kg~(-1) in the surficial sediments of Dongping Lake, which was a little higher than the other lakes in China. And the phosphorus mainly distributed in inorganic fractions (IP), ranging from 384.87 to 772.35 mg·kg~(-1), which accounted for 73.57 % of TP in the surficial sediments of Dongping Lake. The decease order of different inorganic fractions was Ca-P>Res-P>Al-P+Fe-P>Exp-P, accounting for 47.87 %, 29.78 %, 21.41 %, and 0.94 % of IP, respectively. The the average contents of bio-available phosphorus was 274.95 mg·kg~(-1), accounting for 32.30 % of TP in the surficial sediments of Dongping Lake.
(3) The result of phosphorus release experiment showed that the release content of TP from the surficial sediments obvious distinction: alkaline condition>acidic condition>neutral condition. In neutral condition, the phosphorus in sediments was stable relatively, which didn’t easily released into the water. Compared with the neutral conditions, the release content of TP from the surficial sediments increased due to the dissolution of Ca-P in acidic condition. And the release content of TP from the surficial sediments increased obviously due to the exchange behavior of Fe-P in alkaline condition.
(4) Disturbance would enhance the release of TP from the surficial sediments significantly,and the release content of TP and the release rate significantly increased with increasing disturbance intensity. The results showed that no significant impacts could be found for the disturbance on the pH of lake water, while the soluble cations increased obviously under the disturbance.Under the disturbance intensity of 25,50,100 rpm, the accumulative releasing contents of total phosphorus (TP) increased by 0.185,0.263,0.320 mg·kg~(-1) compared to the static state, increased by 43.2 %,61.4 %,74.7 %, respectively. And the releasing velocity of TP increased by 36.2 %,41.7 %,127.6 % compared to the static state.
(5) Phosphorus sorption capacity of the surface sediments and the risk of potential phosphorus release were investigated by the phosphorus sorption index (PSI) and the degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) of the sediments in the Dongping Lake. The results showed that the phosphorus sorption index ranged from 30.3 to 45.2 (mg P·(100g)~(-1))·(μmol·L~(-1))~(-1), increasing gradually from the mid-lake and the east to the north and the south of the lake. However, the variation tendency of the degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) was exactly opposite, ranging from 6.9 % to 24.7 %. The phosphorus sorption index was very significantly and positively correlated to iron (FeOX) and summation of iron and aluminum extracted from sediment by ammonium oxalate. The degree of phosphorus saturation was significantly and positively correlated to phosphorus (POX) extracted from sediment by ammonium oxalate. And iron extracted from sediment by ammonium oxalate might be played a major role in adsorbing phosphorus. Additionally, the results showed that the phosphorus release risk index (ERI) ranged from 15.9 % to 69.3 %. The results of the phosphorus release risk index indicated that the Dongping Lake might be in high potential eutrophication risk due to the release of phosphorus from the surfacial sediments.
引文
陈诗越,董杰,张重阳.东平湖生态环境现状及流域可持续发展对策研究[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(5):1436-1437
陈慈美,林月玲.厦门西海域磷的生物地球化学行为和环境容量[J].海洋学报,1993,15(3): 43-48
陈瑞庭,谢志勇.磁湖富营养化评价[J].黄石高等专科学校学报,2004,20(4):61-63
陈竑,陈家宝,刘文炜.南宁市南湖沉积物磷释放的研究[J].重庆环境科学,1998, 20(6):18-21
程丽巍,许海,陈铭达等.水体富营养化成因及其防治措施研究进展[J].环境保护科学, 2007,33(1): 18-21
隋少峰,罗启芳.武汉东湖底泥释磷特点[J].环境科学,2001,22(l):102-105
蔡金娟,史衍玺.不同腐殖酸组分对湖泊沉积物中重金属释放的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(1):108-110
董浩平,姚琪.水体沉积物磷释放及控制[J].水资源保护, 2004(6):20-23
段水旺.长江营养元素输送规律及来源的研究[D].中国科学院地理科学与资源科学研究所,2000
