摘要
作为一个军事色彩浓厚的文明古国,罗马国家的领土扩张、政治变革、经济发展以及文化交流都和军队有着千丝万缕的联系。伴随着罗马共和国后期的大规模对外征服和帝国初期“罗马和平”的建立,罗马文明(包括拉丁语、罗马法、罗马建筑以及生活方式、价值观念等)逐渐传播到整个意大利、各个行省和周边的蛮族地区,并与当地文化相互融合,形成了一种新型的帝国时期的文明,这一长期而又复杂的现象或过程通常被称为“罗马化”。军队在帝国罗马化的过程中充当了重要角色。
军队作为罗马文明的重要传播者,加速了罗马与相对落后的行省和帝国边境地区之间文化的交流与融合。军队是征服、平定西部行省和西部行省罗马化过程中一个重要的工具。军队所到之处拉丁语、罗马法、罗马的饮食习惯、命名方式、宗教信仰、丧葬习俗等得到传播和推广。而当地征兵的制度、罗马士兵与当地的外族妇女通婚以及老兵殖民地的建立也促进了罗马与当地文化的融合。
罗马军队的出现对西部行省的经济产生了深刻的、巨大的影响。大量的军团和辅军长期驻扎在边境地区,有利于西部行省经济的罗马化,对当地的农业、牧业、手工业和商业的发展均带来了强大的冲击。军队需求对当地生产的发展,经济的市场化和货币化,边疆地区经济模式的演变,以及西北行省中新的社会集团——商人阶层的兴起和发展都产生了重要的影响。
军队是行省和蛮族士兵接触罗马文明、逐步实现罗马化的一个重要媒介。长期的军事生活使辅军士兵在语言、名字、宗教信仰、生活方式、观念习俗和政治认同等方面都在一定程度上实现了罗马化。退役老兵构成了行省中的社会上层,他们成为罗马化的种子和酵母,促进了行省上层的罗马化。
城市生活是罗马文明的重要特征,城市化也是行省罗马化的一个重要标志。军队是罗马帝国城市化运动中一支不可或缺的、直接或间接的推动力量。罗马军队在行省和边界地区的驻防,不但为当地的经济与文化的发展提供了和平、稳定的环境,而且军队修筑的桥梁、道路等设施也为罗马文明的扩张奠定了基础。军队为城市化的发展提供了人力和技术支持。另外,罗马军队与西部行省城镇的产生和发展也有着密切的关系。
As an ancient civilization full of military color, the territorial expantion, political transformation, economic development and cultural exchange of Roman state were closely related with the Roman army. With the large scale conquest in later republic and early empire, the Roman civilization spread gradually through out Italy, the provinces and the barbarian areas, and integrated with native culture and formed a new civilization in empire period. The lasting and complex phenomenon or progress has ofen been called“Romanization”. Roman army played an improtant part in the Romanization of empire.
As a main disseminator of Roman civilization, the army promoted the cultural exchange and integration of Rome and the provinces and frontier areas. The army was a vital instrument in the conquest and Romanization of western provinces. Everywhere the army went, the Latin languge, Roman law, Roman dietary habits, nomenclature, religious beliefs and funeral customs, etc.were spread widely. While the local recruiting, the intermarrige between the Roman soilders and native women, and the foundation of veteran settlements also promoted the integration of the Roman and native culture.
The presence of Roman army had an enormous impact on the economy of the western provinces. The long-term presence of a large number of legions and auxilias in the frontiers contributed to the Romanization of the economy of western provinces, as well as bringing a strong impact on local agriculture, animal-breeding, handicraft industry and commerce. The demand of the army had great inflences on the development of local production, the marketization and monetization of local economy, the evolution of the economic patten in fontier areas, and the emergence and growth of a business class.
The Roman army was a media through which the soilders from provinces and barbarian areas contacted the Roman civilization and became Romanized .The long- term military service made the soldiers in the auxilias Romanized to a certain degree in languge, name, religious beliefs, life style, concepts and customs , and political identity. The retired veterans which acted as the seeds and yeast promoted the Romanization of the elite in the provinces.
The city life was an important feature of Roman civilization, and the urbanization was a a key sign of Romanization in the provinces. The army was an essential driving force in the movement of the unbanization of Roman empire. The garrison of the Roman army in the provinces and the frontiers provided a peaceful and stable environment for the development of local economy, and the infrastructures that the army constructed laid a foundation for the expansion of the Roman civilization. The Roman army provided the technical and personnel support for the development of the urbanization, and it was also closely related with the emergence and development of the cities and towns in the western provinces.
