摘要
知识管理是协助企业组织和个人,围绕各种来源的知识内容,利用信息技术,实现知识的生产、分享、应用以及创新,并在企业个人、组织、业务目标以及经济绩效等各方面形成知识优势和产生价值的过程。企业知识管理系统是辅助企业进行有效的知识管理的软件系统。由于不同企业知识结构的内容和方式有较大差异,而即使在同一企业中,需求也往往会随着时间的推移发生变化。企业希望知识管理软件能够提供一个逻辑框架,其中的知识管理具有客户化配置的能力。在这种可配置的知识管理系统中,知识处理流程管理需要研究以下问题:1)如何对流程的执行过程进行有效的管理,这是由于企业的知识产生、评价以及重用等活动与流程的执行过程紧密相关,通过有效地控制知识的处理过程,才能保证企业知识库中知识的质量;2)流程参与者分配问题,这是因为传统的参与者分配方法不能满足可配置知识处理流程的动态建模需求,而现有的动态参与者要配方法又是基于内在和用户定义的硬编码函数,这种函数不是很容易被最终用户实现。在用户界面方面,由于企业知识结构可以客户化配置,而有关的企业知识用户操作界面上的内容依赖于企业知识对象的类别,因此要求用户界面在适应企业知识结构的变化过程中,必须保持可用性。
针对上述情况,本文的主要研究工作如下:1)提出了一种基于过程的可配置知识处理流程管理方法。在该方法中,用户通过活动状态配置,能够有效地控制知识的处理过程;通过知识状态配置,能够控制知识处理过程当中产生的知识的质量;通过基于本体的WPA配置,能够满足知识处理流程中的动态需求。2)提出了一种基于本体的可用性用户界面生成方法。在该方法中,首先根据可用性用户界面设计原则,利用领域本体中的概念及其关系的相似性自动生成符合结构性原理的初始化用户界面,然后允许用户在此基础上进行客户化配置,从而提高了用户界面的可用性。
Knowledge management is the process of helping enterprises and individuals to realize the knowledge production, sharing, application and innovation and generate advantage and value in areas such as business objectives and economic performance using information technology on the various sources of knowledge content. Knowledge management system is software to assist enterprises in effective knowledge management. The contents and the forms of the knowledge structure are quite different not only in different enterprises, but even within the same enterprise. The enterprises hope that the developer can provide a logical framework in which the knowledge management can be custom-configurable. In such a adaptable knowledge management systems, knowledge management process needs to study the following questions: 1) How to effectively manage the procedure of knowledge dealing process, for the activities of knowledge creation, knowledge assessment and knowledge reuse are intensively related with knowledge dealing process. Through the effective control the procedure of knowledge dealing process, the quality of the knowledge in enterprise knowledge base is assured. 2) The participant assignment problem of knowledge management activity. That is because the traditional participant assignment methods can not satisfy the dynamic modeling requirement in the adaptable knowledge dealing process, while the existing dynamic participant assignment method is based on the intrinsic and user-defined hard-coded functions, which are very difficult for the end user to implement. In the user interface, because of the adaptability of the enterprise knowledge structure, and the contents of the user interfaces of the system depend on the type of enterprise knowledge, so it requires that the user interface of the system is able to adapt to the changes of the enterprise knowledge structure and keep usable.
In response to these issues, the main efforts of this paper are as follows: 1) A method of adaptable knowledge dealing process based on procedure is proposed. In this method, through the activity state configuration, the effective procedure management is made, and through the knowledge status configuration, the quality of the knowledge generated in the knowledge dealing procedure is assured, and through the ontology-based participant assignment configuration, the dynamic requirement in the procedure of knowledge dealing process is satisfied. 2) A method of ontology-based user interface creation is proposed. In this method, it firstly automatically generates the initial usable user interface which is well-structured based on the concept similarity and relationship in the ontology, then allows end user to configure it according to needs. Thus, the usability of the user interface is assured.
