冷战后美国越南政策研究
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摘要
越南重要的地缘战略地位、丰富的自然资源赋予其重要的战略价值。冷战结束以后,美国出于自身利益的考虑,对越南采取的政策也由冷战时期的军事侵略、遏制逐步转变为冷战后的“接触”。本文的研究问题就是探寻冷战后美国对越政策走向及其所产生的影响,希望从中找寻出美国越南政策调整的规律及其影响。
     冷战期间,美国外交政策的主轴就是对苏联推行围堵策略,美国的越南政策也服务于这一战略,尤其随着1949年新中国的成立以及随后朝鲜战争的爆发,美国更加明确地定位越南是苏联在东南亚地区推行“扩张战略”的一颗“棋子”。
     苏联解体以及冷战的结束,使得美国不得不对其越南政策重新进行调整。出于经济以及战略因素的考虑,克林顿政府积极推进美国同越南实现外交关系的正常化。尽管如此,由于当时美国全球战略关注的重心仍集中在欧洲与中东地区,再加上克林顿政府的对越政策仍未能摆脱注重意识形态的冷战思维,使得美越关系在建交之后并没有取得突破性的进展。从整体上看,克林顿政府的对越政策未能达到事前的预期。
     在小布什政府时期,随着中国在东南亚地区影响力的不断上升,中国因素逐步成为美国制定对越政策的重要坐标。为限制所谓中国可能对美国构成的战略威胁,美国对越南重新进行定位。这一时期美越双边关系也因两国在“平衡中国在东南亚地区的影响力”具有趋同性,并得到长足的发展。然而,“战略趋同”并不意味着“战略一致”,鉴于越南不愿彻底成为美国牵制中国政策的工具,以及美越之间依然在意识形态、社会体制等方面存在着结构性矛盾,使得小布什政府利用越南“对中国两面下注”的政策并没有收到预期的效果。
     奥巴马总统第一任期,美国高调提出了“重返亚洲”的战略。这一新战略的基本指导思想是所谓“支持”东亚国家“遏制”中国的崛起。在这一战略指导下,随着中越南海争端的凸显,围绕南海问题美越双边关系得以持续升温,这点尤为突出体现在双方军事安全领域中的合作。然而由于越南不希望以中越关系的严重恶化为代价换取美越关系的发展,再加上美越之间依然存在意识形态等方面的结构性矛盾,使得奥巴马总统第一任期的越南政策收效有限。
     2013年1月21日,奥巴马总统的第二任期正式开始。在国内经济持续低迷以及中东局势日趋复杂的影响下,其第一任期对越政策施展的力度将难以继续扩大。
Vietnam’s important geographic location and abundant natural resources make itstrategically important. With the end of the Cold War, out of its national interest, theUnited States has transformed its foreign policy toward Vietnam from militaryincursion and containment into engagement. Therefore, the research question of mydissertation is trying to explore the future development and its impact of the UnitedStates’ foreign policy toward Vietnam, on the basis of which I hope to draw aconclusion of the principle for the United States to adjust its foreign policy towardVietnam.
     During the Cold War, containing the Soviet Union dominated the United Statesforeign policy. For this reason, the purpose of its Vietnam policy also served thatstrategy. The founding of China in1949and the subsequent outbreak of Korean Warmade the United States recognize Vietnam in a more specific way as “a piece ofchess” to help the Soviet Union to implement its Expansion strategy in SoutheastAsia.
     Due to the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, theUnited States had to readjust its foreign policy toward Vietnam. In consideration ofeconomic and strategic interest, the Clinton administration took positive steps tonormalize the United States foreign relations with Vietnam. However, since then therehad been no breakthrough in the development of the bilateral relations between theUnited States and Vietnam. This partly because the United States still focused itsattention on Europe and the Middle East at that time, and partly because the Clintonadministration’s foreign policy toward Vietnam was greatly influenced by the ColdWar mentality which paid great attention to the ideology. In general, the Clintonadministration’s foreign policy toward Vietnam failed to come up to expectation.
     With China’s rising influence in Southeast Asia, the factor of China has becomean important reference in the formulation of the United States foreign policy towardVietnam during the George W. Bush administration. In order to restrict the potentialrisks posed by China’s rising influence, the United States began to rearrange the position of Vietnam in its global strategy. Therefore, because both the United Statesand Vietnam shared common interest in “balancing China’s rising influence inSoutheast Asia”, the bilateral relations between the two countries made great progress.However, the growing strategic convergence between Washington and Hanoi shouldnot be mistaken for strategic congruence. Vietnam has always been unwilling tobecome a tool to contain China for the United States, and there are still structuralcontradictions such as differences in ideologies and social systems between theUnited States and Vietnam. Based on these facts, the policy applied by the George W.Bush administration to hedge against China’s rise didn’t achieve the desired effects.
