摘要
早期印俄关系以经济交流为主。印度沦为英国殖民地之后,印俄关系让位于英俄关系。殖民统治期间,英国政府不断地在印度宣扬“俄国威胁论”。俄国十月革命在一定程度上推动了印度民族运动的发展,但十月革命的影响并没有改变民族资产阶级主导印度民族运动的基本情况。1927年,尼赫鲁的苏联之行为日后印苏关系的发展奠定了基础。
尼赫鲁时期的印苏关系经历了一个由冷淡到热情的过程。印度临时政府成立后,印度奉行不结盟的外交政策。这一政策是由当时印度所面临的较为复杂的国内外形势所决定的。不结盟外交政策开创了印度外交的新局面,1947年4月印苏建交。然而,双边关系并未获得预期的发展,反而呈现冷淡状态。印度共和国成立后,印度不结盟政策与印苏关系同步发展。印度在朝鲜战争和对日和约问题上的态度以及苏联在克什米尔问题中的立场推动了双边关系走向缓和。1954年的美巴结盟加快了印苏关系改善的步伐。印度通过加强与亚非国家间的合作,改善同中国的关系以及与苏联签署贸易协定,逐步获得苏联的认可。在此基础上,通过1955年6月尼赫鲁访问苏联以及同年11月至12月赫鲁晓夫和布尔加宁回访印度,两国关系实现正常化。1956年印苏两国在苏伊士危机中共同的反殖立场以及印度在匈牙利危机面前采取的观望态度,在促进印苏关系发展的同时,也使得印度的不结盟政策遇到了考验。在印度政府看来,印度的匈牙利政策不过是在国际事务中根据自身利益进行独立判断的产物,而这种独立性正是不结盟政策的具体运用。危机过后,苏联通过对印度的经济援助,在安理会否决克什米尔问题的议案以及邀请印度参与解决中东事务等举措促进了两国关系的友好发展。1959年中印边界发生冲突,印度的不结盟政策相应地做出调整。在坚持不与大国结盟的前提下,印度开始同时发展与美国和苏联的关系。一方面,美国在中印边界冲突中对印度的支持使得印美关系有所发展。另一方面,印苏两国在经济、政治、军事等领域的合作更加默契。
Indo-Russian relationship in the early period is mainly on economic communication. After India became a British colony, the Indo-Russian relationship became weaker than the Anglo-Russian relationship. During the colonial rule, the British government continually spreads the“Russia threaten”. The Russian October Revolution promotes the development of the Indian National Movement in certain way, but the Russian October Revolution’s influence doesn’t change the basic status of Indian National Movement, which the national bourgeoisie lead. In 1927, Nehru’s trip to the USSR had made a good foundation for the future development of Indo-Soviet relationship.
The Indo-Soviet relationship has experienced a process from cold to warm during Nehru’s time. After the establishment of the Indian provisional government, India pursues nonalignment foreign policy. This policy is determined by the India related complex domestic and international status at that time. The nonalignment policy creates the new situation for Indian foreign policy, in April 1947 India and the USSR established diplomatic relations. However, the bilateral relationship has not been developed as their expectation, but appears cold status. After the establishment of the republic of India, the Indian nonalignment policy and the Indo-Soviet relationship have developed together. India’s attitude in Korean War and The Japanese Peace Treaty as well as the Soviet Union's standpoint in Kashmir question promotes the bilateral relationship to trend to relax. The 1954 American-Pakistan alliance sped up the improvement of the Indo-Soviet relationship. India through strengthens with the Afro-Asian nations between the cooperation, improves with China's relations as well as signs trade agreement with the USSR, and gradually obtains the approval of the USSR. Based on it, through Nehru visited the USSR in June 1955; as well as in the same year from November to December, Bulganin and Khrushchev paid a return visit to India, the two countries formed normalization relationship. In 1956, India and the USSR in the Suez Crises together built up the anti-colony position and India’s attitude in the Hungarin Crises was wait-and-see attitude, with improving the development of Indo-Soviet relationship, it also made the Indian nonalignment policy face test. From the view of the Indian government, the India’s Hungary policy is just result of judging independently in the international affairs according to the own interests and this independence is the concrete application the nonalignment policy. After the crises, the USSR promotes the bilateral relationship by giving economic aid to India, disapproving proposal of Kashmir problems the UN Security Council and inviting India to join and solve the Middle-East affairs. In 1959, Sino-India border conflict, the Indian nonalignment policy made adjustments accordingly. India starts to develop the relationship with USA and the USSR in the same time is based on the premise that India doesn’t form alliances with the great power. In this background, India and US relationship has developed. On the one hand, during the Sino-India border conflict, the USA gives India support, which makes the relationship between America and India some development; on the other hand, India and the Soviet Union have more cooperation in economic, politics and military areas etc.