引文
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2杨共乐著:《罗马帝国社会经济研究》,北京:北京师范大学出版社1998年版,88页。
3 [美]罗斯托夫采夫著:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,马雍、厉以宁译,商务印书馆1985年版,230页。
4 [美]约翰·巴克勒[美]贝内特·希尔,[美]约翰·麦凯:《西方社会史》第一卷,霍文利等译,广西师范大学出版社2006年版,258页。
1 The Barbarians Speak: How the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe Peter S. Wells,p.134 From:http://books.google.com/books?id=vru5XzGXkuAC&pg=PA127&dq=Roman+Army++Romanization&lr=&ei=swRdSIqbNpTQtgPZ-ZnbBA&hl=zh-CN&sig=ACfU3U0CfXma71Qvf2yJJm8iQjK_VAISiQ
2 Steven K. Drummond,Lynn H. Nelson,The western frontiers of imperial Rome,Armonk New York London England,1994,p.56
1 Leonard A. Curchin,The Romanization of central Spain:complexity, diversity and change in a provincial hinterland,New York,2004,p. 65
2 Alan K.Bowma,Edward Champlin,Andrew Lintott (ed.)The Cambridge Ancient History,Vol.Ⅹ,Cambridge University Press,1996,p. 514
3 Steven K. Drummond,Lynn H. Nelson,The western frontiers of imperial Rome,Armonk New York London England,1994,p.53
1 Malcolm Todd, A Companion of Roman Britain,p.109 From:http://books.google.com/books?id=SYMFtWb-DYQC&pg=PA338&dq=Roman+Army++Romanization&lr=&ei=XwZdSKeJDZGStgOM9qzhBA&hl=zh-CN&sig=ACfU3U1MU4gZHgFZFgsqxSrKv5dOnEl8Kg
2陈恒、耿相新主编:《布劳代尔的遗产》,286页。From:http://books.google.com/books?id=W0kgAtENkhIC&pg=RA1-PA292&dq=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F&lr=&hl=zh-CN
1 Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio(ed.),The impact of the Roman army (200BC-AD476) ,Leiden·Boston,2007,p.307
2 Leonard A. Curchin,The Romanization of central Spain:complexity, diversity and change in a provincial hinterland,New York,2004,p.116.
3 Steven K. Drummond,Lynn H. Nelson,The western frontiers of imperial Rome,Armonk New York London England,1994,p.46.
1 Steven K. Drummond,Lynn H. Nelson,The western frontiers of imperial Rome,Armonk New York London England,1994,p.48.
1 Herwig Wolfram, Thomas Dunlap. The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples,p.48. From:http://books.google.com/books?id=F33naMdrcs8C&pg=PA38&dq=Roman+Army++Romanization&lr=&ei=swddSMn3OJ2YtAOk_MTqBA&hl=zh-CN&sig=ACfU3U3duW971AkFu4usamoRjKEbFkfOtg
1 Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio(ed.),The impact of the Roman army (200BC-AD476),Leiden·Boston,2007,p.297.
2 [德]特奥多尔·蒙森著:《罗马史》,李稼年译,商务印书馆2007年版,332页。
1 Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio(ed.),The impact of the Roman army (200BC-AD476),Leiden·Boston,2007,p.312.
2 [美]罗斯托夫采夫著:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,马雍、厉以宁译,商务印书馆1985年版,320页。
1 Neville Morley,Ancient History: Key Themes and Approaches,p.137. From:http://books.google.com/books?id=LJ09otzBPjIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ancient+History:+Key+Themes+and+Approaches&lr=&hl=zh-CN
2 Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio(ed.),The impact of the Roman army (200BC-AD476),Leiden·Boston,2007,p.301.
3 Chester G. Starr,The Roman empire 27BC-AD476: A study in survival ,Oxford University Press,1982,p.106.
1 Martin Millett,The Romanization of Britain: An Essay in Archaeological Interpretation,p.7. From:http://books.google.com/books?id=l51aUiHfUKoC&pg=PA100&dq=roman+army+romanization&lr=&hl=zh-CN&sig=ACfU3U1qHvCJMsKyX8uK4JmV2i-3mjrbRA
2威库斯(vicus)意为“庄子”,是指在军队驻地,尤其是指辅军军营或堡垒周围逐渐兴起的为军队提供各种服务的暂时性的平民定居点,后来往往发展成为城镇。
3 Peter S. Wells,The Barbarians Speak: How the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe,p.140. From:http://books.google.com/books?id=vru5XzGXkuAC&pg=PA127&dq=Roman+Army++Romanization&lr=&ei=swRdSIqbNpTQtgPZ-ZnbBA&hl=zh-CN&sig=ACfU3U0CfXma71Qvf2yJJm8iQjK_VAISiQ