     In his first term, the Obama administration claimed the strategy of “pivot toAsia” in high profile, the essence of which is to rebalance China’s rise by supportingEast Asian nations. Under this strategy, China's growing presence in the South ChinaSea provides the latest opportunity for improved bilateral relations between theUnited States and Vietnam, especially in the field of military and security cooperation.However, Vietnam has always been unwilling to improve its bilateral relations withthe United States at the expense of the deterioration of Sino-Vietnam relations.Besides, structural contradictions such as differences in ideologies and social systemsstill exist between the United States and Vietnam. All these facts narrow down theachievement of the Obama administration’s Vietnam policy in the first term.
     On January21st,2013, President Barack Obama has officially kicked off hissecond term. With the impact of uncertainty of the global economy and growingtensions in the Middle East, it would be unlikely for the Obama administration tomaintain positive momentum of the Vietnam policy of his first term.
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    ②美国国务院网站:http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2001/5692.htm.
    ③郭宪纲:《冤家总归要聚头—美国调整对越南的政策》,载《国际问题研究》1994年第3期,第43页。
    ④Frederick Z. Brown,“Rapprochement Between Vietnam and the United States”,Contemporary SoutheastAsia,Vol.32, No.3(2010), p.320.
    ①“Hearing On Vietnam Ambassador Postponed The Delay Likely Means The Post Won't Be Filled This Year,Hampering Business Interests”,http://articles.philly.com/1996-07-30/news/25622688_1_united-states-and-vietnam-frances-zwenig-hanoi.
    ②黄胜伟:《越南外交:从“一边倒”到“走平衡”》,载《世界知识》2001年第11期,第11页。
    ③【美】沃伦克里斯托弗:《美国新外交:经济防务民主》(苏广辉等译),北京新华出版社,1999年版,第354页。
    ④秦永椿:《越南入盟和越美关系正常化》,载《和平与发展》1995年第4期,第21页。
    ⑤秦永椿:《越南入盟和越美关系正常化》,第21页。
    ①在上世纪90年代,越南的归国越侨在越南国内有40万人次,其中有相当一部分是原南越政权的支持者和拥护“自由民主”的人,因此这部分人构成了美国“和平演变”越南的主要力量。
    ②“越南国会严厉批评美国众议院干涉其内政”,http://www.people.com.cn/GB/channel2/17/20000519/70236.html.
    ③“越南国会严厉批评美国众议院干涉其内政”,http://www.people.com.cn/GB/channel2/17/20000519/70236.html.
    ④“Full text of US President Bill Clinton's speech in Vietnam”http://patrick.guenin2.free.fr/cantho/vnnews/bclint14.htm.
    ①Frederick Z. Brown,“Rapprochement Between Vietnam and the United States”,Contemporary Southeast Asia,Vol.32, No.3,2010, p.319.
    ①William Clinton,“Remarks Announcing the Normalization of Diplomatic Relations with Vietnam”,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=51605.
    ②秦永椿:《越南入盟和越美关系正常化》,载《和平与发展》1995年第4期,第19页。
    ③秦永椿:《越南入盟和越美关系正常化》,第19页。
    ④Mark E. Manyin,“The Vietnam-U.S. Normalization Process”, CRS Report for Congress,June17,2005,p.4.
    ②【美】尼克松:《尼克松文集:不再有越战》(王绍仁译),北京·世界知识出版社,1999年版,第124页。
    ③林明华:《越美关系发展的制约因素》,载《当代亚太》2004年第5期,第26页。
    ④林明华:《越美关系发展的制约因素》,第26页。
    ①Vladimir N.Pregelj,” Vietnam Trade Agreement: Approval and Implementing Procedure”, CRS Report forCongress, July6,2001, p.1.
    ②“U.S., Vietnam Sign Trade Agreement”, http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=83177&page=1.
    ①Colonel William Jordan et al.,“U.S.–Vietnam Defense Relations: Investing in Strategic Alignment”, TheHeritage Foundation, July18,2012, p.3.
