埃及立宪君主制时期的政党政治研究
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摘要
埃及作为世界文明古国之一，因其久远丰厚的文化传统、对人类发展的卓越贡献和重要的地理位置，而成为非洲地区、地中海地区、中东地区和穆斯林世界的重要国家，也是近代最早接触、学习西方工业文明并启动现代化进程的阿拉伯地区国家。1923年至1952年的立宪君主制时期是埃及从殖民地向独立国家转变的重要时期，是埃及社会传统与现代、精英与民众、世俗与宗教激烈冲突和此消彼长的转型阶段，也是奠定埃及现代政治体系的关键时期。政党政治是此间埃及宪政生活的显著特征。
     埃及的现代政党产生于特定的历史环境，是自1805年阿里王朝开启现代进程以来埃及政治、经济、社会结构和思想文化发展到一定阶段的产物，争取民族独立和实现立宪政治是新生政治力量必须承担的历史责任。立宪君主制诞生于民族主义政党及其民众支持者发动的1919年革命，其制度基础是英国1922年声明和埃及的1923年宪法。民族独立的不彻底使立宪君主制时期的政党政治带有浓厚的民族主义运动的色彩。
     立宪君主制时期以华夫托党为代表的议会政党极大地推进了埃及的民族独立事业。在埃及这样一个军事力量弱小、经济发展单一、社会结构严重不平衡、农业地主阶级主导政治、其他社会阶层不觉醒或力量分散、民族认同仍待整合的国家，面对强大的帝国主义力量，民族独立任务的完成不是一蹴而就的。埃及不具备通过轰轰烈烈的大革命一次性地解决独立问题的经济、阶级、军事和思想条件，议会政党的和平谈判是争取独立的重要方式，1936年条约是埃及走向完全独立的重要步骤。
     立宪君主制时期的宪政实践、国王和政党及政党之间的权力竞争为民众的政治参与和民众政治组织的兴起提供较为宽松的环境。新兴民众政治组织通过多样化的思想形态和纲领主张将社会不同层面的普通民众卷入到争取民族独立和否定立宪君主制的政治活动之中，是埃及民主政治参与扩大的重要表现，它们极大地消耗了帝国主义、封建王室和议会精英政党的力量，为军人政变革命提供了契机。
     纳赛尔领导的自由军官运动是对议会政党民族事业的继承和发展，其发动的1952年革命推翻了立宪君主政治，完成了反帝反封的革命任务。自由军官掌权后的改革措施是民众政治组织社会经济与政治主张的具体体现。从这个意义上说，纳赛尔革命是立宪君主制时期政党政治发展的结果。
Egypt, as one of the greatest ancient civilizations, ranks high among thecountries of the world for its age-old tradition, the roles it has played in history, andits strategic location. Egypt is also the first Arabic country which engages in andemulates the western industrial civilization and then initiates the process ofmodernization. The history of Egypt from1923to1952under constitutionalmonarchy is a critical stage during which Egypt is transforming from a colonial stateto an independent one, and modern political system comes into being, and duringwhich violent conflict and flux happened between the tradition and modernity, elitesand mass, secularity and religion in Egypt society. In the same period, party politics isthe outstanding character of constitutional life in Egypt.
     The rise of modern party in Egypt is the outcome of the political, economic,cultural and social development after the startup of modernization in MuhammadAli’s Dynasty from1805. Attainment of national independence and constitutionalgovernment was the historical calling of these parties. Egyptian constitutionalmonarchy origins from the1919Revolution made by nationalist parties and theirmass supporters, whose institutional basis is the1922Declaration of Great Briton and1923Constitution of Egypt. The incompleteness of independence brought a deepcolor of nationalism to the party politics in the constitutional monarchy period.