冯素萍,温超,沈永.东平湖不同粒径底泥沉积物中汞的形态分布[J].环境监测管理与技术,2008,20(6):22-25
范成新.湖沉积物理化特征及磷释放模拟[J].湖泊科学,1995,7(4):341-350
国家环境保护总局.水与废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:246-671
何振立,袁可能,朱祖祥.有机阴离子对磷酸根吸附的影响[J].土壤学报,1990, 27(4):377-384
扈传昱,潘建明,刘小涯.珠江口沉积物中磷的赋存形态[J].海洋环境科学,2001, 20(4):21-25
韩卫明.底泥释磷及其对西湖富营养化的影响[J].环境污染与防治,1991,13(5):31-34
黄清辉.浅水湖泊内源磷释放及其生物有效性[D].中国科学院研究生院, 2005
黄清辉,王子健,王东红等.太湖表层沉积物磷的吸附容量及其释放风险评估[J].湖泊科学,2004,16(2):97-104
金相灿,屠清瑛.湖泊富营养化调查规范(第二版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社, 1990:5-10
金相灿等.中国湖泊富营养化[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990:10-60
金相灿等.中国湖泊环境[M].北京:海洋出版社,1995
金相灿,王圣瑞,庞燕.太湖沉积物磷形态及pH值对磷释放的影响[J].中国环境科学, 2004,24(6): 707-711
金相灿,庞燕,王圣瑞,周小宁.长江中下游浅水湖沉积物磷形态及其分布特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(1):0279-0285
金相灿,孟凡德,姜霞,王晓燕,庞燕.太湖东北部沉积物理化特征及磷赋存形态研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2006,15(3):388-394
姜东生,刘存功,刘桂珍等.东平湖及周围水环境分析[J].海洋湖沼通报,2002,4:12-15
李悦等.沉积物中不同形态磷提取方法的改进及其环境地球化学意义[J].海洋环境科学,1998,17(1):15-20
刘天齐,林肇信,刘逸农.环境保护概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998:129
刘素美,张经.沉积物中磷的化学提取分析方法[J].海洋科学,2001,25(1):22-25
林大仪.土壤学实验指导[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2004,42-121
吕昌伟,何江,孙惠民等.乌梁素海沉积物中磷的形态分布特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(3):878-885
马蕊,林英,牛翠娟.淡水水域富营养化及其治理[J].生物学通报,2003,38(11):5-9
庞清江,李白英.东平湖水体富营养化评价[J].水资源保护,2003,5:42-44
庞燕.五大湖沉积物磷形态及其磷的吸附特性研究[D].北京:中国环境科学研究院,2001
彭近新,陈慧君.水质富营养化与防治[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1988:32-34,40
潘成荣,张之源,叶琳琳等.环境条件变化对瓦埠湖沉积物磷释放的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20 (6):148-152
商翎,提福魁,王淑华等.元素生态地球化学及其应用[M].沈阳:辽宁大学出版社,1997:91-92
邵兴华,章永松,林咸永等.三种铁氧化物的磷吸附解吸特性以及与磷吸附饱和度的关系[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(2):208-212
舒廷飞,温琰茂,陆雍森等.网箱养殖N、P物质平衡研究—以广东省哑铃湾网箱养殖研究为例[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(6):1046-1052
汪福顺,刘从强,梁小兵.湖泊沉积物-水界面铁的微生物地球化学循环及其与微量金属元素的关系[J].地质地球化学,2003,31(3):63-69
汪家权,孙亚敏,千家忠等.巢湖底泥磷的释放模拟实验研究[J].环境科学学报,2002, 22(6):739-742
吴丰昌,万国江,蔡玉蓉.沉积物–水界面的生物地球化学作用[J].地球科学进展,1996,11(2):191-197
吴春笃,王悦,韩建刚等.北固湿地底泥氮磷释放特征初步研究[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(4):10-12
王晓蓉,华兆哲,徐菱等.环境条件变化对太湖沉积物磷释放的影响[J].环境化学,1996,15(1):15-19
王雨春,万国江,黄荣贵等.湖泊现代化沉积物中磷的地球化学作用及环境效应[J].重庆环境科学,2000,22(4):39-41
王家玲,李顺鹏,黄正.环境微生物学(第二版).高等教育出版社,2004:242-245
王明翠,刘雪芹,张建辉.湖泊富营养化评价方法及分级标准[J].中国环境监测,2002,18(5):47-49
翁焕新.河流沉积物中磷的结合状态及其地球化学意义[J].科学通报,1993,38(13):1219-1222
翁焕新,刘云峰.滨海沉积物和间隙水中的磷研究[J].环境科学学报,1997,17(2):148-153
许光辉,曹颖,李艳琴等.东平湖富营养化状况调查及变化趋势分析[J].现代商贸工业,2009,14:78-79
尹大强等.环境因子对五里湖沉积物磷释放的影响[J].湖泊科学,1994,6(3):241-244
殷福才,张之源.巢湖富营养化研究进展[J].湖泊科学,2003,15(4):377-384
袁旭音,许乃政,陶于祥.太湖底泥的空间分布和富营养化特征[J].资源调查与环境,2003,24(1):20-28
由文辉.沉积物中磷负荷及其释放对水质的影响[J].上海环境科学,1997,16(12):23-25
杨逢乐,吴文卫,陈建中等.滇池沉积物中磷的释放行为研究[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(11):48-52
周怀东,彭文启等.水污染与水环境修复[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005:223
张自杰.排水工程(下册).第4版[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000:263-264
张静.鄱阳湖南矶山湿地土壤对磷的吸附与释放特性的研究[D].南昌大学,2006
张怀军.南水北调东线东平湖水库工程地质条件综述[J].南水北调与水利科技,2003,1(3):14-17
朱广伟,秦伯强,高光.风浪扰动引起大型浅水湖泊内源磷暴发性释放的直接证据[J].科学通报,2005,50(l):66-71
朱广伟,秦伯强,高光.浅水湖泊沉积物磷释放的重要因子--铁和水动力[J].农业环境科学学报, 2003.22(6):762-764
赵颖,王国秀,章北平.典型城内过富营养湖泊沉积物和间隙水中各形态磷的相关性研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2006,15(4):490-494
郑昭佩,张敏,阮振宇等.东平湖湿地资源开发与可持续利用研究[J].资源环境与发展,2007,4:24-27
中国土壤学会.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999: 22-26,289
Andrieux F, Aminot A. A two-year survey of phosphorus speciation in the sediments of the Bay of Seine ( France) [J]. Continental Shelf Research, 1997,17 (10): 1229 -1245
Anu K.,Peeter,N.Sediment phosphorus release in phytoplankton dominated versus macrophyte dominated shallow lakes: importance of oxygen conditions[J]. Hydrobiologia,2003,506-509:129-133
