摘要
随着信息技术的推广和普及，计算机软件承载着拓展应用领域、解决复杂多变问题的重要作用，在现代信息社会中无处不在。然而，随着应用领域的广泛深入和应用环境的动态演化，规模日趋庞大的软件系统并不总是让人信任，常会发生各种故障或失效，软件可信性问题日益突出，已经成为影响信息社会国防建设和国民经济发展的普遍问题。为了消除或减轻软件失信对国民经济造成的威胁和困扰，“如何提高软件可信性”成为国内外不同学术组织和科研团体共同关注的研究热点。其中，作为提高和保障软件可信性的有力支撑，软件可信性评估成为学术界和实业界致力于解决的焦点问题。
软件可信性内涵上是业务用户对期望的所有可信指标实现程度的一种个性化感受和评价。随着用户多元化需求和用户所处环境的演化，软件可信性的评估结果常会发生变化，使得软件可信性呈现出演化特性。软件可信性的这种特性导致传统软件评价理论与模型很难适应新形势下软件可信性的评价。此外，软件可信性评估工作是技术层面和管理层面相互渗透的一个重要体现。然而，由于传统软件工程领域侧重于技术层面，致使目前对于软件可信性评估的研究大多集中在可信软件构造和软件可信性测试等层面，缺乏对可信软件评估管理层面的研究。基于此，本文从管理科学的角度出发，结合软件可信性的特点，采用理论研究和实践研究相结合的方法，针对软件可信性评估这一科学问题展开研究。
主要研究内容及创新成果如下：
（1）探讨了软件可信性增长机理。基于软件演化观，分析并定义了软件可信性增长过程(STGP)，建立了四阶段STGP周期模型，提炼出STGP不同阶段存在的影响软件可信性的四类因素。在此基础上，给出了软件可信性在狭义和广义上的定义以及可信软件的定义，并概括了软件可信性的典型特征。
（2）研究了面向需求的软件关键可信指标获取规则。针对软件可信指标的约简需求，引入语言型多属性群决策方法设计可信指标获取规则，基于语言描述方法给出面向需求的语言型可信指标获取流程和方法。针对可信指标获取规则中决策专家权重的确定方法，扩展语言评价信息基本度量元，构建群体一致性最优模型和方案差异性最优模型，并设计了改进粒子群算法进行求解。
（3）研究了需求稳定情形下的软件可信性评估方法。描述了需求稳定情形下软件可信性评估问题，并给出需求稳定情形下软件可信性评估流程，重点讨论了评估中可信指标权重的确定问题。针对组合赋权思想，提出一种新的组合权系数确定方法。该方法考虑不同赋权法所得权向量的随机性，建立基于最大熵原理的不确定性最优模型和基于相对熵原理的一致性最优模型，采用改进粒子群算法对加权和模型进行求解。提出了不同组合赋权方法的合理性评价方法，通过算例说明所提方法的合理性和有效性。最后，给出需求稳定情形下软件可信等级的确定方法。
（4）研究了需求演化情形下的软件可信性评估方法。描述了需求演化情形下软件可信性评估问题，并给出了需求演化情形下软件可信性评估流程。针对需求演化情形下用户新增需求对软件可信指标权重的影响问题，提出了指标偏好演化的概念，给出了用户新增需求的获取方法、分类方法及重要度量化方法。通过构建用户新增需求和可信指标之间的质量屋给出可信指标偏好变元的计算方法，设计了偏好感应函数以确定需求演化后可信指标的动态权重。最后，给出了需求演化情形下软件可信等级的确定方法。
（5）对产品生命周期管理（PLM）软件的可信性进行评估。分析了PLM软件的实施现状，针对PLM软件评估的实际需要，将本文所提方法应用于国内某大型汽车制造企业PLM软件的评估中。采用语言型可信指标获取规则获取PLM软件的评估指标，分别就需求稳定和需求演化两种情况对PLM软件进行评估，并给出了详细的评估过程。通过案例说明本文研究成果在实际中的应用和推广价值。
With the promotion and popularization of information technology, computer software is playingan important role in expanding application fields and solving complex problems. Software iseverywhere in modern information society. However, as the wide range of application field and thedynamic evolution of application environment, increasingly large-scale software system is notalways to be trustworthy, and often brings about a variety of malfunction or failure. Softwaretrustworthiness (ST) issues have become increasingly prominent, which has been the widespreadproblem of affecting the construction of national defense and the development of national economyin information society. In order to eliminate or mitigate the threat posed by the untrustworthysoftware to the national economy,“how to improve software trustworthiness” becomes the researchfocus of common concern in different academic organizations and research groups at home andabroad, among which, as a strong support to improve and guarantee ST, the software trustworthinessevaluation (STE) becomes the focus problem that the academia and the business communities arededicated to solve.