1 [美]斯塔夫里阿诺斯著:《全球通史——1500年以前的世界》,吴象婴、梁赤民译,上海社会科学院出版社2000年版,237页。
2 Chester G. Starr,The Roman empire 27BC-AD476 A study in survival, Oxford University Press,1982,p.91.
3 Kathryn Lomas,Roman Italy 338BC-AD200 A sourcebook ,New York, 1996,p.195.
4 [美]罗斯托夫采夫著:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,马雍、厉以宁译,商务印书馆1985年版,127页。
1 [英]格雷格·沃尔夫主编:《剑桥插图罗马史》,郭小凌、晏绍祥等译,山东画报出版社2008年版,64页。
2 [美]罗斯托夫采夫著:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,马雍、厉以宁译,商务印书馆1985年版,129页。
3 [美]罗斯托夫采夫著:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,马雍、厉以宁译,商务印书馆1985年版,80页。
1 C·沃伦·霍利斯特著:《西方传统的根源》,鲁品越、许苏明译,河南人民出版社1990年版,183页。
2 [美]约翰·巴克勒[美]贝内特·希尔,[美]约翰·麦凯:《西方社会史》第一卷,霍文利等译,广西师范大学出版社2006年版,273页。
3 J. P. V. D. Balsdon (ed.),Roman Civilization,Penguin Books,1965,p.151.
4 [美]斯塔夫里阿诺斯著:《全球通史——1500年以前的世界》,吴象婴、梁赤民译,上海社会科学院出版社2000年版,237页。
2 [英]格雷格·沃尔夫主编:《剑桥插图罗马史》,郭小凌、晏绍祥等译,山东画报出版社2008年版,181页。
1 Nigel Pollard,Soldiers, Cities, and Civilians in Roman Syria,The University of Michigan Press ,2000,p.36
2罗马士兵在承担这些任务时有责任的分配。一般是步兵,特别是军团士兵提供劳动力,而骑兵,包括辅军中的骑兵负责守卫和保护建筑工地,骑兵享有免除劳役的特权。见Yanne Le Bohec,Translated by Raphael Bate,The imperial Roman army,London and New York,1994,p.130
3塔西佗著:《编年史》下册,王以铸、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆2002年版,446页。
4塔西佗:《编年史》下册,王以铸、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆2002年版,334页。
5塔西佗:《编年史》下册,王以铸、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆2002年版,335页。
6塔西佗:《编年史》下册,王以铸、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆2002年版,446页。
7 Brian Campbell,The Roman army 31BC—AD337, A Source Book,London and New York,1994,p.123.
1杨澜主编:《罗马军团》,辽宁人民出版社2002年版,99页。
2 20世纪80年代时,美国州际高速公路系统只有42,500英里。
3宫秀华:《罗马帝国时期道路信息网的建设》,常熟高专学报,2001年第1期。
4 Steven K. Drummond,Lynn H. Nelson,The western frontiers of imperial Rome,Armonk New York London England,1994,p.12.
2 Alison Futrell,Alison Futrell. Blood in the Arena,p.149 From:http://books.google.com/books?id=vn3bIZqKB4AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Blood+in+the+Arena&lr=&hl=zh-CN
3 Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio(ed.),The impact of the Roman army (200BC-AD476),Leiden·Boston,2007,p.311
1 Roy W. Davies,Service in the Roman army,Edinburgh University Press,1989,p.68.
2 Brian Campbell,The Roman army 31BC—AD337, A Source Book,London and New York,1994,p.121.
3 Steven K. Drummond,Lynn H. Nelson,The western frontiers of imperial Rome,Armonk New York London England,1994,p.12.
4塔西佗著:《阿古利可拉传》,王以铸、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆2002年版,28页。