    ②金兰湾背靠中南半岛,面向南中国海,位于越南东南部富庆省海岸线向前突出的弧形顶点,不仅是东南亚著名的天然深水良港,而且扼守着从太平洋到印度洋的战略通道,战略价值无与伦比。正是由于金兰湾的重要战略地位,它一直成为大国争夺的目标。1965年至1967年越战期间,美国与当时的南越政府签订租借条约,并斥资3亿多美元对金兰湾进行扩建,使其成为美军在东南亚的巨大陆海空联合军事基地和后勤补给基地。越战结束以后,美国被迫撤离金兰湾,越南政府于1979年将金兰湾免费租借给苏联,租期25年,直至2004年。苏联解体后,俄罗斯继承了它在东南亚的战略利益。
    ③《美国开始把越南看成潜在的盟友》,1995年7月13日《参考消息》,第2版。
    ④《美国开始把越南看成潜在的盟友》,1995年7月13日《参考消息》,第2版。
    ⑤“Sweet and Sour--Recipe for a New China Policy”,http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/rr-winter-00/sweet.html.
    ⑦“俄罗斯缺钱续租,美国海军盯上越南军港”,http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2001-03-12/15117.html.
    ⑧“美海军盯上越南金兰湾”,http://www.people.com.cn/BIG5/junshi/20010309/413227.html.
    ①Colonel William Jordan et al.,“U.S.–Vietnam Defense Relations: Investing in Strategic Alignment”,TheHeritage Foundation, July18,2012, p.3.
    ③“Cohen begins historic visit to Vietnam”,http://edition.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/southeast/03/13/cohen.vietnam/index.html?_s=PM:ASIANOW.
    ①金谷:《25年后,美军再回越南?—科恩访越令人关注》,载《东南亚纵横》2000年第6期,第5页。
    ②金谷:《25年后,美军再回越南?—科恩访越令人关注》,第5页。
    ③《美国开始把越南看成潜在盟友》,1995年7月13日《参考消息》,第2版。
    ①“U.S. Policy toward Southeast Asia,” http://www.americandiplomacy.org.
    ①Diane K.Manzy&Brian L. Job,“US Policy in Southeast Asia: Limited Re-engagement after Years of BenignNeglect”, Asian Survey, Vol.147, No.4,2007, p.628.
    ①Karl Jackson,“Southeast Asia: Off the Radar Screen?”SAISHERE[School of Advanced International,Studies(SAIS), Johns Hopkins University](2004), p.20.
    ②Diane K.Manzy&Brian L. Job,“US Policy in Southeast Asia: Limited Re-engagement after Years of BenignNeglect”, Asian Survey, Vol.147, No.4,2007, p.629.
    ③李晨阳:《九一一事件以来美国与东南亚国家关系的变化》,载《当代亚太》2004年第8期,第27页。
    ④任晓等主编:《保守主义理念与美国的外交政策》,上海·三联书店,2003年版,第356-357页。
    ⑤“Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy”,http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/52239/william-kristol-and-robert-kagan/toward-a-neo-reaganite-foreign-policy.
    ①“Rebuilding America's Defenses, Strategy, Forces and Resources For a New Century”,http://www.newamericancentury.org/RebuildingAmericasDefenses.pdf.
    ②Robert Kagan&William Kristol, Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and DefensePolicy (New York: Encounter Books,2000), pp.15-33.
    ①吕有志、刘斯富:《“9.11”后美国新保守主义及对美国外交的影响》,载《当代世界》2005年第11期,第51页。
    ②“Southeast Asia after9/11:Regional Trends and U.S. Interests”,http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/2005/CT190.pdf.
    ①“Southeast Asia and the Brotherhood of Terrorism”,http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/southeast-asia-and-the-brotherhood-of-terrorism.
    ②“Southeast Asia after9/11:Regional Trends and U.S.Interests”,http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/2005/CT190.pdf.
    ③李晨阳:《九一一事件以来美国与东南亚国家关系的变化》,载《当代亚太》2004年第8期,第27页。
    ④Ashley J.Tellis&Michael Swaine, Interpreting China’s Grand Strategy—Past, Present and Future(RandCorporation,2000),pp.5-6.
    ①“4·1中美南海撞机事件”,http://baike.baidu.com/view/5464179.htm?subLemmaId=5500909&fromenter=%C4%CF%BA%A3%D7%B2%BB%FA&redirected=alading。
    ②“U.S. Department of Defense”, Quadrennial Defense Review Report, September30,2001, p.4.
