摘要
针对目前蔬菜育苗中存在的营养液的配制繁琐、施用化肥环境污染严重、肥料利用率低等问题。本试验以西瓜为试材,以不施肥和浇灌营养液为对照,添加不同用量的有机肥进行西瓜育苗试验,对西瓜幼苗的生长发育、壮苗指数、耐低温能力及肥料利用率进行了研究,旨在探讨添加有机肥在育苗中的应用效果,筛选出较合适的西瓜穴盘育苗复合基质配方,以期为西瓜育苗专用基质的进一步开发、研制提供理论依据。主要试验结果如下:
1.在西瓜幼苗生长前期,添加有机肥处理的长势和浇灌营养液处理差异不显著。随着幼苗生长发育的进行,有机肥的释放速率加快,可满足幼苗对中后期养分的需求,株高和茎粗增加,根系吸收能力增强,添加有机肥25%与营养液处理相比,干物质积累增加12.6%,壮苗指数增加3.2%:添加有机肥15%、20%处理干物质含量、壮苗指数与与营养液处理相比,差异不显著。
2.有机肥对幼苗的养分需求靠其持续不断的养分释放来供应。在幼苗生长过程中,有机肥促进了植株对养分元素的吸收,尤其育苗中后期,添加有机肥15%-25%处理的西瓜幼苗的叶绿素含量、光合速率、硝酸还原酶、根系活力均显著高于营养液处理;添加有机肥低于15%处理的幼苗养分供应不足,从而导致幼苗的生理活性开始减弱,叶绿素含量降低,光合强度下降,秧苗质量降低。
3.添加有机肥提高了幼苗的耐低温能力,添加有机肥体积比25%处理的电解质渗透最少,渗透调节物质最多,幼苗添加有机肥体积比15%、20%处理的幼苗电解质外渗较少,渗透调节物质增多,与营养液处理差异不显这说明添加有机肥体积比达到15%时秧苗质量健壮。
4.由于有机肥具有缓慢释放养分的功能,育苗时一次性施入即可满足整个育苗期养分的需求。与营养液相比,添加有机肥处理的西瓜苗氮、磷、钾养分利用率显著提高。从植株吸收的养分含量可以看出,添加有机肥体积比25%处理植株的氮、磷、钾养分吸收量最高,显著高于营养液处理,添加有机肥体积比15%、20%时的情况下仍然能够保证作物对养分的需求。有机肥能明显促进西瓜幼苗养分的吸收,提高肥料利用率。在提高氮素利用率的同时,有机肥处理的西瓜幼苗对磷、钾的利用率也有显著提高,说明添加有机肥较好地发挥了营养元素间的互增效应。
According to the serious environmental pollution on using common fertilizer in vegetable seedlings and lower fertilizer efficiency, the study using watermelon analyzed, and a trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding organic fertilizers with various rates in nursing media on growth, sound seedling index, floral bud differentiation and fertilizer use efficiency of watermelon seedlings using no fertilizers and nutrient solution as controls. The findings provided a theoretic support basis for improving the processing techniques, and exploring the intensive utilization of organic fertilizer. The research results were as follows:
1. Early in the watermelon seedlings, the growth tendency of treatments of adding organic fertilizer by 25% was the best, with the growth and development and its constant release nutrient, adding organic fertilizer can meet the nutrient demand of later period of vegetable seedlings. Having increased the height and stem diameter, enhanced the root absorption capacity of seedlings. Compared with nutrient solution, The treatment of adding organic fertilizer 25% had the best effects on biomass and sound seedling index: biomass of watermelon seedlings increased by 12.6% respectively; Sound seedling index of watermelon seedlings increased by 3.2% respectively;
2. The coated organic fertilizer was meet demand in plant was it supplied by its constant release nutrient. In the course of growth of the plants, especially the later period, had promoted the absorption of the nutrient of plants: the content of chlorophyll, Pn, NR activity, root activity of T7 was higher than the treatment of nutrient solution.
3. Organic fertilizer promoted the anti-cold performance of seedlings. when adding organic fertilizer by 25%,electrolyte leakage is the least and the osmoregulation substance is the most. When adding organic fertilizer by 15%、20%, its electrolyte leakage and osmoregulation substance compared with nutrient solution no obvious difference. The treatment of 5% and 10% are the poorest.
4. Organic fertilizer has the function of controlling nutrient release, so basal application controlled-release fertilizer in seedlings could meet the nutrient demand of whole period of watermelon. Seeing from nutrient absorbing of plant organs, accumulation of N, P, K absorption for the treatment of adding 25% organic fertilizer was the highest, when the rate of N, P, K organic fertilizer reduced by 15%, 20%, watermelon still had better growth. Seeing from N utilization, organic fertilizer improved vegetable N absorbing and N use efficiency, quantity of organic fertilizer was applied more fewer and N utilization more higher, Besides, organic fertilizer improved vegetable P and K absorbing and use efficiency, that indicated organic fertilizer play a role on the interaction of N, P, K.
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