5 Graham Webster,The Roman imperial army of the first and second centuries A.D.New Jersey,1985,p.269.
1戴尔·布朗主编:《罗马:帝国荣耀的回声》陈俐丽译,华夏出版社;广西人民出版社2002年版,158页。
2 Steven K. Drummond,Lynn H. Nelson,The western frontiers of imperial Rome,Armonk New York London England,1994,p.34.
1 [英]格雷格·沃尔夫主编:《剑桥插图罗马史》,郭小凌、晏绍祥等译,山东画报出版社2008年版,221页。
2 Victor Chapot,The Roman World,p.86. From:http://books.google.com/books?id=9_7H4iGo3NYC&pg=PR16&dq=The+romanization+of+Spain+:+from+a+frontier+to+a+Roman+land&lr=&hl=zh-CN&sig=ACfU3U01hyPaWsWMRn1SjHRFEomDqMGcRA#PRA4-PT1,M1
4 Nigel Pollard,Soldiers, Cities, and Civilians in Roman Syria,The University of Michigan Press 2000,p.36
1 Theodor. A History of Rome Under the Emperors. From:http://books.google.com/books?id=WJfSAOnHbHgC&pg=PA105&dq=provincial+romanization&lr=&ei=VK9fSKrUKonusQP63YW_DQ&hl=zh-CN&sig=4u_7vOFYVhdIpfZn9-1qNIpGMtg
1 Steven K. Drummond,Lynn H. Nelson,The western frontiers of imperial Rome,Armonk New York London England,1994,p.27.
2 Colin Wells.Roman Empire.Fontana Paperbacks,1984,p.163
3 [美]罗斯托夫采夫著:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,马雍、厉以宁译,商务印书馆1985年版,349页。
4 Nigel Pollard,Soldiers, Cities, and Civilians in Roman Syria,The University of Michigan Press,2000,p.60
5 Chester G. Starr,The Roman empire 27BC-AD476 A study in survival,Oxford University Press,1982,p.104
1 [美]约翰·巴克勒[美]贝内特·希尔,[美]约翰·麦凯:《西方社会史》第一卷,霍文利等译,广西师范大学出版社2006年版,271-272页。
1 Graham Webster,The Roman imperial army of the first and second centuries A.D.New Jersey,1985,p.229
2 [美]罗斯托夫采夫著:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,马雍、厉以宁译,商务印书馆1985年版,317页。
3 [古罗马]塔西陀著:《历史》,王以铸、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆2002年版,264页。
1 Malcolm Todd . A Companion of Roman Britain,p.10 From:http://books.google.com/books?id=SYMFtWb-DYQC&pg=PA338&dq=Roman+Army++Romanization&lr=&ei=XwZdSKeJDZGStgOM9qzhBA&hl=zh-CN&sig=ACfU3U1MU4gZHgFZFgsqxSrKv5dOnEl8Kg
2威尔·杜兰著:《世界文明史·凯撒与基督》,幼狮文化公司译,北京:东方出版社1999年版,620页。
3 Brian Campbell,The Roman army 31BC—AD337, A Source Book,London and New York,1994,p.141
1 Brian Campbell,The Roman army 31BC—AD337, A Source Book,London and New York,1994,p.142
2 Brian Campbell,The Roman army 31BC—AD337, A Source Book,London and New York,1994,p.148
3 Greg Woof,Becoming Roman:The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul,Cambridge University Press,1998,p.134
1 Yanne Le Bohec,Translated by Raphael Bate,The imperial Roman army,London and New York,1994,p.225
3 [美]罗斯托夫采夫著:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,马雍、厉以宁译,商务印书馆1985年版,325页。
4 [古罗马]塔西佗著:《日耳曼尼亚志》,马雍、傅正元译,商务印书馆1997年版,98页。
1 Paul Erdkamp(ed.),A companion to the Roman army,Blackwell Publishing,2007,p.150
2 Peter Salway. The Frontier People of Roman Britain,p.8 From:http://books.google.com/books?id=9ek8AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Frontier+People+of+Roman+Britain&lr=&hl=zh-CN
1 G. L. Cheesman.The auxilia of the Roman imperial army.Oxford,1914.P9
2 L. J. F. Keppie.Legions and Veterans. p.24. From:http://books.google.com/books?id=TLDvWqjSfP8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Legions+and+Veterans&lr=&hl=zh-CN&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
3 [美]爱德华·勒特韦克著:《罗马帝国的大战略》,时殷弘,惠黎文译,北京:商务印书馆2008年版,45页。
1 Hans Delbrück, Walter J.-Trad. Renfroe. History of the Art of War. p.162. From:http://books.google.com/books?id=78oh3_OUoeoC&pg=PA211&dq=Roman+Army++Romanization&lr=&ei=swRdSIqbNpTQtgPZ-ZnbBA&hl=zh-CN&sig=ACfU3U1_fKkLvdQRgUOJchmBYP6KPC35Gg
2 G. L. Cheesman.The auxilia of the Roman imperial army.Oxford,1914.p.14.
1 G. L. Cheesman.The auxilia of the Roman imperial army.Oxford,1914.p.16.
2 G. L. Cheesman.The auxilia of the Roman imperial army.Oxford,1914.p.55.
1 Lawrence keppie.The making of the Roman army: from Republic to Empire.New Jersey,1984.p.172.
2 Peter S. Wells.The Barbarians Speak: How the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe.p.134. From:http://books.google.com/books?lr=&hl=zh-CN&q=The+Barbarians+Speak%3A+How+the+Conquered+Peoples+Shaped+Roman+Europe++Peter+S.+Wells&btnG=%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6
3 Brian Campbell.The Roman army,31BC—AD337 a sourcebook.New York,1994.p.8.
4 G. L. Cheesman.The auxilia of the Roman imperial army.Oxford,1914.p.51.
1塔西佗著:《阿古利可拉传》,马雍、傅正元译,北京:商务印书馆1997年版,37页。
2 I. P. Haynes.The Romanization of the alae and cohorts of the Roman imperial army from Augustus to Septimius Severus.Oxford,1993.p.65.