    ③Kurlantzick, Josh.2006.“China’s Charm: Implications of Chinese Soft Power.”Policy Brief, No.47, pp.1-7.
    ①“China and ASEAN: Endangered American Primacy in Southeast Asia”,http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2005/10/china-and-asean-endangered-american-primacy-in-southeast-asia.
    ②Diane K.Manzy Brian&L. Job,“US Policy in Southeast Asia: Limited Re-engagement after Years of BenignNeglect”, Asian Survey, Vol.147, No.4,2007, p.628.
    ①牛新春:《新布什主义与美国外交》,载《和平与发展》2005年第3期,第20页。
    ②John Gershman,“Is Southeast Asia the Second Front?” Foreign Affairs, Vol81, No.4,2002, p.62.
    ③【美】塞缪尔·亨廷顿:《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》(周琪、张立平等译),北京·新华出版社,1999年版,第262页。
    ①魏红霞:《布什政府对东盟的政策及其对中国的影响》,载《东南亚研究》2006年第4期,第59页。
    ②Daniel Twining,“America’s Grand Design in Asia”,The Washington Quarterly, Summer2007,p.89.
    ①“Old Enemies Become Friends: U.S. and Vietnam”,http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2006/11/southeastasia-burghardt.
    ②“America is pursuing a grand design in Asia”,http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c23bfaf2-4bf0-11db-90d2-0000779e2340.html#axzz2KTk2WGuv
    ③Daniel Twining,“America’s Grand Design in Asia”, The Washington Quarterly, Summer2007, p.90.
    ④林明华:《新时期越南外交》,载《当代亚太》2003年第3期,第33页。
    ①王国平,《越南外交中的大国因素》,载《东南亚》2005年第2期,第43页。
    ②翟崑:《越南:在中美之间》,载《世界知识》2005年第14期,第29页。
    ③“Old Enemies Become Friends: U.S. and Vietnam”,http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2006/11/southeastasia-burghardt.
    ①“Vietnam and America: Parameters of the Possible”,http://www.viet-studies.info/kinhte/VN_and_America_Brown_CurrentHistory.PDF.
    ①Mark E. Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,October31,2008,p.12.
    ②“The Impact of the U.S.-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement on Overall and U.S. Foreign Direct Investment inVietnam”, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADC703.pdf.
    ①“Vietnam and America: Parameters of the Possible”,http://www.viet-studies.info/kinhte/VN_and_America_Brown_CurrentHistory.PDF.
    ②Ibid.
    ③Mark E. Manyin:“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”,CRS Report for Congress,October31,2008, p.14.
    ④USTR,2006National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, March31,2006.
    ⑤Michael F. Martin,“U.S.-Vietnam Economic and Trade Relations: Issues for the111th Congress”,CRS Reportfor Congress, October29,2009,p.1.
    ①Mark E. Manyin:“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”,CRS Report for Congress,July29,2009,p.11.
    ②Michael F. Martin,“U.S.-Vietnam Economic and Trade Relations: Issues for the111th Congress”, CRS Reportfor Congress,October29,2009,p.8.
    ②Mark E. Manyin:“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”,CRS Report for Congress,January3,2008, p.12.
    ③“Vietnam and America: Parameters of the Possible”,http://www.viet-studies.info/kinhte/VN_and_America_Brown_CurrentHistory.PDF.
    ①Mark E. Manyin et al.,“Vietnam PNTR Status and WTO Accession: Issues and Implications for the UnitedStates”CRS Report for Congress, p.9.
    ①“Bush strikes a 'grand bargain' with Vietnam”, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HK16Ae01.html.
    ③Mark E. Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”,CRS Report for Congress,June30,2006, p.11.
    ④“Bush strikes a 'grand bargain' with Vietnam”,http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HK16Ae01.html.
    ①Mark E. Manyin:“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”,CRS Report for Congress,January3,2008, p.9.
    ②Frederick Z. Brown, Rapprochement Between Vietnam and the United States,Contemporary Southeast Asia Vol.32, No.3(2010), p.322.
    ③《美越两国为何越走越近:削弱中国地区影响》,http://news.163.com/05/0621/17/1MPMF0J300011EOK.html.
    ④“United States, Vietnam Sign Historic Air Services Agreement”,http://preprod.iipdigital.getusinfo.com/st/english/article/2004/11/20041119151421.-6jrszzwr46s3fqh7caf5gmanteiv.html#axzz2Qy2rgGKf.
    ①“美国协助越南发展核技术”, http://www.zaobao.com/special/china/sino_us/pages8/sino_us100818a.shtml.