Bostrom B,Jansson M,Forsberg C. Phosphorus release from lake sediment[J].Arch, Hyarobiol,1982,18:55-59
Bulgakov N.G., Levich A.P.The nitrogen: phosphorus ratio as a factor regulating phytoplankton community structure[J].Arch Hydrobiol, 1999, 146:3-22
Caraco N F,Gole J,Likens G E. Evidence for sulphate-ontrolled Phosphorus release from sediments of aquatie systems[J].Letters to nature,1989,341(28): 316-318
Ciblin A E.Benthic metabolism and nutrient cycling in Boston Harbor[J].Massachusetts Estuaries,1997,20(2):346-364
Chang, S.C. Jackson,M.L. Fractionation of soil phosphorus[J].Soil Sci.,1957,84: 133-144
Chen Y W, Qin,B Q,Teubner K , et al. Long-term dynamics of phytoplankton assemblages:Microcystis-domination in Lake Taihu,a lagre shallow lake in China[J]. Journal of Plankton Research,2003,25(4):445-453
Cha H J , Lee C B , Kim B S , et al.Early diagenetic redistribution and burial of phosphorus in the sediments of the southwestern East Sea (Japan Sea)[J].Marine Geology,2005, 216:127-143
Chen C R,Sinaj S,Condron L M, et al.Characterization of phosphorus availability in selected New Zealand grassland soils[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroeco Systems, 2003, 65:89-100
David L C.The role of Phosphorus in the eutrophication of receiving water:areview[J].JEnviron Qual,1998,27:261-266
D Angelo E.M., Reddy K.R..Diagenesis of organic matter in a wetland receiving hypereutrophic lake water:Ⅱ. Role of inorganic electron acceptors in nutrient release[J]. J. Environ. Qual., 1994, 23(5):937-943
Daltal R C.Soil ogranic phosphorus[J].Advanees in Agronomy,1997,29:83-117
Gonsiorczyk T.,Casper P.,Koschel R..Mechanisms of phosphorus release from the bottom sediment of the oligotrophic Lake Stechlin: importance of the permanently oxic sediment surface[J]. Arch Hydrobiol, 2001,151(2):203-219
Golterman H L.Differential extraction of sediment pjhosphates with NTA solution[J]. Hydorbilogai,1982,92:683-687
Golterman,H L.Fractionation of sediment phosphate with chelating compounds: a simplification,and comparison with other methods[J].Hydrobiologia,1996, 335:87-95
Gonsiorczyk T,Casper P,Koschel R.Phosphorus binding forms in the sediment of an oligotrophic and an eutrophic hardwater lake of the baltic district (Germany)[J].Water Science and Technology, 1998,37(3):51-58
Gabriel M F, Margaret L D.Phosophorus geochemistry of equatorial, Pacific sediments[J]. Geochmica et Cosmochmica Acta,1996,60(9):1479-1495
Gacther,R,Myer J.The role of microorganisms in mobilization and fixation of P in sediments[J].Hydrobiologia,1993,253:103-121
Gachter R.,Meyer J.,Mares A..Contribution of bacteria to release and fixtion of phosphorus in lake sediments[J].Limnol Oceanogr,1988,33(6):1542-155
House W.A., Deniso F.H..Factors influencing the measurement of equilibrium phosphate concentration in river sediments[J].Water Research,2000,34(4):1187-1200
Holdren G C,David,E.Armstrong,factors affecting phosphorus release form intact lake sediments cores[J].Environrnental Sdence and Technology,1980,14:79-87
Henning S J,Ferde OA.Importnace of temperature,nirtate,and pH for phosphorus release from aeorbic sediments of four shallow,eurtophic lakes[J].Limnology Oceanography, 1992,37(3):557-589
Hisashi J.Fractionation of phosphorus and releasable fraction in sediment mud of Osaka Bay[J].Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish, 1983,49(4): 447-454
Hantke B, Fleischer P, Domany L, et al.P release from DOP by phosphatase activity in comparison to P excretion by zooplankton. Studies in hardwater lakes of different trophic level[J].Hydrogiologia ,1996,317:151-162
Hudosn J,Taylon W D.Schindler D W.Phosphate concentrations in lakes[J].Nat, 2000,406(6):54-56
