摘要
目前在公路及铁路隧道通风设计阶段,洞内自然风风速一般凭经验确定,通常是按规范取值来计算。随着特长隧道建设工程的增多,经验取值显然与实际不符,有必要建立一套隧道内自然风计算方法。本文以长10km的泥巴山特长高速公路隧道工程为背景,对深埋特长高速公路隧道的自然风进行研究,研究工作如下：
首先,通过对特长隧道洞内外各影响因素进行独立分析,得出了各主要影响因素的影响机理,并推导超静压差及热位差单独作用下洞内自然风量的理论计算公式。通过数值模拟及编程计算两种手段对各主要影响因素单独作用下的洞内自然风量进行计算,两种结果较为吻合,验证了理论计算公式的合理性。
其次,对二郎山隧道、铁峰山2#隧道和方斗山隧道三个典型公路隧道进行了现场测试。分析实测结果得出,.影响深埋特长隧道洞内自然风的外界环境因素应主要以大气压力、大气自然风、温度为主,湿度的影响很小。通过研究建立了深埋特长带通风井隧道的各区段自然风确定方法,即“洞口实测气象数据结合三维模型数值计算”的自然风计算方法,计算结果表明三个隧道的数值结果与实测风速吻合,这为研究泥巴山隧道各区段自然风提供了有力保证。
然后,通过建立气象站,对泥巴山隧道的两个主洞口及两个斜井口进行长期气象监测,利用研究得到的自然风计算方法确定其各区段内自然风速。考虑到数值计算所需要花费的时间较长,在工程应用允许的误差范围内,根据前面经验,将推导的理论公式结合泥巴山隧道具体参数进行编程计算,从而提高计算分析的效率。
最后,将编程计算结果进行统计处理,得到各区段的自然风风速频率分布以及风速极值。
同样的,该特长公路隧道自然风计算方法还适用于特长铁路隧道。根据关角特长铁路隧道气象站所采集的气象资料,对Ⅰ线、Ⅱ线隧道的洞内自然风进行了编程计算。计算分为竖井封闭及竖井开启两种情况。
通过计算可知,泥巴山隧道及关角隧道主隧道各区段内自然风速均差异很大。该研究成果可以弥补规范以经验风速模拟隧道内自然风的不足,可作为这两条隧道的通风设计参考。
At present in the design phase of ventilation system of road & railway tunnel, generally rule of thumb to determine the natural wind speed value inside the tunnel, normally based on the specification. With the increase of extra-long tunnel construction, obviously, the empirical value can not keep up with the actual. So it needs to work out a method for natural wind computation. In this thesis, natural wind in deeply buried extra-long highway tunnel has been studied based on the project of 10 km long Niba Mountain extra-long highway tunnel. Studies to be undertaken are as follows:
Firstly, with the univariate analysis on the effects of internal and external influence factors, the influencing mechanism of each key factor has been got. In addition, the theoretical formula for natural air flow caused by the excess differential static pressure or thermal potential difference has been derived. The natural air flow under the action of each key factor is calculated by numerical simulation and programming, the two results agree well. This verifies the theoretical formulas are reasonable.
Secondly, the field test of three typical road tunnels-the Erlang Mountain Tunnel, Tiefeng Mountain No.2 Tunnel and the Fangdou Mountain Tunnel have been carried out. The analyzing result of the field test shows that atmosphere pressure and temperature should be the leading external environmental factors influencing the natural wind in deeply buried extra-long tunnels, while the influence of humidity is minor. Method of determining natural wind in each section has been established for the deeply buried extra-long tunnels of ventilation shafts by study, which is combining the measured meteorological data at the tunnel portals with 3D numerical computation model. The calculation results show that the numerical results of the three tunnels consistent with the measured wind speed. This provides a strong guarantee for studying natural wind in each section of Niba Mountain Tunnel.
Then, with the establishment of automatic weather stations as well as the long-term meteorological observation and monitoring of the two main tunnel adits and two shaft exits of Niba Mountain Tunnel, the natural wind speed of each section has been worked out by the method researched previously. Considering numerical calculation spends more time, within the error range allowable in the applications, combining the specific parameters of tunnel with theoretical formulas derived to make a routine calculation according to previous experience, thus it improves the efficiency of calculation and analysis.
Finally, natural wind speed frequency distribution and the extreme wind speed in each section have been got by statistically processing of the routine calculation results.
Similarly, the method of calculation natural wind for long road tunnel is also applicable to long railway tunnel. Natural wind in the caves ofⅠline &Ⅱline tunnel were programming calculated on the basis of the meteorological data collected from weather stations of Guanjiao Railway Tunnel. The calculations are divided into two cases-closed shaft and open shaft.
As known from the calculation, the natural wind speed of each section in both Niba Mountain Tunnel and Guanjiao Tunnel vary widely. The research results can make up the shortcomings of specification by using empirical speed value to simulate the natural wind in tunnel. It can be used as references for ventilation system design of both tunnels.
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