    ②“Old Enemies Become Friends: U.S. and Vietnam”,http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2006/11/southeastasia-burghardt.
    ③“Vietnam and America: Parameters of the Possible”,http://www.viet-studies.info/kinhte/VN_and_America_Brown_CurrentHistory.PDF.
    ①“美国协助越南发展核技术”, http://www.zaobao.com/special/china/sino_us/pages8/sino_us100818a.shtml.
    ②“美国协助越南发展核技术”, http://www.zaobao.com/special/china/sino_us/pages8/sino_us100818a.shtml.
    ①Mark E. Manyin:“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”,CRS Report for Congress,July29,2009,p.7.
    ②White House Office of the Press Secretary,“Joint Statement Between the United States of America and theSocialist Republic of Vietnam,” June21,2005.
    ①Mark E. Manyin:“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”,CRS Report for Congress,October31,2008, p.11.
    ①“Envoy Sees Long-Term Growth in U.S.-Vietnam Relations”, http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/burg_012103.html.
    ②“Bush strikes a 'grand bargain' with Vietnam”, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HK16Ae01.html.
    ①Mark E. Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,October31,2008, p.18.
    ③“Bush strikes a 'grand bargain' with Vietnam”, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HK16Ae01.html.
    ①US Department of State, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4130.htm.
    ②“USAID: Two Decades of Development Assistance inVietnam”,http://photos.state.gov/libraries/vietnam/8621/pdf-forms/15anniv-USAID-Factsheet.pdf
    ①“Vietnam and America: Parameters of the Possible”,http://www.viet-studies.info/kinhte/VN_and_America_Brown_CurrentHistory.PDF.
    ③《越南要在南沙建当地政府》,载《当代海军》2001年第5期,第7页。
    ①Carlyle A. Thayer,“The Tyranny of Geography: Vietnamese Strategies to Constrain China in the South ChinaSea,” Contemporary Southeast Asia,33(3),2011, p.354.
    ②“Pentagon woos Vietnam”, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/EG19Ae01.html.
    ③“Hedging Against China”, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2006/04/hedging-against-china.
    ④“Pentagon woos Vietnam”, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/EG19Ae01.html.
    ③“Old Enemies Become Friends: U.S. and Vietnam”,http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2006/11/southeastasia-burghardt.
    ④“US, Vietnam scratch each other's back”, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HG21Ae02.html.
    ⑤“Rumsfeld eyes boosting military ties with Vietnam”,http://talkvietnam.com/2006/06/rumsfeld-eyes-boosting-military-ties-with-vietnam/.
    ①《越美加强军事合作》,新华社河内2003年11月14日电。
    ②Mark E. Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,October31,2008, p.10.
    ①Mark E. Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,January3,2008, p.2.
    ③Mark E. Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,October31,2008, p.19.
    ①“Ray Burghardt: Thirty Years After Fall Of Saigon, US And Vietnam Share Strategic Interests”,http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/19693/278.html?sequence=1.
    ②Michael F. Martin,“Vietnamese Victims of Agent Orange and U.S.-Vietnam Relations”,CRS Report forCongress, November21,2008,p.1.
    ③“Joint Statement Between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the United States of America”,http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eap/rls/prs/76322.htm.
    ④Mark E. Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,July29,2009,p.19.
    ⑤“US Gives Vietnam$400,000to Plan Clean-up of Agent Orange Hotspot”,Associated Press, February9,2007
    ①Michael F. Martin,“Vietnamese Victims of Agent Orange and U.S.-Vietnam Relations”,CRS Report forCongress, November21,2008, p.19.
    ②Mark E. Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,October31,2008, p.20.
    ③Charles A. Henning,“POWs and MIAs: Status and Accounting Issues”, CRS Report for Congress, June1,2006,p.7.
    ①“Vietnam-US Relations: Past, Present, and Future”,http://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/apb069.pdf.
    ②“Old Enemies Become Friends: U.S. and Vietnam”,http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2006/11/southeastasia-burghardt.
    ①Victor Sunsky,“America in East Asia: The Rise and The Waning of a Benevolent Hegemon Image”, TheJapanese Journal of American Studies, No.18,2007, pp.138-139.
