摘要
制造业在为人类创造财富的同时消耗了大量的资源和能源，造成了大量的环境污染。节约资源和能源，保护环境，使人和环境和谐发展，实现人类社会、经济和自然的可持续发展已经成为人们的共识。
绿色制造是一个综合考虑环境影响和资源消耗的现代制造模式，其目标是使得产品从设计、制造、包装、运输、使用到报废处理的整个生命周期中，对环境负面影响极小，资源利用率极高，并使企业经济效益和社会效益协调优化。绿色制造实质上是人类社会可持续发展战略在现代制造业中的体现。
绿色工艺规划是绿色制造的重要组成部分，它是在综合考虑环境影响和资源消耗问题的基础上，制定出最优的工艺方案，该工艺方案能确保加工质量，极低加工成本，极小加工时间，并使得对环境的影响极小，资源的利用率极高。
本文在湖北省自然科学基金项目和国家863／CIMS主题项目的资助下，对基于绿色工艺数据库的工艺规划关键技术进行了较为深入的研究。
1．介绍了本文的研究意义，综述了绿色制造、绿色工艺数据库和绿色工艺规划的国内外研究现状。
2．对绿色工艺数据库的内涵、组成、建立等内容进行了研究；探讨了绿色工艺规划的决策目标体系及决策模型。绿色工艺规划的TQCRE决策目标体系要求T越短越好，Q越高越好，C越低越好，R消耗越少越好，E影响越小越好，从而在满足一系列约束条件的情况下，得到最优的加工工艺方案。
3．进行了面向绿色制造的工艺要素规划技术研究。包括面向绿色制造的切削液选择技术及模型研究、面向绿色制造的刀具选择技术及模型研究、面向绿色制造的工艺种类选择技术及模型研究，在研究机床加工的环境影响特性的基础上提出了面向绿色制造的机床选择技术及建立了其模型。
4．研究了面向绿色制造的工艺过程规划技术。包括面向绿色制造的工艺参数的选择原则和优化选择方法、面向绿色制造的工件所需机床设备的选择原则，面向绿色制造的机床动态优化调度技术及模型。指出面向绿色制造的TQCRE综合目标的机床动态优化调度是一个多目标优化的调度问题。本章结合模糊理论的知识，在机床加工的环境影响特性研究和机床加工工件的TQCRE属性分析的基础上，研究立了机床动态优化调度选择模型，提出了机床动态优化调度技术。
5．应用上述理论，采用当今最流行的数据处理的B／S三层结构模式开发了基于WEB服务器和绿色工艺数据库的绿色制造工艺规划数据库原型系统。
A great quantity of resources and energy sources are consumed when the wealth is created by manufacturing industry which causes plenty of environment pollution, It is commonly realized that saving resource and energy sources, protecting environment, keeping harmonious relationship between mankind and environment and realizing sustainable development of society, economy and nature are very important.
Green manufacturing is a contemporary manufacturing mode in which environmental impact and resource consumption are integrately considered with the goal of minimizing environmental negative impact and maximizing resource efficiency and harmoniously optimizing economic benefits and social benefits during the whole product's life cycle in which the design, manufacturing, packing, transportation, use, discarding and disposal are included. Social sustainable development strategy is embodied by green manufacturing in essence.
Green process planning is one of the important components of green manufacturing, in which environmental impact and resource consumption issues are also integrately considered and by which the optimum process project can be drawn up with the goal of guaranteeing processing quality, minimizing processing cost, minimizing processing time, minimizing environmental negative impact and maximizing resource efficiency.
The key technology of process planning based on green process database is studied in depth in this paper, which is funded by Natural Science Fund of Hubei Province and National 863/CIMS Projects.
1. The research meanings of this paper are introduced and the current situations of green manufacturing, green process database and green process planning are reviewed.
2. The connotation, component and development of green process database are all studied; the decision-making object system and decision-making model of green process planning are probed into. It is demanded that time is the shortest, quality is the highest, cost is lowest, resource consumption is the lowest and environmental impact is the smallest by the decision-making object system of TQCRE.
