摘要
在果园生态系统中,土壤微生物的作用是不可忽视的。现代果园中产量变化,栽培技术措施改变,影响土壤微生物类群,进而影响了土壤生态健康。研究苹果园土壤微生物类群及其与栽培环境的关系,以阐明影响果园土壤生态的因素及变化规律为目标,以改善土壤微生物生态状况为核心,以构建果园土壤微生物的良好微生物生态及技术体系为目的,良好的果树栽培环境和果园生态是苹果生产及产业持续发展的重要一环。本研究以“富士/平邑甜茶”植株、平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)实生苗为试材,采用BIOLOG和FAME等方法,试验于2003-2007年在山东农业大学园艺学院根系实验室进行。采用野外调查与土壤栽培试验,研究了不同产量和不同土质苹果园中生物生态状况,有机肥和氮素化肥及其组合效应对平邑甜茶土壤微生物、土壤酶活性的动态影响,氮肥、有机肥处理条件下土壤微生物类群及功能多样性等生物学指标,取得了以下结果:
对9个有代表性的不同产量的苹果园土壤养分、微生物类群及土壤酶活性的研究,获得不同产量水平苹果园的土壤生物生态状况。结果表明,各苹果园的土壤养分、微生物数量、多样性和酶活性均表现出较大差异。随土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、总碳含量增加,产量水平呈增高趋势。高产园土壤微生物数量高,多数土壤酶活性强,微生物多样性好。土壤微生物中细菌数量、微生物多样性、蛋白酶、磷酸酶活性可作为评价果园土壤肥力的生物指标。果树产量与土壤微生物类群、数量具有显著正相关,果树产量与速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮和全氮含量显著正相关。果树产量与蛋白酶和磷酸酶显著正相关。
不同根窖条件下,不同质地土壤(河沙、壤土、粘土)对“富士/平邑甜茶”植株的土壤微生物数量、酶活性、微生物多样性及果树生长的研究表明,三种土壤中细菌、放线菌数量均为壤土>粘土>河沙;土壤酶活性的变化为壤土>粘土>河沙;表层酶活性显著高于深层酶活性;PLFA分析的微生物多样性变化为真菌、革兰氏阳性菌的特征脂肪酸在3种不同土质中是壤土>粘土>河沙,但革兰氏阴性菌和AMF菌的特征脂肪酸是粘土>壤土>河沙;BIOLOG测定的碳源利用AWCD值在3种土质中变化壤土>粘土>河沙。壤土与粘土各项指标差别不大。土壤生物指标的变化与果树生长变化相一致。
氮肥、有机肥处理影响根际微生物类群的变化。3%有机肥和200 mg kg-1氮肥处理根际微生物类群数量发生变化,明显增加除根际固氮菌外其他微生物类群的数量,单施500 mg kg-1氮肥会对根际微生物的数量产生抑制作用,有机肥可以缓解由高浓度氮肥引起的这种抑制作用。6%有机肥对真菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌和硝化细菌等的影响与3%有机肥处理无显著差异。施用3%的有机肥和200 mg kg-1氮肥就可达到较好的增加根际微生物的效果。有机肥促进了有益微生物数量。钾细菌、自生固氮菌与氮肥浓度成反比,有机磷细菌数量>无机磷细菌,磷细菌在200mgkg-1处理时数量增加,芽孢杆菌对氮肥的耐受力较高。
根际细菌、真菌、氨化细菌和硝化细菌数量与生长根和吸收根生物量之间显著正相关,固氮菌则仅与吸收根生物量显著负相关,细菌和纤维素分解菌数量与根系呼吸显著正相关。
施肥对土壤酶活性的动态影响,氮肥、有机肥处理显著增加参与C、N、P循环及脱氢酶的酶活性。高浓度氮肥对土壤酶的酶活性产生抑制。C循环中的纤维素酶酶活性变化程度大于蔗糖酶,N循环中脲酶对施肥反应灵敏,P循环的酶活性酸性磷酸酶>碱性磷酸酶>中性磷酸酶。土壤微生物类群与土壤酶活性有一定的相关性。
BIOLOG法研究微生物多样性变化,有机肥处理AWCD增加,200 mg·kg-1氮肥处理AWCD值有所升高,高浓度氮肥﹙500,700 mg·kg-1﹚的处理AWCD值降低。施肥处理的土壤微生物群落功能多样性(Shannon指数和Mc Intosh指数)与相应的对照比较,高浓度氮肥处理都显著降低。施肥处理在碳源的利用上存在着较大的差异,显示微生物群落结构发生变化。
FAMEs变化指示施肥处理根际微生物类群多样性发生改变,有机肥、氮肥处理微生物类群发生显著变化。施加有机肥处理,随有机肥浓度增加,FAMEs值相应增加。施加氮肥200mg·kg-1可增加细菌和腐生真菌、AM、放线菌的FAMEs含量,高浓度氮肥处理减少其含量。有机肥与氮肥组合施用,真菌、AMF菌、革兰氏阳性菌特征脂肪酸及FAMEs总量变化为氮肥浓度200mgkg-1>500mgkg-1>700mgkg-1。
In the orchard ecosystem, effects of the soil microbial community are not neglectable. The management practices and yield in modern apple orchards affect the populations of soil microorganisms and soil environment. Since good plant growth environment in orchard ecosystem is one of the most important factors in apple production and the development of fruit industry, this study was to clarify the factors that influenced the orchard ecosystem, including the soil microbial community and the fruit tree management in the root system laboratory in College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University through investigating on growth of field and pot plants,“Fuji/ Malus hupehensis Rehd”apple trees and Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings, the ecosystem of the plant biology in different orchards were analysised. The influences of the organic fertilizer and the nitrogen and their combination on the Malus hupehensis Rehd seedlings , soil microorganism communities and the activity of the soil enzymes were measured. The results were as the followings:
The relationships among soil nutrient content, rhizosphere microorganisms and activities of soil enzymes, which were regarded as a parameter to evaluate soil nutrient condition were analyzed to obtain the biological conditions of rhizosphere microorganism in 9 different apple orchards with varied yield. The results indicated that the above parameters were correlated with apple yield . The contents of alkali-N, olsen-P, and total-C increased with orchard yield increased. In high-yield-orchard, the populations of rhizosphere microorganisms and the activities of soil enzymes were high. There was a significant positive correlation between apple yield and species and the amount of the soil microorganisms, and that of the apple yield and olsen-P, avail-K, alkali-N and total-C, and the protease and phosphatase as well.