引文
①J.A.Naik,op.cit.,p.17.
②Ibid.,p.17.
③参见尼赫鲁著,齐文译:《印度的发现》,世界知识社,1956 年,第 20 页。
④Jawaharlal Nehru:Soviet Russia:some random sketches and impressions,Chetana,1929,p.131.
⑤尼赫鲁著,齐文译:前引书,第 56 页。
⑥Nirmala Joshi:Foundations of Indo-Soviet relations:a study of non-official attitudes and contacts,1917-1947,Radiant Publishers,1975,p.93.
⑦Jawaharlal Nehru:Glimpses of World History,Bombay,1967,p.88.cited in Nirmala Joshi,op.cit.,p.71.
①尼赫鲁著:《独立及其后》,纽约,1950 年,第 257 页。转引自张敏秋主编:《跨越喜马拉雅障碍——中国寻求了解印度》,重庆出版社,2006 年,第 157 页。
②林承节著:《独立后的印度史》,北京大学出版社,2005 年,第 59 页。
①培伦主编:《印度通史》,黑龙江人民出版社,1990 年,第 683 页。
②A.Appadorai,op.cit.,p.19.
③张敏秋主编:《跨越喜马拉雅障碍——中国寻求了解印度》,前引书,第 158 页。
④[英]D.瓦特编著:《国际事务概览》,1961 年,下册,第 92 页。转引自张忠祥:前引书,第 22、23 页。
⑤劳抡斯:《世界政治中的次大陆》,纽约,1978 年,第 36 页。转引自张敏秋主编:《跨越喜马拉雅障碍——中国寻求了解印度》,前引书,第 157、158 页。
⑥尚会鹏著:《印度文化传统研究——比较文化的视野》,北京大学出版社,2004 年,第 31 页。
⑦尼赫鲁著,齐文译:前引书,第 64 页。
①Michael Brecher:Nehru:A Political Biography,Oxford,1959,p.564.
②张敏秋主编:《跨越喜马拉雅障碍——中国寻求了解印度》,前引书,第 155 页。
③尼赫鲁著,齐文译:前引书,第 20 页。
④A.Appadorai,op.cit.,p.4.
①The Statesman,30 September 1946,p.5.cited in J.A.Naik,op.cit.,p.31.
②The Statesman,13 November 1946,p.5.cited in S.K.Gupta:Stalin's Policy Towards India,1946-1953,South Asian Publishers,1988,p.17.
③A.Roy:India and Soviet Union:a chronology of political and diplomatic co-operation,Firma KLM,1982,p.2.
④Ibid.,p.4.
⑤“India and Russia”, Calcutta Review,January 1947 (Vol.Ⅻ,No.1),pp.52-53.cited in V.S.Budhraj,op.cit.,p.29.
⑥吴瑕著:前引书,第 35、36 页。
①Zafar Imam:Ideology and reality in Soviet policy in Asia:Indo-Soviet relations,1947-60,Kalyani Publishers,1975,p.4.
②K.Neelkant:Partners in peace:a study in Indo-Soviet relations,Vikas Pub. House,1972,p.9.
③Devendra Kaushik:Soviet Relations with India and Pakistan,Vikas Pub.House,1974,p.29.
④“Establishment of Soviet-Indian Diplomatic Relations” ,New Times,no.16(18 April 1947),p.15.cited in V.S.Budhraj,op.cit.,p.30.
⑤Andre Pierre. “Entre Moscou et New Delhi: L’U.R.S.S, s’interesse beaucoup a 1’Inde” ,Le Monde,16 April 1947,p.2.cited in S.K.Gupta,op.cit.,p.36.
⑥K.P.S.Menon,Lenin Through Indian Eyes,Delhi,1970,pp.67-68.cited in Devendra Kaushik,op.cit.,p.30.
①S.K.Gupta,op.cit.,p.55.
②Balabushevich,“Rabochii klass i rabochee dvizhenie”,p.28.cited in S.K.Gupta,op.cit.,pp.56-57.
③D’iakov,“Poslevoennye Angliiskie plany”, p.62.cited in S.K.Gupta,op.cit.,p.57.