3. The main elements planning technologies of process for green manufacturing are investigated, in which the selection technology and model of cutting fluid for green manufacturing, the selection technology and model of cutter for green manufacturing and the selection technology and model of process sorts for green manufacturing are included. The selection technology and model of machine tool for green manufacturing are presented based on the research of environmental impact characteristics of machine tool processing.
4. The process procedure planning technologies for green manufacturing are studied, in which the selection principle and optimum selection method of process parameter for green manufacturing, the selection principle of machine tool for green manufacturing, and the selection model and dynamical optimum assignment
technology of machine tool for green manufacturing are included. It is presented that the dynamical optimum assignment of machine tool is an assignment issue of multiobject optimization. The selection model of dynamical optimum assignment of machine tool is investigated and the dynamical optimum assignment technology of machine tool is presented by integrating fuzzy theory and based on the research of environmental impact characteristics of machine tool processing and the analysis of TQCRE properties of workpiece.
5. By application of above theories, a supporting system of green manufacturing process planning database is developed based on WEB server and green process database by using the most prevalent B/S structure mode.
引文
[1]匡跃辉．环境污染热点问题初探．中国人口·资源与环境，2000，10：43～45．
[2]刘飞，曹华军．绿色制造的理论体系框架．中国机械工程，2000，11(9)：961～964．
[3]曹华军．绿色工艺规划方法及应用支持系统研究．重庆大学硕士学位论文，2001，5．
[4]Melngk S A, Smith R T. Green Manufacturing. Society of Manufacturing Engineers, USA,1996.
[5]Neil Duffie. Trends in Green Manufacturing. CASA/SME TECHNOLOGY TRENDS,Aug. 1998. (http://www.sme.org)
[6]刘飞，曹华军，何乃军．绿色制造的研究现状与发展趋势．中国机械工程，2000，11 (1～2)：105～109.
[7]Dickinson D et al. Product Manufacturing. AT&T Technical Journal,1995, Nov/Dec, 26～35.
[8]Johnson M, Wang M. Environmental Conscious Manufacturing: A Life-Cycle Analysis. 10th International Conference on CAD/CAM, Robotics and Factories of the Future, August 1994, Ottawa, Canada.
[9]Wang M H. An Environmental Conscious Design Tool. Proceedings of International Conference on Automation Technology,Taiwan, 1994.(http://www. uwindsor, ca/main/imse/people/ecdm_info. html)
[10]S.R, Gaduff G.Life-cycle Modeling as an Instrument forLife-Cycle Engineering.Annals of the CIRP, 1997, 46 (1): 351～354.
[11]ISO14001: Environmental management systems—Specification with guidance for use,1996.
[12]ISO14040:Environmental management—Life cycle assessment—Principles and framework,1997.
[13]褚学宁．基于工艺形态学理论的工艺数据库设计．合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版)，1998，21(1)．
[14]任建平，王爱玲．旋压工艺数据库的研究．山西机械，2001，6(2)．
[15]G Byrne, Scholta. Environmetnally clean machining processes-a strategic approach. Annals of the CIRP, 43(1):471-474.
[16]P.Sheng, V.Carey,D.Bauer, S. Thurwachter, J. Creyts, D. Bennett Environmental Planning for Machining Operations and System.Proc.1998 NSF Design and Manufacturing Grantees Conference,Jan.1998: Monterrey, Mexico.
[17]Srinivasan, M. and P. Sheng. Feature Based Process Planning for Environmentally-Conscious Machining-Part 1:MicroPlanning,ASME Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,in review.
[18]Srinivasan, M. and P. Sheng. Feature Based Process Planning for Environmentally-Conscious Machining-Part 2:MacroPlanning,ASME Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, in review.
[19]Munoz, A. and P. Sheng. An Analytical Approach for Determining the Environmental Impact of Machining Processes. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1995, 53(3-4): 736～758.
[20]Sutherland, J.W. "An Overview of Environmentally Conscious Machining at Michigan Technological University", presented to the Ford Motor Company, Livonia, MI,March,1997.