    ②财政部长蒂莫西·盖特纳(Timothy Geithner)曾在泰国曼谷的国际学校完成中学学业;奥巴马的外交政策顾问罗伯特·吉尔伯特(Robert S1Gelbard)曾在菲律宾(1968—1970)、印度尼西亚(1999—2001)做过大使;政策顾问弗兰克·简努兹(Frank Jannuzi)是东南亚事务的专家。
    ③“Clinton's Remarks at the U.S.-ASEAN Ministerial Meeting”, July2012,http://www.cfr.org/southeast-asia/clintons-remarks-us-asean-ministerial-meeting-july-2012/p28697.
    ①Barack Obama,“Renewing American Leadership”, Foreign Affairs, Vol,86, No.4, July/August2007.
    ②Walter Lohman:“Time for the administration to Turn to Substance in Southeast Asia”,http://www.heritage.org/Research/AsiaandthePacific/wm2547.cfm.
    ③“新闻分析:美国为何要重返东南亚”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-07/23/content_11762073.htm.
    ①马燕冰:《奥巴马政府的东南亚政策》,载《和平与发展》2010年第1期,第42页。
    ②李益波:《浅析奥巴马政府的东南亚外交》,载《东南亚研究》2009年第6期,第55页。
    ③Mark E.Manyin et al.,“Pivot to the Pacific? The Obama Administration’s ‘Rebalancing’ Toward Asia”,Congressional Research Service, p.4.
    ④“The Rise of China’s Soft Power”http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/publication/1499/rise_of_chinas_soft_power.html.
    ⑤“港报:美国深思中国的东南亚战略”,http://china.huanqiu.com/eyes_on_china/politics/2010-03/741013.html.
    ①Mark E.Manyin et al.,“Pivot to the Pacific? The Obama Administration’s ‘Rebalancing’ Toward Asia”,Congressional Research Service, p.10.
    ②“U.S. Strengthens Ties To Southeast Asia”, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124817084078767991.html
    ③刘卿:《美越关系新发展及前景》,载《国际问题研究》2010年第2期,第93页。
    ④“U.S.'is back' is Asia, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton declares”,
    http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/u-s-back-asia-secretary-state-hillary-clinton-declares-article-1.429381.
    ⑤Mark E.Manyin et al.,“Pivot to the Pacific? The Obama Administration’s ‘Rebalancing’ Toward Asia”,Congressional Research Service, p.2.
    ①刘卿:《美越关系新发展及前景》,载《国际问题研究》2010年第2期,第91页。
    ②“U.S. Will Grow Engagement in Asia, Gates Says”,http://www.defense.gov/News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=64190.
    ③Quadrennial defense review report, http://www.defense.gov/qdr/images/QDR_as_of_12Feb10_1000.pdf.
    ④“Obama’s Southeast Asia visit: re-engaging with the region”,http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/11/20/obamas-southeast-asia-visit-re-engaging-with-the-region/.
    ①Michael F. Martin,“U.S.-Vietnam Economic and Trade Relations: Issues for the112th Congress”,CRS Reportfor Congress, April5,2011, p.4.
    ②“美国决定参加东亚峰会”, http://intl.ce.cn/specials/zxxx/201009/03/t20100903_21788117.shtml.
    ③“Obama in Southeast Asia: Symbolism or Substance?”,http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/11/17/obama-in-southeast-asia-symbolism-or-substance/ejm8.
    ①Quadrennial defense review report, http://www.defense.gov/qdr/images/QDR_as_of_12Feb10_1000.pdf.
    ②“Remarks on the15th Anniversary of the International Conference on Population and Development”,http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135001.htm.
    ③Mark E.Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,July26,2011, p.4.
    ②Mark E.Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,July26,2011, p.10.
    ③潘亚玲:《越裔美国人的政治游说及其对南海争端的影响》,载《现代国际关系》2011年第6期,第16页。
    ④潘亚玲:《越裔美国人的政治游说及其对南海争端的影响》,第21页。
    ①龙心刚、梁东兴:《论南海问题中的美国因素》,载《东南亚纵横》,2010年9月,第17页。
    ②“Testimony of Deputy Assistant Secretary Scot Marciel, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, U.S.Department of State before the Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Committee on ForeignRelations”, http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2009/07/126076.htm.
    ①“Vietnam and the United States: Convergence but Not Congruence of Strategic Interests in the South ChinaSea”,http://zh.scribd.com/doc/112815942/Thayer-Vietnam-and-the-United-States-Convergence-of-Strategic-Interests-Power-Point-Slides.
    ③“美议员要政府介入南海”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/herald/2009-07/20/content_11737569.htm.
    ①“Remarks at Press Availability”, http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/07/145095.htm.