     Generally speaking, parliamentary parties, especially the Wafd Party made agreat advance in the cause of Egyptian independence, which couldn’t beaccomplished just by one drastic revolution in a country dominated by a imperialistpower like Egypt which had a small military force, single-product economy, gravemisbalance of social structure, political power monopolized by landowner stratum,and non-integrated national identity. Peaceful and legal negotiation of theparliamentary parties was an important road to independence and the1936Treaty wasa vital stage for Egypt’s complete independence.
     The constitutionalism practice and competition of power between King andparties or among parties in Egypt under constitutional monarchy created an opportunity for public political participation and a more liberal space for the rise ofmass political movements which involved the Egyptian public in various strata intomovement of independence and overthrow of the constitutional monarchy throughvaried ideologies and programs. The new mass political organizations exhaustedimmensely the energy of the imperialist, the palace and the elite parliamentary parties,and paved the way for military coup.
     The Free Officers Movement led by Nasser succeeded and developed thenational cause devoted by the Wafd Party, by which the1952Revolution arrived andoverturned the constitutional monarchy and accomplished the task of independenceand anti-feudal. The reform policies carried out by the Free officers when they werein power reflected the socio-economic and political demands of mass movements,and in this sense, the1952revolution is a result of the development of party politicsin Egypt under constitutional monarchy.
引文
1Arthur Goldschmidt Jr., A Brief History of Egypt, Facts On File, Inc.,2008, p.ix.
    2哈全安：《中东史：610—2000》，天津：天津人民出版社，2010年，第4页。
    3埃及概况，新华网，[2011-10-10], http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-04/05/content_348655.htm.
    1埃及数据一览，Egypt Data at-a-Glance，世界银行，http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/egy_aag.pdf.
    2埃及概况，新华网，[2011-10-10], http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2002-04/05/content_348655.htm.
    1雷钰、苏瑞林：《中东国家通史·埃及卷》，北京商务印书馆，2003年，第12-13页。
    2埃及概况，人民网，http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/8198/31437/31439/2298788.html.
    3埃及数据一览，Egypt Data at-a-Glance，世界银行，http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/egy_aag.pdf.
    4埃及概况，埃及政府新闻处，http://www.sis.gov.eg/VR/reveulotion/ehtml/enintro.htm.
    1哈全安，《中东史：610-2000》，天津：天津人民出版社，2010，pp.494-495.
    2M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, Modern Egypt, from1517to the End of the TwentiethCentury, Cambraidge University Press,1998, pp.134-137.
    3P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded. London: Weidenfeld and Niccolson,1980, p.45.
    4M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, p.139.
    5P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt, p.69.
    1毕健康：《埃及现代化与政治稳定》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2005年，第40页。
    2哈全安：《中东史》，p.498.
    3杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1985年，第68页。
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    5P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt, p.69.
    6杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第144-145页。
    7M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, pp.190-195.
    1哈全安：《中东史》，pp.499-500.
    2陈德成主编:《中东政治现代化》，社会科学文献出版社2000年版，第312页。
    3P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt, pp.174-176.
    4M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, p.238.
    5M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, p.242.
    1John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, London: the Cresset Press,1954, p.214.
    2Harris, C. P., Nationalism and Revolution in Egypt: the Role of the Muslim Brotherhood, Mouton&Co.,Hague/London/Paris,1964, pp.86-89.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power：The Wafd，1919-1952, London: Third World Center,1982. pp.13-17.
    4纳忠：埃及近现代简史，第164页；John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.222；Janice J. Terry,Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power：The Wafd，1919-1952, pp.26-28；Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, GreatBritain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: A Comparative Study.pp.84-85；J. C. B.Richmond, Egypt1798-1952: Her Advance towards a Modern Identity, p.174.
    5John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.225.
    6Ellis Goldberg, Peasants in Revolt-Egypt1919, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol.24, No.2
    (May,1992), pp.261-280.
    7Royal Institute of International Affairs. Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951. London&New York: OxfordUniversity Press,1952. P.4.
    8Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.43.
    1同上，第44页。
    2Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, New York: Syracuse University Press,1991p.27.