Hielties A H M,L Lijklema.Fractionation of inogranic phosphates in calcareous sediments[J].J Environ Qual,1980,9:405-407
Ingall E., Jahnke R..Evidence for enhanced phosphorus regeneration from marine sediments overlain by oxygen depleted waters[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1994,58 (11):2571-2575
Jing Hongwei,Hua Lei,Sun Chenghua et al.Analysis on urban lakes′eutrophication status in Beijing[J].Journal of Lake Science,2008,20(3): 357-363
Koop K., Boynton W.R., Wulff F., et al.Sediment-water oxygen and nutrient exchanges along a depth gradient in the Baltic Sea[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1990,63:65-77 Kaiserli A,Voutsa D,Samara C.Phosphorus fractionation in lake sediments– Lakes Volvi and Koronia, N Greece. Chemosphere,2002,46:1147-1155
Lijklema L.The role of iron in the exchange of phosphate between water and sediments.In H.L.Golte-rman(ed.) interactions between sediments and freshwater[J].W. Junk,Wageningen,the Net herlands,1977,313-317
Lopez P,Lluch X,MorguíJ A.Adsorption of phosphoruson sediments of the balearic islands related to their composition[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,1996, 42:185-196
M. Hupfer.,R. Gachter,R.Giovanoli.Transformation of phosphorus species in settling seston and during early sediment diagenesis[J].Aquatic Science,1995,57(4):305-324
Moore A J,Reddy K R,Graetz D A.Phosphorus geochemistry in the sediment-water column of a hypereutrophic lake[J].J.Environ.Qual.,1991,20: 869-875
Mc Dowell R W,Sharpley A N.Phosphorus solubility and release kinetics as a function of soil test P concentration[J].Geodetma,2003,112:143-154
Nair V D,Graez D A.Phosphorus saturation in spodosols impacted by manure[J].J Environ Qual,2002,31(4):1279-1285
Penn M.R., Auer M.T., Doerr S.M., et al.Seasonality in phosphorus release rates from thesediments of a hypereutrophic lake under a matrix of pH and redox conditions[J]. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.,2000, 57:1033-1041
Polona Vreca.Carbon cycling at the sediment–water interface in a eutrophic mountain lake (Jezero na Planini pri Jezeru, Slovenia)[J].Organic Geochenistry, 2003,34:671-680
Psenner, R.Fractionation of phosphours in suspended matter and sediment[J]. Ergeb.Limnol.,1988,30:98-113
Perkins R G,Underwod G J C.The potential for phesphorus release across the sedment-water interface in a eutrophic reservoir dose with ferric sulphate[J].Water Research,2001, 35(6):1399-1406
Ruban V,Brigault S,Demare D, et al.An investigation of the origin and mobility of phosphorus in freshwater sediments from Bort-Les-Orgues Reservoir,France[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,1999,1(4):403-407
Ruban V,Lopez-Sanchez J.F.,Pardo P,et al.Seleetion and evaluation of sequential extraetion proeedures for the determination of phosphorus forms in lake sediment[J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring,1999,l:51-56
Rydin E.Potentially mobile phosphorus in Lake Erken sediment[J].Wat Res,2000, 34(7):2037-2042
Sonddergaard M,Kristersen P,Jeppesen E.Phosphorus release from resuspended sediment in the shallow and wind exposed Lake Arreso, Denmark[J].Hydrobiologia, 1992,228:91- 99
Sundareshwar P.V, Morris J.T, Koepfler E.K., et al.Phosphorus limitation of coastal ecosystem processes[J].Science,2003,299:563-565
Suzumura M., Kamatani A..Mineralization of inositol hexaphosphate in aerobic and anaerobic marine sediments-implications for the phosphorus cycle[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1995,59(5):1021-1026
Smith V H, Tilman G D, Nekola J C.Eutrophication:impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater,marine and terrestrial ecosystems[J].Environment and Pollution, 1999, 100:179-196
Xie L.,Xie P., Li S.,et al.The low TN:TP ratio,a cause or a result of Microcystis blooms[J].Water Research,2003,37(9):2073-2080