Connotatively, ST is a kind of personalized feelings and evaluation of users on the realizationdegree of all expected trustworthy attributes (TAs). With the evolution of diversified needs of usersand users’ surroundings, the result of STE is usually changing, which makes ST present evolutioncharacteristic. This characteristic of ST makes the traditional software evaluation theory and modeldifficult to adapt to the STE in the new situation. In addition, STE is an important embodiment of themutual penetration of the technical level and management level. However, traditional softwareengineering field focuses on technical level, with the result that the present research of STE mainlyfocuses on the technical level including trustworthy software construction and ST testing, and lacksthe research on management level of STE. Therefore, the dissertation, from the perspective ofmanagement science, adopts research method of the integration of theory and practice to study theSTE method on the basis of the ST’s characteristics.
The main research contents and innovations of the dissertation are summarized as follows:
(1) The growth mechanism of ST is analyzed. Based on software evolution view, the softwaretrustworthiness growth process (STGP) is defined, four-stage STGP cycle model is constructed, andfour categories of factors impacting on the ST in different stage of STGP are refined. On this basis,the broad definition and narrow definition of ST and the definition of trustworthy software are givenrespectively, and the typical characteristics of ST are summarized.
(2) The acquisition rule of key trustworthy attributes (KTAs) of software is studied. On the analysis of reduction requirement of software TAs, the acquisition rule of KTAs is put forward byintroducing linguistic multiple attribute group decision making (LMAGDM) method. Based onlinguistic description method, a requirement-oriented linguistic acquisition procedure of softwareTAs is developed. For the expert weights determining method in acquisition rule of software TAs,the basic metrics of linguistic assessment information are expanded, an optimization model of groupconsensus and an optimization model of alternative differences are constructed and an improvedPSO algorithm is designed for the solution.
(3) The STE method under the circumstance of requirement stability (CRS) is studied. The STEproblem under the CRS is described and the STE procedure under the CRS is presented. Based onthe description, the weighting method of TAs is focused on. For the combination weighting approach,a new determining method of weight coefficients is given. The method constructs an uncertaintyoptimization model based on the principle of maximum entropy and a consistency optimizationmodel based on the principle of relative entropy. The improved PSO algorithm is used to solve themodel. An approach for evaluating reasonableness of different combination weighting method isproposed and a numerical example is conducted to show the reasonability and effectiveness of theproposed approach. Finally, the determining method of software trustworthiness level under the CRSis given.
(4) The STE method under the circumstance of requirement evolution (CRE) is studied. TheSTE problem under the CRE is described and the STE procedure under the CRE is presented. Forthe impact of new customer requirement (NCR) to software TAs weights, the dissertation defines thepreference evolution of attribute, presents the acquisition method and classification method of NCRand its importance determining method. By building the house of quality between NCR and softwareTAs, a computation method for preference variable of TAs is presented. On this basis, a preferencesensing function is designed and the TAs weighting method under the CRE is proposed. Finally, thedetermining method of software trustworthiness level under the CRE is given.
(5) The proposed methods are used to evaluate the trustworthiness of Product LifecycleManagement (PLM) software. The implementation situation of PLM software is analyzed. For theactual needs of evaluating PLM software, the methods proposed by this dissertation are applied tothe trustworthiness evaluation of PLM software for a large automobile manufacturing enterprise inChina. The acquisition rule of software TAs is used to obtain the TAs of PLM software, and for thetwo circumstances of the CRS and the CRE, the detailed evaluation process is given. This case studyproves that the research achievements of this dissertation have great value of application andpopularity.
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