3 G. L. Cheesman.The auxilia of the Roman imperial army.Oxford,1914.p.78.
1 G. L. Cheesman.The auxilia of the Roman imperial army.Oxford,1914.p.112.
2其目的是为了使罗马国家免于对士兵的配偶承担各种义务,也是为了保持军队的作战效率和机动性。
3 Victor Chapot.The Roman World. p.82. From:http://books.google.com/books?id=9_7H4iGo3NYC&pg=PR16&dq=The+romanization+of+Spain+:+from+a+frontier+to+a+Roman+land&lr=&hl=zh-CN&sig=ACfU3U01hyPaWsWMRn1SjHRFEomDqMGcRA#PRA1-PA78,M1
4 Graham Webster.The Roman imperial army of the first and second centuries A.D.,New Jersey,1985.p.102.
5塔西佗著:《编年史》上册,王以铸、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆2002年版,199页。
6一般说来,内陆行省不再提供兵源,征兵地区已集中在边境地区。2世纪时,罗马军事防御的重点由莱茵
1 [美]M.罗斯托夫采夫著:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,马雍、厉以宁译,北京:商务印书馆1985年版,160页。
2 Peter S. Wells.The Barbarians Speak: How the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe.p.134. From:http://books.google.com/books?lr=&hl=zh-CN&q=The+Barbarians+Speak%3A+How+the+Conquered+Peoples+Shaped+Roman+Europe++Peter+S.+Wells&btnG=%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6
3塔西佗著:《编年史》上册,王以铸、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆2002年版,76页。
4塔西佗著:《历史》,王以铸、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆2002年版,98页。
5 G. L. Cheesman.The auxilia of the Roman imperial army.Oxford,1914.p.117.
1 Greg Woolf.Becoming Roman:The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul.Cambridge University Press,1998.
2 I. P. Haynes.The Romanization of the alae and cohorts of the Roman imperial army from Augustus to Septimius Severus.Oxford,1993.p.2.
3 J. P. V. D. Balsdon.Roman Civilization.Penguin Books.1965.p.94.
1 [美]M.罗斯托夫采夫著:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,马雍,厉以宁译,北京:商务印书馆1985年版,160页。
2 I. P. Haynes.The Romanization of the alae and cohorts of the Roman imperial army from Augustus to Septimius Severus.Oxford,1993.p.103.
3 David Cherry.Frontier and Society in Roman North Africa.Clarendon press,Oxford 1998.p.86.
1 Roy W. Davies.Service in the Roman army.Edinburgh University Press,1989.p.18.
2 J. P. V. D. Balsdon (ed.), Romans and aliens. The University of North Carolina Press, 1979. p.153.
3塔西佗著:《编年史》上册,王以铸、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆2002年版,75页。
4 J. P. V. D. Balsdon.Roman Civilization.Penguin Books,1965.p.96.
5 Leonard A. Curchin.The Romanization of central Spain: complexity, diversity and change in a provincial hinterland..New York,2004.p.193.
1 G. R. Watson.The Roman soldier.Cornell university press,1969.p.128.
1 [英]阿诺德·汤因比著:《人类与大地母亲》,徐波、徐钧尧龚晓庄等译,上海人民出版社1992年版,372页。
2 Brian Campbell.The Roman army,31BC—AD337 a sourcebook.New York,1994.p.135.
3 Brian Campbell.The Roman army,31BC—AD337 a sourcebook.New York,1994.p.127.
4 I. P. Haynes.The Romanization of the alae and cohorts of the Roman imperial army from Augustus to SeptimiusSeverus.Oxford,1993.p.103
1 I. P. Haynes.The Romanization of the alae and cohorts of the Roman imperial army from Augustus to Septimius Severus.Oxford,1993.p.243.
2 I. P. Haynes.The Romanization of the alae and cohorts of the Roman imperial army from Augustus to Septimius Severus.Oxford,1993.p.207.