This paper studied the changes of microorganisms and enzyme activities in“Fuji /Malus hupehensis Rehd”apple trees grown in pot media, and analyzed the relationships between the parameters. The results showed that the microorganisms community, enzymes’activities and diameters of apple trees were the lowest in the sands, while that of the highest in the loams and middle in clay. The change of the soil enzyme activity was greatest in the loams, while the least in the sands. The activities of the soil enzyme in the surface layer were higher significantly than that of in the deep layer. The changes in the composition of microorganisms communities were analyzed by PLFA , which showed that the characteristic fatty acid in fungi and G+ in the three different soil was the most in loams, and that was the least in sands. However, the characteristic fatty acid in G- and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal﹙AM﹚ bacteria were the most in the clay, and those were the least in the sands. The AWCD value of the utilization of the carbon source determined by BIOLOG in the three different soils was the highest in the loam, and lowest in the sands, however, no significant difference was found between the loam and clay soils. It was indicated that soil biology change was consistent with the apple tree growth.
Effects of nitrogen (N), organic fertilizer and their combination on the rhizosphere microorganisms and root growth of M. hupenensis Rehd. seedlings (2years old ) were investigated. The results showed that fertilizer application increased the numbers of rhizosphere microorganisms with the exception of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Fertilizer N at the concentration of 500 mg kg-1 decreased the number of bacteria, actinomycetes and cellulolytic microbe, which reversed by applying the organic fertilizer at the concentration of both 3% and 6%. To alleviate the unfavorable effect of higher concentration N (500 mg kg-1), combination of 3% of organ fertilizer and 200 mg kg-1 N was the optimal choice. Numbers of bacteria, fungi, ammonifier bacteria and nitrobacteria were positively correlated with the biomass of growing roots and absorbing roots, while that of nitrogen-fixing bacteria was negatively correlated with absorbing root biomass. Correlation between number of cellulolytic microbe and root biomass was not detected. Only numbers of bacteria and cellulolytic microbe were positively correlated with root respiration rate of the M. hupenensis Rehd.seedlings. The amount of phosphor bacterium increased when N application at 200mg kg-1. And bacillus circulans had a high tolerance ability to N application.
There was significant positive correlation between the amount of rhizosphere bacteria, fungis, aminate bacteria and dry weight of absorbing root. There was significant negative correlation between azotobacters and dry weight of absorbing root. And there was also significant positive correlation between the amount of bacteria and fibrin disassembling bacteria.
Fertilizer application had dynamic influence on the activities of the soil enzyme. The application of nitrogen (N) and organic fertilizer increased significantly the enzyme activities in C, N, P cycling. The nitrogen at high concentration inhibited the activities of the soil enzymes. The activity of fibrin enzyme in C cycle changed greatly than that of cane sugar enzyme. Urease in N cycle was sensitive to fertilization. Enzyme activities in P cycling was in the following order: acid phosphatase>alkalescence phosphatase>neutral phosphatase. The species of soil microorganism was correlated with the activities of soil enzyme.
Using BIOLOG method, the changes of microorganism diversity were studied. The application of organic fertilizer increased AWCD at the concentration of 200 mg·kg-1, while decreased at 500 and 700 mg·kg-1. Compared with CK, the diversities soil microorganism decreased significantly by applicating of nitrogen at high concentration , among which T1 is the highest, and T16 is the lowest. The effect of different fertilizers on carbon utilization was remarkable, indicating the changes of the microorganism community.
Application of fertilizer changed FAMEs of rhizosphere microorganism community. Organic fertilizer and the nitrogen increased FAMEs. Application of the nitrogen at 200mg·kg-1 increased the content of FAMEs in bacteria, fungi, AMF and actinomycete, while decreased by applying nitrogen at high concentration. With the combination of the organic fertilizer and the nitrogen, the contents of biomarker fungi, AMF, G+ , FAMEs at 200 mg kg-1 of N were higher than those at 500 and 700 mg kg-1 of N.
引文
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