摘要
自然通风能在不消耗能源的情况下置换建筑室内的空气,改善室内温湿环境,人们对自然通风有很好的适应性,因此,自然通风是绿色生态建筑设计的发展方向。长期以来,人们对自然通风的研究主要集中在室内一侧,而对室外建筑环境关注较少。室外植被通过蒸腾作用与周围环境进行着物质与能量交换,进而影响建筑微气候;不同植被构成不同的下垫面,对室内外气流的分布也会产生不同的影响。自然通风是室内外各场(温度场、速度场等)综合作用的结果,所以植被与自然通风有着密切的关系。
在冬冷夏热地区,夏季自然通风对建筑环境影响非常明显。本文以湘潭市某校办工厂的一栋单层厂房为研究对象。采用现场实测的方法,观测其7月份的环境气候参数,得出:(1)无论何种类型的地表,其上方空气温度在0.2m高度范围内急剧变化,0.2m以后变化趋势较平缓;(2)阴天水泥地表温度约为30℃,平均气温约为31℃,雨后初晴天水泥地表温度约为27℃,平均气温约为29℃,长阳天气水泥地表温度最高达42℃,平均气温约为32℃;(3)阴天时全天气温变化不大,晴天时下午15:00时气温最高。
论文结合工业通风、流体力学等相关理论,建立数学模型,进行CFD数值模拟,提出了在植被区域设置源项,并将建筑物内外速度及压力耦合的方法。对裸地和有植被时改变植被面积、高度以及覆盖率作了对比分析,得出了不同植被条件对建筑物自然通风的影响及其规律,(1)植被对空气具有降温作用,最大降温为1℃,且环境气温与植被的种植面积、植被高度以及植被覆盖率与成反比;(2)植被对风流具有阻挡作用,建筑的自然通风进风量与植被的种植面积、植被高度以及植被覆盖率成反比。在所例举的情况中,当种植面积为1%厂房面积、高度为1.3倍厂房高度、覆盖率为20%绿化带面积时降温效果最好,其气温比裸地分别降低0.1℃、0.1℃、0.2℃,建筑物进风压力比裸地分别降低1.2Pa、1.3Pa、1.2Pa。
Natural ventilation can replace building indoor air, improve the indoor temperature and humidity environment in the case of non-energy consumption, and people have a good adaptability of natural ventilation. So natural ventilation is the need of construction of sustainable development, and it is the green direction of development of eco-building design. In recent years, studies about natural ventilation focus on indoor side. And vegetation exchange the matter and energy with surrounding environment through transpiration, thereby affect the near-surface atmospheric environment; different vegetation constitute different types of underlying, and it will also produce different effects on the distribution of indoor and outdoor air. Natural ventilation is caused both by the coupling indoor and outdoor fields (temperature Field, velocity field and so on), Therefore, natural vegetation has close relationship with ventilation.
In the summer of cold winter and warm summer climate region, natural ventilation is very important to building environment. This dissertation studied a single-story factory, located in Xiangtan City. Through measured its environment parameters in July, concluded that (1) No matter what type of the underlying surface, air temperature follows that changes rapidly within the 0.2m height and trends flatly outside the 0.2m.(2)On cloudy day, cement surface temperature remains basically unchanged at about 30℃, average air temperature remains about 31℃. In the first sunny day after rain, cement surface temperature remains about 27℃, average air temperature remains about 29℃. In the hot sunny day, cement surface temperature up to 42℃, average air temperature remains about 32℃.(3)The air temperature of every moment changes little in cloudy day, and it is maximum at 15:00 in the sunny day after the rain and the hot sunny day.
Combined with the correlative theory of industrial ventilation、fluid mechanics and so on, established mathematical model,then made the numerical simulation analysis. Proposed the methods to set the source term in the vegetation area, and coupled the speed and pressure inside and outside the building. Made a comparative analysis about bare land and vegetation, includes changes in vegetation height, coverage area and coverage, concluded the influence and laws of different vegetation on the building natural ventilation, (1)The vegetation can cool the air temperature and block the air flow, the maximum temperature drop is 1℃, the environment air temperature are directly proportional to vegetation planting area, vegetation height and vegetation coverage.(2)The vegetation have a blocking effect on the air current, and is inversely proportional to vegetation planting area, vegetation height and vegetation coverage. In the case of enumerated, when planting area of coverage is 1% factory are, plant height is 1.3 times factory height and coverage rate is 20% greenbelt square , the cooling effect is best, and reduced 0.1℃, 0.1℃and 0.2℃when compared with the bare land, and the building inlet pressure reduced 1.2Pa, 1.3Pa and 1.2Pa.
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