3 Roy W. Davies.Service in the Roman army.Edinburgh University Press,1989.p.188.
1戴尔·布朗主编:《罗马:帝国荣耀的回声》,陈俐丽译,华夏出版社;广西人民出版社2002年版,142页。
2杨共乐著:《罗马社会经济研究》,北京师范大学出版社1998年版,91页。
3塔西佗著:《日耳曼尼亚志》,马雍、傅正元译,商务印书馆1997年版,66页。
4这种盘子的形状,以及它们的抗热性使它们可被用于做大的扁的烤饼,这种饼是在一些罗马人的圈子中流行的食品,但在许多行省社会却不为人所知。
5 I. P. Haynes.The Romanization of the alae and cohorts of the Roman imperial army from Augustus to Septimius Severus.Oxford,1993.p.147.
1 [英]格雷格·沃尔夫主编:《剑桥插图罗马史》,郭小凌、晏绍祥等译.山东画报出版社2008年版,246页。
2 Thomas. S. Burns.Roma and the barbarians, 100B.C.-A.D.400.Baltimore and London,2003.p.190.
1 [古罗马]塔西佗著:《日耳曼尼亚志》,马雍、傅正元译,商务印书馆1997年版,68页。
2 Peter S. Wells.The Barbarians Speak: How the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe.p.134. http://books.google.com/books?lr=&hl=zh-CN&q=The+Barbarians+Speak%3A+How+the+Conquered+Peoples+Shaped+Roman+Europe++Peter+S.+Wells&btnG=%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6
3 I. P. Haynes.The Romanization of the alae and cohorts of the Roman imperial army from Augustus to Septimius Severus.Oxford,1993.p.213.
1 P.A.Brunt. Roman imperial themes.Clarendon Press.1990,p.268.
2 David Cherry.Frontier and society in Roman north Africa,Clarendon press,1998,p.68.
3 Leonard A.Curchin.Roman Spain:Conquest and Assimilation,London and New York.1991,p.55.
4王晓朝著:《罗马帝国文化转型论》,北京:社会科学文献出版社2002年版,ⅩⅢ页。
1 Leonard A,Curchin,The Romanization of central Spain:complexity, diversity and change in a provincial hinterland,New York.2004,p.10.
2 Greg Woolf.Becoming Roman:The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul ,Cambridge University Press.1998,p.4.
1 [古罗马]塔西佗著:《阿古利可拉传》,马雍、傅正元译,北京:商务印书馆1997年版,33页.
2 Simon Keay and Nicola Terrenato(ed.)Italy and the west comparative issues in Romanization,Oxbow Books.2001,p.232.
3 Simon Keay and Nicola Terrenato(ed.)Italy and the west comparative issues in Romanization,Oxbow Books.2001,p.25.
4 Greg Woolf.Becoming Roman:The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul,Cambridge University Press.1998,p.78.
5 Leonard A.Curchin.The Romanization of central Spain:complexity, diversity and change in a provincial hinterland ,New York.2004,p.109.
1 Simon Keay and Nicola Terrenato(ed.)Italy and the west comparative issues in Romanization,Oxbow Books.2001,p.122.
1 J. P. V. D. Balsdon (ed.),Roman Civilization,Penguin Books,1965,p.80
2 Graham Webster,The Roman imperial army of the first and second centuries A.D.New Jersey,1985,p.269
3 Chester G. Starr,The Roman empire 27BC-AD476 A study in survival,Oxford University Press,1982,p.115
4 Peter S. Wells,The Barbarians Speak: How the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe,p.133 From:http://books.google.com/books?id=vru5XzGXkuAC&pg=PA127&dq=Roman+Army++Romanization&lr=&ei=swRdSIqbNpTQtgPZ-ZnbBA&hl=zh-CN&sig=ACfU3U0CfXma71Qvf2yJJm8iQjK_VAISiQ
1《伊尼阿特》,第6卷,847-851行。转引自朱龙华著:《罗马文化》,上海社会科学院出版社2003年版,3页。
2 Sheppard Frere,Britannia :A History of Roman Britain,London and New York,1987,p.296.
1 [美]约翰·巴克勒[美]贝内特·希尔,[美]约翰·麦凯:《西方社会史》第一卷,霍文利等译,广西师范大学出版社2006年版,323页。
2 G.R.Watson,The Roman soldier,Cornell university press,1969,p.144.
3 Peter Rietbergon,Europe:A Cultural history,p.42-43. From:http://books.google.com/books?id=i2tVaNojX4kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=roman+romanization&lr=&hl=zh-CN&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=1_0