    3M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, p.250.
    4John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.249.
    5Norman Bentwich, The Constitution of Egypt, Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, ThirdSeries, Vol.6, No.1(1924), pp.41-49.
    6Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.31.
    7Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.61.
    1M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, p.307-308.
    2Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.34.
    12Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.125.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, pp.371-378.James P. Jankowski, Egypt's Young Rebels:"Young Egypt",1933-1952, Stanford, California: Hoover InstitutionPress. p.118.
    4Harris, Christina Phelps. Nationalism and Revolution in Egypt: The Role of the Muslim Brotherhood, Stanford,California, Mouton&Co., Hague/London/Paris,1964.
    5Lia, Brynjar. The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: the Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement,1928-1942,Reading: Ithaca Press,1998.
    6Mitchell, Richard P. The Society of the Muslim Brothers, New York&Oxford: Oxford University Press,1969.
    1Gershoni, Israel. The Muslim Brothers and the Arab Revolt in Palestine,1936-39, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.
    22, No.3(Jul.,1986), pp.367-397.
    2哈全安：《埃及穆斯林兄弟会的演变》，《西亚非洲》，2011年第4期。
    3Goldberg, Ellis. Tinker, tailor, and textile worker: class and politics in Egypt,1930-1952, Berkeley: Universityof California Press,1986. p.2.
    4Ibid., pp.16-17.
    1Ismael, Tareq Y. and Rifa’at El-Said. The communist movement in Egypt,1920-1988, New York: SyracuseUniversity Press,1990, pp.151-157.
    2Selma Botman, Egyptian Communists and the Free Officers:1950-54, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.22, No.3(Jul.,1986), pp.350-366
    2[英]戴维·米勒、韦农·波格丹诺编著：《布莱克维尔政治学百科全书》，中国问题研究所等组译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，1992年，第557页。
    1关于政治代理论的研究论著可参看：1.（德）卡尔曼海姆：《卡尔曼海姆精粹》，南京：南京大学出版社，2002年；2.江昀编译：《青年运动的理论结构—关于曼海姆的代单元理论》，《当代青年研究》，1995年第4期；3.李新华：《“代”的时代—关于“代际”理论的手记之一》，《当代青年研究》，1988年第5期；
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    2关于社会运动与抗争政治理论的论著可参看：1.（美）查尔斯蒂利、西德尼塔罗著，李义中译：《抗争政治》，南京：译林出版社，2010年；2.（美）查尔斯蒂利著，胡位钧译：《社会运动，1768-2004》，上海：上海世纪出版集团，2009年；3.（美）杰克A.戈德斯通著，章延杰译：《国家、政党与社会运动》，上海：上海人民出版社，2009年；4.陈亮：《抗争政治理论视域下的民主化研究—以查尔斯蒂利的抗争政治理论为视角》，吉林大学2011年硕士论文；5.李平菊：《民族国家、抗争政治与民主—简论查尔斯蒂利的抗争政治理论》，《新西部》，2010年第12期；6.孙培军：《抗争、民主与治理：全球治理下的抗争政治研究》，《太平洋学报》，2010年第4期；7.王鹏：《民主转型下的抗争政治》，《行政论坛》，2010年第5期。
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    7Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, London: Ithaca Press,1979, p.6.
    1李景治：《当代资本主义国家的政党制度》，第25页；李景鹏：政党政治和政治学研究，《社会科学家》，1990年第2期。
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    1Dankwart A. Rustow&Robert E. Ward, Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey. N.J.: PrincetonUniversity Press,1964, pp.6-7.