引文
[1] T. Davenport, and I. Glaser. Just-in-lime delivery come to knowledge management. Harvard Business Review, 2002, 80(7): 5-9
[2] Mohrman S. A., Finegold D., Mohrman. Jr. A.M.. An Empirical Model of The Organization Knowledge System in New Product Development Firms , Journal of Eng. Technol. Manage. 2003, 20: 7-38
[3] Anderson N, Carsten K W, Bernard A N. The routinization of innovation research:A constructively critical review of the state-of-the-science. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2004, 25: 147-173
[4] A.Leiponen. Managing Knowledge for Innovation: The Case of Business-to-Business Services. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 2006, 23(3): 238
[5] Weihong Huang, and Ting Tao. Adding Context-awareness to Knowledge Management in Modern Enterprises. Second Leee International Conference On Intelligent Systems, 2004
[6] A.Boder. Collective intelligence: a keystone in knowledge management. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2006, 10(1): 81-93
[7] Maedche,A.Motik,B.Stojanovic, L.Studer,R.Volz,R. Ontologies for enterprise knowledge management. Intelligent Systems, 2003, 18(2): 26-33
[8] Liana Razmerita, Albert Angehrn, Alexander Maedche. Ontology-Based User Modeling for Knowledge Management Systems. User Modeling 2003, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2003, 2702: 213-217
[9] A.Stewart. Under the Hood at For. Webmaster, 1997: 26-34
[10] L.Payne. Making Knowledge Management Real at the National Security Agency, Knowledge Management in Practice, Aug/Sept, 1996
[11] Hsin-Ginn Hwang, I-Chiu Chang, Fu-Ji Chen and Su-Ying Wu. Investigation of the application of KMS for diseases classifications: A study in a Taiwanese hospital.Expert Systems with Applications, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 16 November 2006
[12] Alistair Sutcliffe. The Domain Theory: Patterns for knowledge and software reuse. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, Mahwah, New Jersey, USA., 2002
[13] Protégé, http://protege.stanford.edu/, 2008
[14] Daniel, E. O. Enterprise Knowledge Management Computer, 1998: 61-64
[15]李洪舰.知识管理与业务流程重组, http://www.ittimes.com.cn/10/2005-09-25/118.shtml, 2005
[16]吴昭德.西门子的知识管理.2005
[17] Stewart, A. Under the Hood at For. Webmaster, 1997: 26-34
[18] Payne, L. Making Knowledge Management Real at the National Security Agency. Knowledge Management in Practice, 1996
[19] ISO/IEC, 9241-11 Ergonomic Requirements for Office Work with Visual Display Terminals (VDT)s– Part 11 Guidance on Usability. 1998: ISO/IEC 9241-11
[20] Jakob Nielsen.可用性工程[M].刘正捷,译.北京:机械工业出版社, 2004: 15-45.
[21] ISO/IEC, 13407. Human-Centred Design Processes for Interactive Systems. 1999: ISO/IEC 13407
[22] Karat, C. Cost-benefit analysis of iterative usability testing. In Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT’90 3rd International Conference of Human-Computer Interaction, Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August, 1990: 351-356
[23] Fisher, D. L., and Sless, D. Information design methods and productivity in the insurance industry. Information Design Journal, 1990, 6(2): 103-129.
[24] Larry L.Constantine, Lucy A.D.Lockwood.面向使用的软件设计[M].刘正捷,译.北京:机械工业出版社, 2004: 32-42, 296, 306-308.
[25] Macías J A, Castells P. Dynamic Web Page Authoring by Example Using Ontology-Based Domain Knowledge. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. Miami, Florida, USA. January 12-15, 2003: 133-140
[26] Macías J A, Castells P. Adaptive Hypermedia Presentation Modeling for Domain Ontologies. Volume 2 of the Proceedings of HCI International (HCII’01), 9th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; August 5-10. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. London. 2001: 710-714
[27] Ben Liu, Hejie Chen, Wei He. Deriving User Interface from Ontologies: A Model-based Approach. In Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, 2005: 254-259
[28] Jorgensen, A.H., and Sauer, A. The personal touch: A study of users’customization practice. Proc. IFIP INTERACT’90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction, Cambridge, U.K., 1990: 549-554
[29] Ropohl, G. Knowledge types in technology. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 1997, 7(1-2): 65-72
[30] Davenport, T. H.,L. Prusak. Working Knowledge: How Organization Manage What They Know. Boston, Havard Business School Press. 1993.
[31] Vincenti, W. G. What engineers know and how they know it, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. 1990.
[32] Bayazit, N. Designing: design knowledge, design research, related sciences in M J de Vries, N Cross and D P Grant (eds). Design methodology and relationships with science, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 1993.
[33] Ramesh, B.,A. Tiwana. Supporting Collaborative Process Knowledge management in New Product Development Teams. Decision Support Systems. 1999, 27: 213-235
[34]谢友柏.现代设计与知识获取.中国机械工程. 1996, 7(6): 36-41.
[35]张东民.支持工程机械产品快速设计的关键技术研究与实现[博士论文].南京航空航天大学. 2004.
[36]马辉.产品设计知识建模与演化关键技术研究[博士论文].浙江大学. 2006.