4 Chester G. Starr,The Roman empire 27BC-AD476 A study in survival,Oxford University Press,1982,p.98.
5 Steven K. Drummond,Lynn H. Nelson,The western frontiers of imperial Rome,Armonk New York London England,1994,p.10
1 [美]约翰·巴克勒[美]贝内特·希尔,[美]约翰·麦凯:《西方社会史》第一卷,霍文利等译,广西师范大学出版社2006年版,322页。
2 Greg Woolf,Becoming Roman:The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul,Cambridge University Press,1998,p.71
3塔西佗著:《阿古利可拉传》,马雍、傅正元译,商务印书馆1997年版,26页。
4 Roy W. Davies,Service in the Roman army,Edinburgh University Press,1989,p.68
5 Yanne Le Bohec,Translated by Raphael Bate,The imperial Roman army,London and New York,1994,p.256
1 Greg Woolf,Becoming Roman:The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul,Cambridge University Press,1998,p.78
2 Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio(ed.),The impact of the Roman army (200BC-AD476),Leiden·Boston,2007,p.313
3 Ramsay MacMullen,Romanization in the time of Augustus,Yale University Press,2000,p.12
4杨澜主编:《罗马军团》,辽宁人民出版社2002年版,101页。
1 Clifford R. Backman,The Worlds of Medieval Europe,p.10-11 From:http://books.google.com/books?id=jSo4YyRTOy0C&pg=PA12&dq=roman+army++romanization&lr=&hl=zh-CN&sig=ACfU3U0_cM4mMpMTJiIXBaAf1XwyJcLgTQ#PPA18,M1
2塔西佗:《历史》,2,80。
1 [英]爱德华·吉本著:《罗马帝国衰亡史》上册,黄宜思、黄雨石译,商务印书馆,1997年版,32-34页。
2 J. P. V. D. Balsdon (ed.),Roman Civilization,Penguin Books,1965,p.80
3 [英]格雷格·沃尔夫主编:《剑桥插图罗马史》,郭小凌、晏绍祥等译,山东画报出版社2008年版,198页。
4 [古罗马]塔西佗著:《编年史》王以铸,崔妙因译,商务印书馆2002年版,50页。
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2. Alison Futrell. Blood in the Arena From:http://books.google.com/books?id=vn3bIZqKB4AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Blood+in+the+Arena&lr=&hl=zh-CN
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1.[古罗马]阿庇安著:《罗马史》,谢德风译,商务印书馆1997年版。
2.[古罗马]恺撒著:《高卢战记》,任炳湘译,商务印书馆1979年版。
3.[古罗马]塔西佗著:《阿古利可拉传》马雍,傅正元译,商务印书馆1997年版。
4.[古罗马]塔西佗著:《编年史》王以铸,崔妙因译,商务印书馆2002年版。
5.[古罗马]塔西佗著:《日耳曼尼亚志》,马雍、傅正元译,商务印书馆1997年版。
6.[古罗马]苏维托尼乌斯著:《罗马十二帝王传》,张竹明、王乃新、蒋平译,商务印书馆1996年版。(二)近现代中文著作(1)中文译著
1.[英]爱德华·吉本著:《罗马帝国衰亡史》上册,黄宜思、黄雨石译,商务印书馆2004年版。
2.[美]爱德华·勒特韦克著:《罗马帝国的大战略从公元一世纪到三世纪》,时殷弘、惠黎文译,商务印书馆2008年版。
3.[英]阿诺德·汤因比著:《人类与大地母亲》,徐波、徐钧尧龚晓庄等译,上海人民出版社1992年版。
4.[英]彼得·阿克罗伊德著《古代罗马》,冷杉、杨立新译,生活·读书·新知三联书店2007年版。