[21]Sutherland, J.W., Y. Yue, and Y. Zheng."Modeling Mist Formation and Heat Generation to Achieve Environmentally Conscious Machining".Proc.of the 1997 NSF Design & Mfg.Grantees Conf.,1997,pp. 201～202.
[22]John Suther land PhD. Environmentally Conscious Machine-Tool Systems. http://www, me.mtu.edu/
[23]张华，刘飞，李友如．绿色工艺规划的决策模型及应用案例研究．中国机械工程，2000，11(9)：979～983．
[24]李刚，廖兰，曹华军，刘飞，面向绿色制造的工艺种类选择．机械工艺师，2001，6：32～34，
[25]蒋冬清，钟经农，孙宗禹．面向CIMS的回转体类零件创成式CAPP系统．机械研究与应用，1999，6(2)：38～40．
[26]沈美琴．数据库原理及应用．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．1996，11．
[27]机械工程手册(第二版)．北京：机械工业出版社．1996，9．
[28]王能斌．数据库系统．北京：电子工业出版社．1995，10．
[29]李建中，王珊．数据库系统原理．北京：电子工业出版社．1998，1．
[30]林锋，邵新宇等．绿色集成制造系统中的CAPP浅析．机电一体化，2000，6：37～39．
[31]石淼淼．切削液的选用．矿山机械，1998，1．
[32]周厚明．模糊综合评判在切削液选用中的应用．岳阳师范学院学报(自然科学版)，2000，13(3)：33～35．
[33]栾芝云，孙建国，刘镇昌．切削液技术发展新动向．机械工程师，2000，7．
[34]唐梓荣，陆翠英，张常有．机械加工基础．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．1991，7
[35]A.A.Munoz and P.Sheng.An Analytical approach for Determining the Environmental Impact of Machining Processes.Journal of Materials processing Technology,Nov.1995.
[36]张策．机床噪声—原理及控制．天津：天津科学技术出版社．1984
[37]丁晓东．工艺过程中工艺方案的经济评价法．机械制造，2001，6
[38]刘飞，徐宗俊等．机械加工系统能量特性及其应用．北京：机械工业出版社．1995
[39]艾兴，肖诗纲．切削用量简明手册(第三版)．北京：机械工业出版社．1994
[40]贾育秦，王培霞，阎献国．面向绿色制造的机床全生命周期开发技术．制造技术与机床，2000，12．
[41]徐莹，曹华军，刘飞．面向绿色制造的工艺参数优化数学模型．工具技术，2001，4．
[42]吴佳常．机械制造工艺学．北京：中国标准出版社．1992．
[43]重庆大学制造工程研究所．面向绿色制造的TQCRE综合目标的单工件调度系统．2000，1．
[44]钱颂迪．运筹学．北京：清华大学出版社，1990．
[45]陈守煜．系统模糊决策理论与应用[M]．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1994．
[46]宋业新等．多目标指派问题的模糊匈牙利算法求解．海军工程大学学报，2000，5.77～80．
[47]黄荔．基于客户／中间服务器／数据库服务器的三层结构．兵工自动化，2000，4：15～17．
[48]肖迎元，陈继业．基于WEB的数据库开发技术．邵阳师范高等专科学校学报，2000，22(5)．
[49]王兰波，翟天喜．Web服务器与数据库服务器的接口技术分析,2001，21(4)．
[50]林同曾．运筹学．北京：机械工业出版社，1996．
[51]王启平．机械制造工艺学．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1988．
[52]三味工作室．网站设计超级COOL—ASP．北京：人民邮电出版社，2000．
[53]张华，刘飞，梁洁．绿色制造的体系结构及其实施中的几个战略问题探讨．计算机集成制造系统，1997，3(2)：11～14．
[54]刘飞，张华，陈晓慧．绿色制造的集成特性和绿色集成制造系统．计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)，1999，5(4)：9～13．
[55]刘飞，张华，陈晓慧．绿色制造的决策框架模型及其应用．机械工程学报，1999，35(5)：11～15．
[56]张华，刘飞．制造系统的一种资源消耗分析方法．机械工程学报，2000，36(3)：27～31．
[57]王先逵．机械制造工艺学．北京：清华大学出版社，1989，3．