    2转引自孙立平：《社会现代化》，北京：华夏出版社，1988年，第183页。
    3Gabriel A. Almond, A Development Approach to Political System, World Politics.Jan.1965, pp.81-88.转引自吴振彰：政治现代化理论之探讨，http://www.cna.edu.tw/~sas/ccna/article/dps04.doc
    4[美]西里尔·布莱克编：《比较现代化》，第9页。
    5饶义军：《多元现代性与政治发展——S. N.·艾森斯塔特政治发展理论研究》，第38页。
    6徐勇：政治现代化：世界与中国，《社会主义研究》，1988年第4期。
    7宁骚：现代化与政治发展（代前言），载《现代化进程中的政治与行政》（上下册），北京：北京大学出版社，1998年，第VI-IX页。
    8陈德成主编：《中东政治现代化：理论与历史经验的探索》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2000年第22-28页。
    1哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》，第950页。
    2戴利朝：政治现代化研究刍议，载《理论与现代化》，2006年第2期。
    3陈晓律：《战后政治发展理论研究》，成都：四川人民出版社，1995年，第57页。
    4张小劲：关于比较政党研究基本路径的历史考察及其思考，载《当代世界与社会主义》（双月刊），2002年第1期。
    1赵宬斐：《政党政治与政治现代性——基于马克思主义政治哲学视野的研究》，北京：中央编译出版社，2010年，第66、77页。
    1哈全安，《中东史：610-2000》，天津：天津人民出版社，2010年，第494-495页。
    2Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, New York: Syracuse University Press,1991，po.13-14.
    1杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1985年，第58-64页。
    2详细内容参看：P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded. London: Weidenfeld and Niccolson,1980, pp.53-63;M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, Modern Egypt, from1517to the End of the TwentiethCentury, Cambraidge University Press,1998, pp.150-164;哈全安，《中东史：610-2000》，pp.496-498；杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，pp.63-87.夏吉生、杨鲁平：《非洲两国议会》，北京：中国财政经济出版社，2005年，第197-198页。
    1哈全安，《中东史：610-2000》，第498页。
    2纳忠：埃及近现代简史，北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1963年，第69页。
    3转引自哈全安，《中东史：610-2000》，第496页。
    4杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第92页。
    1王绳祖主编：《国际关系史》（第二卷），北京：世界知识出版社，1995年，第92、97-107页。
    2M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.175.
    3阿里的大儿子易卜拉欣1848年4月曾短暂接替总督职务，但在半年后就因病去世。
    4P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded. p.72.
    5杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第118-120页。
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded. pp.74-76.
    2杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第137页。
    3杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第140页。
    4杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第143页。
    1杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第141-142页。
    2哈全安，《中东史：610-2000》，第505页。
    3M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.220.
    1哈全安，《中东史：610-2000》，第505页。
    2M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.189.
    3杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，pp.159-161.
    4M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.196.
    5[埃及]穆罕默德·艾尼斯、赛义德·拉加卜·哈拉兹：《埃及近现代简史》，北京：商务印书馆，1980年，第80页。
    1M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.197.
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded. p.171.
    1M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, pp.240-241.
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed. pp.173-174.
    3Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt, Tel-Aviv: Israel Publishing House,1953, pp.42-44.
    4杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第233页。
    5P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed. pp.191-192.
    6M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.242.
    1同上，第243、241页。
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed. p.193.
    1M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.3.
    2同上，第258页。
    3杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第8页。
    4纳忠：《埃及近现代简史》，第30页。
    5夏吉生、杨鲁平：《非洲两国议会》，第197页。
    6毕健康：《埃及现代化与政治稳定》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2005年，第40页。
    7杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第82页。
    1M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.180.
    2杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第118-120页。
    3M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, pp.190,192.
    1Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt, pp.8-13.
    2夏吉生、杨鲁平：《非洲两国议会》，第199页。
    3M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, pp.192;190;261;263.
    4详细情况请参考毕健康：《埃及现代化与政治稳定》，第42-43页。
    1毕健康：《埃及现代化与政治稳定》，第48页。
    1杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第67-68页。
    2哈全安：《中东史》，第498页。
    3杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第110页。
    4关于该法令的详细内容请参看刘志华：《埃及现代化进程中的农地制度、农业生产和村民流动研究》，天津：南开大学博士学位论文，2011年，第128-133页。
    5Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis, London-New York-Toronto： Oxford UniversityPress,1963, p.25.