    ①“Vietnam and the United States: Convergence but Not Congruence of Strategic Interests in the South ChinaSea”,http://zh.scribd.com/doc/112815942/Thayer-Vietnam-and-the-United-States-Convergence-of-Strategic-Interests-Power-Point-Slides.
    ②Mark E. Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,July26,2011, p.1.
    ①“U.S. Eyes Vietnam, Libya Arms Sales”.http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/12/15/us-aero-arms-summit-vietnam-libya-idUSTRE5BE05020091215.
    ②“Vietnam and the United States: Convergence but Not Congruence of Strategic Interests in the South China Sea”,http://zh.scribd.com/doc/112815942/Thayer-Vietnam-and-the-United-States-Convergence-of-Strategic-Interests-Power-Point-Slides.
    ③Walter Lohman et al.,“US-Vietnam Defense Relations: Investing In Strategic Alignment”, The HeritageFoundation, July19,2012, p.11.
    ①“Access to Pacific harbors key to U.S. strategy: Panetta”,http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/03/us-asia-security-panetta-idUSBRE85205I20120603.
    ②“Hanoi and the Pentagon: A Budding Courtship”,http://zh.scribd.com/doc/96669735/Thayer-Hanoi-and-the-Pentagon-A-Budding-Courtship.
    ④“US Navy Kicks Off Naval Exchange Activities with Vietnam”,http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=66679.
    ①“U.S.-Vietnam Naval Exchange Activities, Consulate General of the United States”,http://hochiminh.usconsulate.gov/danang-04232012.html.
    ③“美国‘立体攻势’吸引越南”,http://gb.cri.cn/27824/2011/08/23/5190s3346695.htm.
    ④“Joint Statement on U.S.-Vietnam Political, Security and Defense Dialogue”,http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/06a/124460.htm.
    ⑤Mark E. Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,July26,2011, p.20.
    ①Mark E. Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,May18,2012, p.7.
    ③“The Fifth U.S.-Vietnam Political, Security, and Defense Dialogue”,http://csis.org/publication/fifth-us-vietnam-political-security-and-defense-dialogue.
    ①“Vietnam’s Defensive Diplomacy,”http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703649004575438474083884494.html.
    ②“Hanoi and the Pentagon: A Budding Courtship”,http://zh.scribd.com/doc/96669735/Thayer-Hanoi-and-the-Pentagon-A-Budding-Courtship.
    ③“U.S., Vietnam Establish Formal Military Medical Partnership”,http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=61899.
    ④《越南用金兰湾吸引大国海军》,2010年11月5日《国防时报》,第024版。
    ①Carlyle A. Thayer,“The Tyranny of Geography: Vietnamese Strategies to Constrain China in the South ChinaSea,” Contemporary Southeast Asia,33(3),2011, p.355.
    ②“Vietnam and the United States: Convergence but Not Congruence of Strategic Interests in the South China Sea”,http://zh.scribd.com/doc/112815942/Thayer-Vietnam-and-the-United-States-Convergence-of-Strategic-Interests-Power-Point-Slides.
    ④2012年6月4日,访谈嘉宾尹卓在接收央视《环球视线》采访时表达的观点。
    ⑤“Vietnam and the United States: Convergence but Not Congruence of Strategic Interests in the South China Sea”,http://zh.scribd.com/doc/112815942/Thayer-Vietnam-and-the-United-States-Convergence-of-Strategic-Interests-Power-Point-Slides.
    ①Mark E. Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,May18,2012, p.22.
    ④“Press Availability with Secretary Rumsfeld in Vietnam”,http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=37.
    ①“The U.S. Provides$1Million in TechnicalAssistance to Help Vietnam Locate and Identify VietnameseMissing in Action”,http://vietnam.usaid.gov/us-provides-1-million-technical-assistance-help-vietnam-locate-and-identify-vietnamese-missing-actio.
    ②Walter Lohman et al.,“US-Vietnam Defense Relations: Investing In Strategic Alignment”, The HeritageFoundation, July19,2012, p.12.
    ③Mark E. Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,May18,2012, p.13.
    ①“U.S.-Vietnam Relations15th Anniversary,” http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/15thanniversary.html.
    ②Michael F. Martin,”U.S.-Vietnam Economic and Trade Relations: Issues for the111th Congress”,CRS Reportfor Congress, October29,2009, p.7.
    ①“TPP”扩容的“越南筹码”,http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20120714/004512564633.shtml.
