摘要
我国是木制品的生产、消费和出口大国，木家具、木门、木地板的年产量分别达2.48亿件、1.2亿樘和3.97亿m~2，居世界首位，木家具、木玩具的出口量世界第一。然而，我国木制品标准化建设相对滞后，标准体系不完善，存在标准交叉重复、关键标准缺失等问题，在一定程度上影响和制约了我国木制品行业的发展。因此，开展木制品标准体系构建研究，对有效地推动我国木制品标准化工作，进而促进我国木制品行业规范化发展和对外贸易的发展，具有重要意义。
本研究采用界定标准体系适用范围、确定体系目标、分析体系环境、分析体系结构与构成要素、提出构建方案及模型化的标准体系构建方法，系统研究了我国木制品标准体系，主要研究内容与结论如下：
（1）截止2012年2月底，我国已颁布并实施木制品标准255项（不包括已废止的标准），主要存在如下问题：（一）标准体系未形成一个完整的有机整体，零散地分布在家具、人造板、木材、包装、玩具等标准体系中，由56个部门或单位归口管理；（二）户外木家具标准、木地板功能性能测试等关键标准缺失；（三）部分标准复审不及时，有49.8%的标准标龄超过5年；（四）有20多项标准存在交叉重复现象；（五）个别标准存在语言不规范、技术内容设置不全或不当，起草小组代表性不强等问题。
（2）截止2012年2月底，ISO、欧洲、美国和日本各有86项、197项、132项和80项木制品标准。与我国木制品标准体系相比，ISO标准均按程序进行了复审和修订；欧洲木制品标准之间，基本无交叉重复现象；美国标准，在制修订过程中，企业参与度高；日本标准重视标准的前期研究。另外，ISO、欧洲、美国和日本木制品标准中，有26项标准可供我国木制品标准采用或参考。
（3）我国木制品标准体系的结构分为层次结构、专业结构、序列结构和类别结构。根据层次结构，可将木制品标准体系划分为行业通用标准、专业通用标准、子专业通用标准和个性标准四个层次。根据专业结构，可将木制品专业标准体系分为木家具、木门窗、木地板、木包装、木玩具和其他木制品共六个子标准体系。对各子标准体系的构成要素分析表明，木制品行业通用标准子体系由9项标准组成，木家具、木门窗、木地板、木包装、木玩具和其他木制品子标准体系分别由102项、39项、46项、24项、16项和54项标准组成。
（4）提出了我国木制品标准体系构建方案，编制了标准体系表。新构建的木制品标准体系，由290项标准组成。其中，国家强制性标准10项，国家推荐性标准125项，轻工业、林业、商检和其他行业标准各有44项、42项、23项和43项，地方标准3项。
China is one of the biggest manufacturer and exporter of wood products in the world. Theoutput of wood furniture, wood door and wood flooring were the first in the world and reached248million units,120million units and397million square meters respectively in2011.However, the construction of wood product standardization has been relatively lagged behindthe development of wood product industry in China. The standard system of wood product hasexisted many problems, such as overlapping of standards, shortage of key standards and so on.The construction of wood product standardization partially affected and restricted thedevelopment of Chinese wood product industry. Therefore, developing research on theconstruction of wood product standard system can be effectively promoting process ofstandardization of Chinese wood product industry. Then, it also help to enhance the healthydevelopment of Chinese wood product industry and international trade of Chinese woodproducts.
Based on the principle and methods of the System Theory and the System Engineering,the wood product standard system was studied in this paper. The study was carried on thefollowing steps: defined the applicable scope, determined the target, analysed the enviromentof the system, studied the structure and components, presented the scheme of construction. Themain research contents and conclusions were as follows:
(1) There were255wood product standards issued and implemented in China by the endof February2012. The mainly problems of the system were as follows: Firstly, the woodproduct standards didn’t formulate a unified complete standard system and were scattereddistribution several standard systems, such as furniture system, wood-based panel system,wood system, packaging system and toys standard system. All the standards were managed by56different departments or units. Secondly, it shorted of a amount of key standards, such asstandard of outdoor wood furniture and functional wood flooring, and so on. Thirdly, a groupof standards were not reviewed on time. About49.8%of standards were more than5years old. Fourth, there were more than twenty standards whose contents had overlapping phenomena.Last but not the least, the technical contents of a group of standards were inappropriately set.
(2) There were86,132,197and80wood product standards in International OrganizationStandardization, European Committee for Standardization, American and Japan by the end ofFebruary2012. The following results were obtained by analyzing these wood product standardsystem. Firstly, all the86wood product standards in ISO were reviewed and revised on time.Seconsly, there were not overlapping phenomenon among197Eouropea wood productstandards. Thirdly, the American enterprises had higher participate in drawing up and revisingstandards. Fourth, the Japanese wood product standards pay attention to basic research of thestandard. Besides, there were26wood product standards which can be adopted or referencedby Chinese wood product standards in International Organization Standardization, EuropeanCommittee for Standardization, American and Japan.
(3) The hierarchical structure, professional structure, sequence structure and categorystructure of wood product standard system were presented under the guidance of standardsystem theory. According to the hierarchical structure, wood products standards were dividedinto general standards, professionally basic standards, sub-professional basis standards andspecific standards. According to professional structure, wood products standard system can bedivided into six standard sub systems, wood furniture subsystem, wood doors and woodwindow subsystem, wood floor subsystem, wood packing subsystem, wood toys subsystemand the other wood products subsystem.
Based on the above mentioned structure of Chinese wood product standard system, theconstitute elements of wood product standard system were studied. The general standardsystem and wood furniture subsystem had9standards and102standards respectively. Thewood doors and wood window subsystem had39standards. The wood floor subsystem, thewood packing subsystem, the wood toys subsystem and the other wood products subsystemhad46standards,24standards,16standards and54standards respectively.
(4) The scheme of wood product standard system was put forward through drawing thestructure diagram of the system, formulating the standard list, statistics table and description for drawing up standard list. The new santard system of Chines wood product was composed of290wood product standards, including10national mandatory standards,125nationalvoluntary standards,44light industry standards,42forestry industry standards,23commodityinspection standards,43standards of the other industry and3local standards.
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