④吴瑕著:前引书,第 42 页。
⑤印度独立后,在大英帝国殖民地和附属国生活的印度人近 300 万。
⑥Jawaharlal Nehru’s Speeches,vo1.II.p.273.cited in Arun Kumar Banerji:India and Britain 1947-1968 The Evolution of Post-Colonial Relations,Minerva Associates,1977,p.41.
⑦T.N.Kaul:Reminiscences,Discreet and Indiscreet,Lancers Publishers,1982,p.150.
⑧吴瑕著:前引书,第 43 页。
①T.N.Kaul:Diplomacy in Peace and War:Recollections and Reflections,Vikas,1979,p.9.
②T.N.Kaul:Reminiscences,Discreet and Indiscreet, op.cit.,p.151.
③尼赫鲁著,齐文译:前引书,第 591 页。
④http://news.ifeng.com/history/1/tianxia/200802/0201_2669_388051_2.shtml. 2008-2-1.
①T.N.Kaul:Reminiscences,Discreet and Indiscreet, op.cit.,p.150.
②Arthur Stein:India and the Soviet Union:the Nehru era,University of Chicago Press,1969,p.12.
①Security Council Resolution,S/1501,25 June 1950.cited in J.C.Kundra:Indian Foreign Policy 1947-1954:a study of relations with the western bloc,Vora Co,1955,p.126.
②Security Council Resolution,S/1511,27 June 1950.cited in J.C.Kundra,op.cit.,p.126.
① The American Ambassador in India to the Secretary of State,30 June 1950,FRUS,1950(Washington,DC,1976),7:267.cited in S.K.Gupta,op.cit.,p.173.
②张忠祥著:前引书,第 42、43 页。
③Documents on International Affairs,1949-1950,pp.705-706.cited in S.K.Gupta,op.cit.,pp.175-176.
④Keesing’s Contemporary Archives,Vol.Ⅷ,1950-52,p.10847.cited in J.A.Naik,op.cit.,p.59.
⑤D.N.Mallik:The Development of Non-Alignment in India's Foreign Policy,Chaitanya Pub. House,1967,p.88.
⑥伍福佐著:《试析朝鲜战争中的印美关系》,《南亚研究季刊》,2003 年第 3 期,第 49 页。
⑦《朝鲜问题文件汇编》,第 298 页。转引自张忠祥著:前引书,第 44、45 页。
①Documents on International Affairs,1951,p.607.cited in S.K.Gupta,op.cit.,pp.216-217.
②“The Lost Leader” editorial in the New York Times,28 August 1951,p.22.cited in S.K.Gupta,op.cit.,p.221.
①New York Herald Tribune,25 September 1951.cited in J.C.Kundra,op.cit.,p.146.
②S.K.Gupta,op.cit.,p.225.
③Bimla Prasad:Indo-Soviet relations,1947-1972 :a documentary study,Allied Publishers,1973,p.63.
④Ibid.,p.69.
⑤Ibid.,p.70.
①“Indians Fear Malik Statement on Kashmir May Complicate Settlement of the Dispute”,New York Times,21 January 1952,p.3.cited in S.K.Gupta,op.cit.,p.251.
②The Hindu,19 January 1952,p.4.cited in S.K.Gupta,op.cit.,p.251.
③Christian Science Monitor,March 2,1954.转引张忠祥著:前引书,第 198 页。
④ New York Times,2 November 1953.cited in S.P.Singh:Political dimensions of India-USSR relations,Allied Publishers,1987,p.43.
①India News,October 16,1954.cited in J.C.Kundra,op.cit.,pp.97-98.
②Pravda,3 December 1953.cited in S.P.Singh,op.cit.,p.45.
③J. A. Naik,op.cit.,p.71.
④ For a statement of the USSR Minister of Foreign Affairs on SEATO,see“A Threat to Asia’s Security”,New Times,September 18,1954 (No.38),pp.1-3.cited in V.S.Budhraj,op.cit.,p.93.
⑤Jawaharlal Nehru’s Speeches,Vol.3(1953-1957),p.245.转引自张忠祥著:前引书,第 46 页。
⑥S·戈帕尔:《贾·尼赫鲁传》中卷,德里,1979 年,第 191 页。转引自培伦主编:前引书,第 732 页。
⑦Pravda,30 April 1954.cited in Devendra Kaushik,op.cit.,pp.49-50.