    6[埃及]穆罕默德·艾尼斯、赛义德·拉加卜·哈拉兹：《埃及近现代简史》，第77页。
    7Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy,1800-1914, London&New York: I. B. Tauris,1993,pp.140-141.
    8Gabriel Baer, A History of Landownership in Modern Egypt1800-1950, London: Oxford University Press,1962,p.11.
    1杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第251-254页。
    2哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》，第499页。
    3Gabriel Baer, A History of Landownership in Modern Egypt,1800-1950, p.22.
    4Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy1800-1914, P.217-218;M. W. Daly, The CambridgeHistory of Egypt, vol.2, p.272.
    5哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》，第500页。
    6艾尼斯、哈拉兹：《埃及近现代简史》，第68页；哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》，第500页。
    7[埃及]拉希德·阿里·巴拉维，穆罕默德·哈姆查·乌列士：《近代埃及的经济发展》，枢原、申威译，北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店出版，1957年，第68-74页。
    8同上，第89、82页。
    9Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy1800-1914, P.67.坎塔尔，埃及质量单位，1坎塔尔约等于44.928千克。
    10Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis, p.25.
    1M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.273.
    2Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis, pp.25-30.
    3埃及耕地面积从1833年为312.4万费丹，增加至1862年的416万费丹，1877年为474.3万费丹，1913年时达到528.3万费丹。请参看巴拉维、乌列士：《近代埃及的经济发展》，第68页；Charles Issawi, Egyptin Revolution: An Economic Analysis, p.26.埃及人口1821年约为250万，1870年时超过500万，1907年时达到1128.7万。请查看哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》，第502页；M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt,vol.2, p.253.
    1M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.275.
    2Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy1800-1914, P.67;巴拉维、乌列士：《近代埃及的经济发展》，第71页.
    3刘志华：《埃及现代化进程中的农地制度、农业生产和村民流动研究》，第352页。
    4哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》，第501页；巴拉维、乌列士：《近代埃及的经济发展》，第104页；51883年后的棉花出口额包含棉籽的出口，相关数据来自或换算自下列文献的表格，巴拉维、乌列士：《近代埃及的经济发展》，第104、171页；Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution:An Economic Analysis, p.28.
    6Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis, p.25.
    7巴拉维、乌列士：《近代埃及的经济发展》，第171页。
    1自1517年马木鲁克素丹国消亡后，马木鲁克阶层成为奥斯曼征兵的群体之一，并逐渐融入到奥斯曼埃及精英阶层之中。
    2艾尼斯、哈拉兹：《埃及近现代简史》，第1-16页。
    3M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.263.
    1杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第85页。
    2杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第114、122、137页。
    3M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.225.
    4P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed. p.202；雷钰、苏瑞林：《中东国家通史·埃及卷》，北京：商务印书馆，2003年，第221页。
    5M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.264.
    6杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第68页。
    7M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.221.
    1哈全安：《中东史》，第505页。
    2M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.230.
    3M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.267.
    4M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.191.
    5杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第142页。
    6M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.265.
    1转引自刘志华：《埃及现代化进程中的农地制度、农业生产和村民流动研究》，第142页。
    2杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第172页。
    3M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.279.
    1J. Heyworth-Dunne, an Introduction to the History of Education in Modern Egypt, London: Luzac&Co.,1938,p.2.
    2李阳：《埃及近代以来教育发展与埃及现代化》，西安：西北大学博士学位论文，2002年，第87-88页。
    3杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第86页。
    4李阳：《埃及近代以来教育发展与埃及现代化》，第21页；哈全安：《中东史》，第497页。
    1杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第86页。
    2杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第143页。
    3哈全安：《中东史》，第506页。
    4P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed. p.82；李阳：《埃及近代以来教育发展与埃及现代化》，第45-46页。
    5李阳：《埃及近代以来教育发展与埃及现代化》，第18页；P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed. p.82.