5.[美]C·沃伦·霍利斯特著:《西方传统的根源》,鲁品越、许苏明译,河南人民出版社1990年版。
6.戴尔·布朗主编:《罗马:帝国荣耀的回声》,陈俐丽译,华夏出版社;广西人民出版社2002年版。
7.[英]格雷格·沃尔夫主编:《剑桥插图罗马史》,郭小凌、晏绍祥等译,山东画报出版社2008年版。
8.Harry Sidebottom著:《古代的战争与西方战争文化》,晏绍祥译,外语教学与研究出版社2007年版。
9.[英]赫·乔·韦尔斯著:《世界史纲》,吴文藻、谢冰心等译,人民出版社1985年版。
10.[英]J. C.富勒著:《西洋世界军事史》,钮先钟译,军事译粹社1976年版。
11.[苏]科瓦略夫著:《古代罗马史》,王以铸译,三联书店1957年版。
12.[法]库朗热著:《古代城邦——古希腊罗马祭祀、权利和政治研究》,谭立铸等译,华东师范大学出版社2006年版。
13.[美]刘易斯·芒福德著:《城市发展史:起源、演变和前景》,宁俊岭、倪文彦译,中国建筑工业出版社2005年版。
14.[美]罗斯托夫采夫著:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,马雍、厉以宁译,商务印书馆1985年版。
15.[英]迈克尔·格兰特著:《罗马史》,王乃新、郝际陶译,世纪出版集团,上海人民出版社2008年版。
16.美国时代生活公司:《人类文明史图鉴:战争机器》,吉林人民出版社,吉林美术出版社2000年版。
17.美国时代生活公司:《人类文明史图鉴:自然的历程》,吉林人民出版社;吉林美术出版社2000年版。
18.[英]梅因著:《古代法》,沈景一译,商务印书馆1995年版。
19.[法]孟德斯鸠著:《罗马盛衰原因论》,商务印书馆1997年版。
20.[英]尼克·麦克卡提著《罗马传奇》,肖展译,浙江教育出版社2006年版。
21.[法]让—诺埃尔·罗伯特著:《从罗马到中国——恺撒大帝时代的丝绸之路》,马军、宋敏生译,广西师范大学出版社2005年版。
22.[法] R. H.巴洛著:《罗马人》,黄韬译,上海人民出版社2002年版。
23.[美]时代—生活图书公司:《生活在遥远的年代从书世界霸主·罗马帝国》,老安译,山东画报出版社2002年版。
24.[美]斯塔夫里阿诺斯著:《全球通史——1500年以前的世界》,吴象婴、梁赤民译,上海社会科学院出版社2000年版。
25.[德]特奥多尔·蒙森著:《罗马史》,李稼年译,商务印书馆2007年版。
26.腾尼·弗兰克著:《罗马帝国主义》,宫秀华译,上海三联书店2008年版。
27.[美]约翰·巴克勒,[美]贝内特·希尔,[美]约翰·麦凯:《西方社会史》第一卷,霍文利等译,广西师范大学出版社2006年版。
28.[美]威尔·杜兰著:《世界文明史·凯撒与基督》,幼狮文化公司译,东方出版社1999年版。(2)中文专著
1.北京师范大学历史系世界古代史教研室编:《世界古代及中古史资料集》,北京师范大学出版社1999年版。
2.丛日云著:《西方政治文化传统》,大连出版社1996年版。
3.崔连仲编著:《世界军事后勤史·古代部分(公元前3500—公元476)》,金盾出版社1998年版。
4.李雅书、杨共乐著:《古代罗马史》,北京师范大学出版社1997年版。
5.李雅书选译:《世界史资料丛刊·上古史部分·罗马帝国时期》(上),商务印书馆1985年版。
6.马克垚著:《世界文明史》上,北京大学出版社2004年版。
7.任炳湘选译:《世界史资料丛刊初集·罗马共和国时期》(上),商务印书馆1962年版。
8.世界上古史纲编写组:《世界上古史纲》,人民出版社1981年版。
9.孙逊,杨剑龙主编:《都市、帝国与先知》,上海三联书店2006年版。
10.晏绍祥著:《古典历史研究发展史》,华中师范大学出版社1999年版。
11.杨共乐著:《罗马史纲要》,东方出版社1994年版。
12.杨共乐著:《罗马社会经济研究》,北京师范大学出版1998年版。
13.杨澜主编:《罗马军团》,辽宁人民出版社2002年版。
14.张晓校著:《罗马军队与帝位嬗递》,中国社会科学出版社2006年版。
15.朱龙华著:《罗马文化》,上海社会科学院出版社2003年版。
16.王建吉著:《古罗马共和国军事史》,辽宁人民出版社1994年版。
17.王乃新著:《汉尼拔战争》,大连海事大学出版社1994年版。
18.王晓朝著:《罗马帝国文化转型论》,社会科学文献出版社2002年版。
19.张广智主编:《世界文化史·古代卷》,浙江人民出版社2000年版。
1.薄海昆:《帝国初期山北高卢罗马化研究》,北京:中国国家图书馆,2007年。
2.陈剑:《试论高卢地区的罗马化》,华东师范大学2007年硕士学位论文。
3.宫秀华:《罗马帝国时期道路信息网的建设》,常熟高专学报,2001年第1期。
4.李庆凤:《早期罗马帝国西部城市发展探析》,曲阜师范大学2007年硕士论文。
5.刘佐:《略论古罗马殖民问题》,世界历史,1990年第3期。
6.宋力宏:《不列颠罗马化研究:公元43——235年》,北京:中国国家图书馆,2003年。
7.孙鹏:《论罗马帝国城市化的历史作用》,聊城大学学报,2004年第1期。