    ②“Vietnam to Pursue Foreign Policy of Peace in2009”,http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-192456039.html.
    ③Michael F. Martin,”U.S.-Vietnam Economic and Trade Relations: Issues for the112th Congress”,CRS Reportfor Congress, April5,2011, p.3.
    ⑤“2010Trade Policy Agenda and2009Annual Report of the President of the United States on the TradeAgreements Program”, http://www.ustr.gov/2010-trade-policy-agenda.
    ⑥Jeffrey Bader,“Understanding The U.S. Pivot To Asia”, http://www.brookings.edu/events/2012/01/31-us-asia.
    ⑦Michael F. Martin,“U.S.-Vietnam Economic and Trade Relations: Issues for the112th Congress”,CRS Reportfor Congress, April5,2011, p.4.
    ⑧“TPP”扩容的“越南筹码”,http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20120714/004512564633.shtml.
    ①Ian F.Fergusson et al.,“The Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report forCongress, April15,2013,p.8.
    ②Michael F. Martin,”U.S.-Vietnam Economic and Trade Relations: Issues for the112th Congress”,CRS Reportfor Congress, April5,2011, p.5.
    ③Vivian C. Jones,“Generalized System of Preferences: Background and Renewal Debate”, CRS Report forCongress, p.7.
    ④Michael F. Martin,“U.S.-Vietnam Economic and Trade Relations: Issues for the112th Congress”,CRS Reportfor Congress, April5,2011, p.5.
    ②Michael F. Martin,”U.S.-Vietnam Economic and Trade Relations: Issues for the112th Congress”,CRS Reportfor Congress, April5,2011, p.8.
    ③“VINASAT-2satellite by Lockheed Martin begins service for Vietnamese telecommunications group”,http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2012/07/vinasat-2-satellite-by-lockheed-martin-begins-service-for-vietnamese-telecommunications-group.html.
    ①“越美签署航运协定修改协议”,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/i/jyjl/j/201212/20121208482354.html。
    ②“The Future of Vietnam-U.S. Relations”,http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2010/04/us-vietnam-relations-ta.
    ①“希拉里访越处理越战遗留问题”,http://news.wenweipo.com/2012/07/10/IN1207100120.htm.
    ②Mark E. Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,May18,2012, p.14.
    ②“Ambassador’s Speech Remarks at the Signing Ceremony for Nuclear Cooperation MOU,”http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/ambspeech033010i.html.
    ③Jay Solomon,“U.S., Hanoi in Nuclear Talks,”http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704741904575409261840078780.html.
    ①“The South China Sea: China’s ‘Indisputable Sovereignty’ Versus America’s ‘National Interest’”,http://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/the-south-china-sea-china%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9Cindisputable-sovereignty%E2%80%9D-versus-america%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9Cnational-interest%E2%80%9D/.
    ④ASEAN official statement:“First ADMM+Chairman’s Statement”,http://en.vietnamplus.vn/Home/First-ADMM-Chairmans-Statement/201010/13026.vnplus.
    ①“Vietnam and the United States: Convergence but Not Congruence of Strategic Interests in the South ChinaSea”,http://zh.scribd.com/doc/112815942/Thayer-Vietnam-and-the-United-States-Convergence-of-Strategic-Interests-Power-Point-Slides.
    ②Mark E. Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,May18,2012, p.8.
    ③“称中国霸占水资源美媒鼓吹插手湄公河牵制”,http://www.cnr.cn/allnews/201008/t20100830_506968331.html.
    ④Mark E. Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,May18,2012, p.13.
    ②“America’s Pacific Century”, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/11/americas_pacific_century.
    ③“Clinton raps Vietnam on rights, sees limits to ties”,http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/10/us-vietnam-usa-idUSBRE8690WH20120710.
    ①Mark E.Manyin,“U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress”, CRS Report for Congress,July26,2011,p.4.
    ②李宗泽:“越南和菲律宾变得强大东南亚地区才会稳定”,http://www.mod.gov.cn/opinion/2012-06/07/content_4374818.htm.
    ①“The Future of Vietnam-U.S. Relations”,http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2010/04/us-vietnam-relations-ta.
    ①“John Kerry's first foreign stop as secretary of state: London, Sunday24February2013”,http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/24/john-kerry-first-foreign-trip-london.
    ①“Obama's second inauguration:'We are made for this moment'”,http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/21/obama-sets-goals-unite-inauguration-speech.
    ②“Address at the University of Virginia”, http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2013/02/205021.htm.
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