①Pravda,30 April 1954.cited in S.P.Singh,op.cit.,p.42.
②V.S. Budhraj,op.cit.,p.93.
③和平共处五项原则,印度人民称之为“潘查希拉”(Panchsheel)。
④尼赫鲁著,齐文译:前引书,中译本序言。
⑤Pravda,1 July 1954.cited in Devendra Kaushik,op.cit.,p.51.
⑥张忠祥著:前引书,第 137 页。
①Bimla Prasad,op.cit.,pp.73-79.
② J.Vihakar:A Model Relationship,New Delhi,1972,p.17.cited in M.S.Kidwai:Indo-Soviet relations,Rima Pub. House,1985,p.46.
③V.V.Balabushevich and Bimla Prasad:India and the Soviet Union:a symposium,People's Pub. House,1969,p.26.
④A.Roy,op.cit.,p.8.
①张力著:《印度总理尼赫鲁》,四川人民出版社,1997 年,第 239 页。
②K.P.S.Menon,Many Worlds,p.287.cited in S.P.Singh,op.cit.,p.51.
③Bimla Prasad,op.cit.,p.99.
④Ibid.,pp.103-106.
⑤张力著:前引书,第 243 页。
⑥Bimla Prasad,op.cit.,p.108.
⑦印度独立时,在印度沿海和个别内地还有一些地点被英国以外的殖民国家占据。果阿是葡萄牙在印度的殖民据
①Asha Hans:Indian diplomacy:the Suez crises,Amar Prakashan,1983,p.149.
②J.A.Naik,op.cit.,pp.99-100.
③Supplement “War in Egypt” in Hindu,November 2,1956.cited in Arthur Stein,op.cit.,p.86.
④Statistical Abstract,no.11,pp.764 and 767.cited in Asha Hans,op.cit.,p.15.
①Sauripada Bhattacharya:Pursuit of national interests through neutralism:India's foreign policy in the Nehru era,Firma KLM,1978,p.93.
①http://www.un.org/chinese/ga/emerg/2nd/e2_1004.pdf.
② General Assembly Official Records,Emergency Session,11,4-10 November 1956,569th Mtg.,p.44.cited in M.S.Kidwai,op.cit.,p.66.
③http://www.un.org/chinese/ga/emerg/2nd/e2_1005.pdf.
①M.S.Kidwai,op.cit.,p.67.
①K.P.Menon:India And Cold War,Bombay,1966,p.48.cited in M.S.Kidwai,op.cit.,p.64.
②The Hindu,18 November 1956.cited in Arthur Stein,op.cit.,pp.91-92.
③The Hindu,18 November 1956.cited in M.S.Kidwai,op.cit.,p.75.
④D.N.Mallik,op.cit.,p.182.
⑤Report of CPSU to the 20th Party Congress,Moscow,February 14,1956,p.23.cited in M.S.Kidwai,op.cit.,pp.60-61.
①Foreign Affairs Record,New Delhi,vol,Ⅱ No.6,June 1956,p.93,cited in M.S.Kidwai,op.cit.,p.62.
② New Times,No.6.1956.cited in G.D.Bhatt:Indo-Soviet relations and Indian public opinion,Pacifier Publications,1989,p.15.
③The Hindu,24 June 1956. cited in M.S.Kidwai,op.cit.,p.63.
④石全玉著:《论赫鲁晓夫时期苏联对印政策》[硕士论文],郑州大学,2005 年,第 30 页。
①Bimla Prasad,op.cit.,pp.152-154.
②Arthur Stein,op.cit.,p.98.
③The Hindu,22 February 1957.cited in M.S.Kidwai,op.cit.,p.77.
④Bimla Prasad,op.cit.,p.155.
⑤Ibid.,pp.159-160.
⑥S.P.Singh,op.cit.,p.58.
⑦Bimla Prasad,op.cit.,pp.172-173.
⑧Bimla Prasad,op.cit.,p.174.
①Pravda,24 July 1958.cited in J.A.Naik,op.cit.,p.104.
①张敏秋主编:《中印关系研究(1947—2003)》,北京大学出版社,2004 年,第 74 页。
②参见张敏秋主编:《中印关系研究(1947—2003)》,前引书,第 67 页。
①Document 208:Telegram From the department of State to the Embassy in India,Washington,November 20,1962, FRUS,1961-1963,South Asia,pp.403-404.转引自孙娟著:前引书,第 15 页。
②尼赫鲁著,齐文译:前引书,第 728 页。
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