[37] Bergmann, R.Experience management: foundations,development Methodology,and Internet-based applications. Berlin, Springer. 2002
[38] Bueno,T. C. D'Agostini. Knowledge Engineering Suite: A tool to create ontologies for automatic knowledge representation in knowledge-based systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Electronic Government: 4th International Conference, EGOV 2005.
[39] Stewart, A. Under the Hood at For. Webmaster, 1997: 26-34
[40]陈世福等.人工智能与知识工程.南京,南京大学出版社.1997
[41]窦万春,刘茜萍, et al. "面向认知协作的知识流分析与研究."计算机研究与发展. 2006, 43(6): 1109-1114
[42]史忠植.知识工程.北京,清华大学出版社.1988
[43]史琦,敬石开, et al.基于实例推理的夹具设计知识表示方法研究.机械设计.2001, 11
[44]杨枫,张莉华, et al.基于Semantic Web的校园网知识检索的设计分析.计算机系统应用2005(9): 41-44
[45] Goel, A. K.,E. Stroulia. Functional device models and model-based diagnosis in adaptive design. Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing: AIEDAM .1996,10(4): 355-370
[46] Jinsong, Z., W. Qifu, et al. Configuration-oriented product modelling and knowledge management for made-to-order manufacturing enterprises. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2005(25): 12
[47] Johansson, P.,R. Kliger. Knowledge reuse in the design of steel connections using 2D-CAD drawings. Electronic Journal of Information Technology in Construction, 2007, 12
[48] Nanda, J., H. J. Thevenot, et al. Product Family Design Knowledge Representation, Integration,and Reuse. IEEE IRI, 2005: 32-37
[49] Ropohl, G. Knowledge types in technology. International Journal of Technology and Design Education , 1997, 7(1-2): 65-72
[50] Zhang,Shi-Hai et al. Decision trees based knowledge discovery in databases for high-rise structures intelligent form selection. Harbin Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2005, 37(4): 451-454,567
[51] Zhuge, H. Discovery of knowledge flow in science. Communications of the ACM, 2006, 49(5): 101 - 107
[52]蔡文沁,彭培林, et al.航空产品设计知识的表示与重用技术研究.计算机集成制造系统. 2004, 10(1): 55-58
[53]蔡自兴,徐光佑.人工智能及其应用.北京,清华大学出版社.1996
[54]戈鹏,殷国富, et al.基于知识的制造资源建模与应用.中国机械工程2003, 14(17): 1478-1481
[55]胡国东,崔学晶.面向ERP实施的知识流管理.情报杂志, 2006( 5): 29-33
[56]赖朝安.基于XML与Web的产品设计知识表示与知识库系统.计算机工程, 2005, 31(16): 27-29,85
[57]李爱平,郭重庆.基于知识的产品设计数据库的设计与实现,同济大学学报,2002, 30(8):983-987
[58]李治,金先龙,贾怀玉,朱晓魏.产品设计知识的表示与重用技术.上海交通大学学报, 2006, 40(7): 1183-1191
[59]陆汝铃.世纪之交的知识工程与知识科学.北京,清华大学出版社.2001
[60]沈洁,罗建利.基于多Agent系统的分布式知识管理研究.系统工程理论与实践, 2006, 26(1): 42-47
[61]宋慧军,林志航, et al.机械产品概念设计中的知识表示.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报, 2003, 15(4): 438-443
[62]宋慧军,林志航.产品概念设计中方案实例的表达与方案生成,机械设计, 2003, 20(4):9-11
[63]唐国兴,胡建,郭魂,廖文和.基于知识引导的多视图产品设计检索技术研究.计算机集成制造系统, 2007, 13(7):1282-1294
[64]王宁,王延章, et al.以知识管理为核心的办公信息流处理系统研究.计算机应用研究2006, 2: 67-69
[65]杨德林,邹毅.一种基于公理设计的产品知识表达方法研究,管理工程学报,2004, 18(14):21-27
[66]殷国富等.面向信息时代的机械产品现代设计理论与方法研究进展.四川大学学报, 2006, 38(5): 38-47
[67]张佩云,孙亚民, et al.基于本体的知识检索研究及实现.情报学报, 2006, 25(5): 553-558
[68]张玉峰,李敏. "动态约束性概念网络与知识检索研究."情报学报, 2003, 22(3): 278-281
[69]周密,韩立岩. "知识流的Petri网模型."计算机工程与设计, 2005, 26(8): 2149-2152
[70]李洪舰.知识管理与业务流程重组.http://www.ittimes.com.cn/10/2005-09-25/118.shtml.2005
[71]宋久鹏,高国安.混合知识表示法在基于实例设计中的应用研究.计算机工程2001, 27(11): 108-109,140
[72]杨炳儒.知识工程与知识发现.北京,冶金工业出版社.2000
[73] Maedche, A., B. Motik, et al. Ontologies for enterprise knowledge management. Intelligent Systems , 2003, 18(2): 26-33
[74] Rezayat, M. Knowledge-based product development using XML and KCs. CAD Computer Aided Design, 2000, 32(5-6): 299-309
[75] J. N. Lee and W. Kwok. A fuzzy GSS framework for organizational knowledge acquisition. International Journal of Information Management. 2000, 20 (5): 383-398
[76] U. Reimer, A. Margelisch and S. M. Eule. A knowledge-based system to support business processes. Knowledge Based Systems. 2000, 13 (5): 261-269
[77] A. Maryam and E. L. Dorothy. Review:knowledge management and knowledge management systems:conceptual foundations and research issues. Management Information Systems Quarterly. 2001, 25 (1): 107-136
[78]王英林等.基于本体的可重构知识管理平台.计算机集成制造系统.2003, 9 (12)
[79] T. R. Gruber. A translation approach to portable ontology specifications. Knowledge Acquisition. 1993, 5 (2): 199-220
[80] D. Fensel. Ontologies: Silver Bullet for Knowledge Management and Electronic Commerce Springer. 2001.
[81] Gruber T R. Towards Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing. International Journal of Hu2 man2Computer Studies, 1995, 43: 907-928
[82] A. Maedche, B. Motik, L. Stojanovic, R. Studer and R. Volz. Ontologies for enterprise knowledge management. 2003, 18 (2): 26-33
[83] L. Razmerita, A. Angehrn and A. Maedche. Ontology-Based User Modeling for Knowledge Management Systems. User Modeling 2003, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.2003, 2702/2003 : 213-217
[84] B. Denkena and R. Apitz. Knowledge and Product Lifecycle Support for Extended Enterprises. in The Proceedings of the 9th International Conference of Concurrent Enterprising, Espoo, Finland, 2003
[85] J. Nanda, H. J. Thevenot and T. W. Simpson. Product family design knowledge representation,integration, and reuse. in IEEE International Conference of Information Reuse and Integration, 2005
[86] L. Stojanovic, A. Maedche, B. Motik and N. Stojanovic. User-Driven Ontology Evolution Management. in Ontologies and the Semantic Web : 13th International Conference(EKAW'02), Siguenza, Spain,2002
[87] RESNIK P.Using information content to evaluate semantic similarity[C], Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.Montereal, 1995: 448- 453
[88] JIANG J, CONRATH D.Semantic similarity based on corpus statistics and lexical taxonomy[C]//Proceeding of International Conference on Research on Computational Linguistics, Taiwan, 1997.
[89] LEACOCK C, CHODOROW M.Combining local context and Word-Net similarity for word sense identification[M]/ /FELLBAUM C.WordNet: An electronic lexical database.[S. l.]: MIT Press, 1998: 265- 283
[90]刘群,李素建.基于《知网》的词汇语义相似度计算[J].中文计算语言学, 2002, 7( 2) : 59- 76
[91] DAGAN I, LEE L, PEREIRA F.Similarity- based models of word cooccurrence probabilities[J].Machine Learning, 1999, 34( 1) : 43-69
[92] O.Kfhna and A.becker.Corporate Memories for Knowledge Management in Industrial Practice:Prospects and Challenges.In:U.M.Borghof and R.Pareschi(Eds.):Information Technology for Knowledge Management, Springer, Berlin, 1998: 183-206
[93] H. Zhuge. A knowledge flow model for peer-to-peer team knowledge sharing and management. Expert Systems with Applications. 2002, 23 (1): 23-30
[94] Don WC, SuF, Cai SJ, Zhang FY Modeling and supervision of a workflow system oriented toward the knowledge-based application and interaction. Journal of Computer Research and Development.2003, 40(2):342-350
[95] Zhao JL, Kumar A,Stohr EA.Workflow-Centric information distribution through email.Journalof Management Information Systems,2001, 17(3): 45,72
[96] Wolverton M. Exploiting enterprise models for the automatic distribution of corporate information. In:GolshaniF, Makki K, eds. Proc of the 6th ACM Int'1 Conf. on Information and Knowledge Management. New York: ACM Press. 1997: 341-347
[97] D. Ferraiolo, D. Kuhn, Role based access control. The 15th National Computer Security Conference, 1992
[98] IBM MQ Series, MQ Series workflow, IBM MQ Series, Tech Rep, 2000. URL: http://www24. ibm.com/software/ts/mqseries/workflow
[99] Oracle workflow, URL: http://technet.oracle.com/products/integration/workflow/workflow_fov.html
[100] Ultimus BPM Suite, URL: http://www.ultimus.com/index
[101] WfMC, Workflow Process Definition Interface– XML Process Definition Language, WfMC-TC-1025 (Final); October 3, 2005. URL: http://www.wfmc.org/standards/docs/TC-1025_xpdl_2_2005-10-03.pdf
[102] WfMC, WFMC-TC00-1016-O Interface 1: Process Definition Interchange Organizational Model, 1999, URL: http://www.wfmc.org/standards/docs/if19807o.pdf
[103] Staffware process suite white paper, Staffware PLC, Tech Rep, 2001, URL: http://www.staffware.com
[104] W. Rupietta, Organization and Role Models for Workflow Processes. in Lawrence, P.ed.Workflow Handbook 1997, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 1997, 165-172
[105] Jürgen Klarmann, A Comprehensive Support for Changes in Organizational Models of Workflow Management Systems, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Systems Modeling, 2001
[106] E. Bertino, E. Ferrari, V. Atkuri, The Specification and Enforcement of Authorization Constraints in Workflow Management Systems. ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, 1999, 2(l), 65-104
[107] M. zur Muehlen, Resource modeling in workflow applications, Proceedings of the 1999 Workflow Management Conference, 1999, 137–153
[108] M. Momotko,K. Subieta, Dynamic changes in workflow participant assignment. The 6th East-European Conference on Advances in Databases and Information Systems(ADBIS'2002),2002
[109] Deng Qijun, Liu Jiangtao, Zhang Qing, ARDE: A Novel Framework to Define Workflow Participants, Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering (ICEBE’05), 2005
[110] P. Szekely, P. Luo and R. Neches, Beyond Interface Builders: Model-Based Interface Tools, In Proceedings INTERCHI, 1993: 383-390
[111] P. Szekely, P. Sukaviriya, P. Castells, J. Muthukumarasamy, and E. Salcher, Declarative interface models for user interface construction tools: the Mastermind approach. In L. Bass and C. Unger (eds.): Engineering for Human Computer Interaction, Proceedings of EHCI'95. London: Chapman & Hall , 1995: 120-150.
[112] Puerta A, Eisenstein J. A common representation for interaction data. In Proceedings of IUI 2002: International Conference in Intelligent User Interfaces. ACM Press. 2002
[113] Lehman M.M., Uncertainty in Computer Application,Technical Letter, Comm. ACM, 1990, 33:. 584–586
[114] Jin, Y. & Chusilp, P. Study of mental iteration in different design situations. Design Studies, 2006, 27(1): 25-55.
[115] Klemmer, S., M. Thomsen, E. Phelps-Goodman, R. Lee, and J. Landay.“Where Do Web Sites Come From? Capturing and Interacting with Design History.”CHI 2002: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2002: 1–8.
[116] Bracewell, R.H., S. Ahmed, and K.M. Wallace.“Dred and Design Folders, A Way of Capturing, Storing and Passing On Knowledge Generated During Design Projects.”, Proceedings of the 2004 ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference; Salt Lake City, UT, 2004, 1: 235-246
[117] Fenves, S.J. A core product model for representing design information, NIST Internal Report 6736. 2001.
[118] Daniel Oberle, Andreas Eberhart, Steffen Staab, Raphael Volz.,“Developing and Managing Software Components in an Ontology-based Application Server”, In Hans-Arno Jacobsen, Middleware 2004, ACM/IFIP/USENIX, 5th International Middleware Conference, Springer, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2004, 3231: 459-478
[119] Y. Wang, J. Guo, T. Hu, et al. An Ontology-Based Framework for Building Adaptable Knowledge Management Systems[A]. 2nd International Conference on Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management[C]. Springer, Melbourne, Australia, 2007: 655-660
[120] Macías J A, Castells P. Adaptive Hypermedia Presentation Modeling for Domain Ontologies[A]. 9th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction[C]. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. London. 2001, 2: 710-714
[121] Maedche, A. and Zacharias. Clustering Ontology-Based Metadata in the Semantic Web. Lecture Notes In Computer Science[A]. Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Principles of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery[C]. Springer-Verlag London, 2002, 2431: 348-360
[123]陈杰,蒋祖华.领域本体的概念相似度计算[A],计算机工程与应用[J].2006, 33: 163-166
[124] Pawe? Lula and Gra?yna Paliwoda-P?kosz. An Ontology-Based Cluster Analysis Framework[A]. Proceedings of 1st International Workshop on Ontology-Supported Business Intelligence[C]. Article No.7. 2008