    6M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.279.
    7李阳：《埃及近代以来教育发展与埃及现代化》，第18页。
    1陈德成主编:《中东政治现代化》，社会科学文献出版社2000年版，第312页。
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed. p.179.
    3哈全安：《中东史》，第508页。
    4P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed. p.179.
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed., p.182.
    2M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.223.
    3P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed., p.184.
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed., p.183-184.
    2Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study. Ph.D., University of Denver,1989, p.59.
    3P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed., p.186-187.
    4J. C. B. Richmond, Egypt1798-1952: Her Advance towards a Modern Identity, London: Methuen&Co. Ltd.,1977, p.154.
    1Nadav Safran, Egypt in Search of Political Community: an Analysis of the Intellectual and Political Evolution ofEgypt,1804-1952, Cambridge,Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1961, p.92.
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed., p.183.
    1也有观点认为他出生于波斯的阿萨德—阿巴德（Asad Abad），他声称出生于阿富汗可能是因为不喜欢自己的什叶派出身。见Goldschmidt, Arthur.&Robert Johnston, Historical Dictionary of Egypt, Oxford: TheScarecrow Press,2003, p.32.
    2杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第179页。
    3Goldschmidt, Arthur.&Robert Johnston, Historical Dictionary of Egypt, p.33.
    4Nadav Safran, Egypt in Search of Political Community: an Analysis of the Intellectual and Political Evolution ofEgypt,1804-1952,1961, p.44.
    5M. A. Zaki Badawi, The Reformers of Egypt, London: Croom Helm Ltd.,1978, p.21.
    6Nadav Safran, Egypt in Search of Political Community: an Analysis of the Intellectual and Political Evolution ofEgypt,1804-1952,1961, p.44.
    7P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed., p.189.
    1M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.223.
    2哈全安：《中东史》，第509页。
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed., p.195.
    2Nadav Safran, Egypt in Search of Political Community: an Analysis of the Intellectual and Political Evolution ofEgypt,1804-1952,1961, p.86.
    3哈全安：《中东史》，第510页。
    1J. C. B. Richmond, Egypt1798-1952: Her Advance towards a Modern Identity,1977, p.152.
    2Nadav Safran, Egypt in Search of Political Community: an Analysis of the Intellectual and Political Evolution ofEgypt,1804-1952,1961, p.86.
    3Nadav Safran, Egypt in Search of Political Community: an Analysis of the Intellectual and Political Evolution ofEgypt,1804-1952,1961, pp.87-88.
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed., p.217.
    2Nadav Safran, Egypt in Search of Political Community: an Analysis of the Intellectual and Political Evolution ofEgypt,1804-1952,1961, p.89.
    3Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study. Ph.D., University of Denver,1989, pp.66-67.
    4转引自Nadav Safran, Egypt in Search of Political Community: an Analysis of the Intellectual and PoliticalEvolution of Egypt,1804-1952,1961, p.89.
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed., p.240.
    2Nadav Safran, Egypt in Search of Political Community: an Analysis of the Intellectual and Political Evolution ofEgypt,1804-1952,1961, p.92.
    3P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed., p.242.
    1Nadav Safran, Egypt in Search of Political Community: an Analysis of the Intellectual and Political Evolution ofEgypt,1804-1952,1961, pp.92-94.
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nd ed., pp.241-243.
    1哈全安：《中东史》，第512页。
    2夏吉生、杨鲁平：《非洲两国议会》，第216-217页。
    3Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952. New York: Syracuse University Press,1991.p.148.
    4Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt,pp.18-21.
    1杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第173、179-180页。
    2杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第179-180页。
    3M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.220.
    4杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第181页。
    5M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.220.
    6Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt,pp.23-24.
    7Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt,p.25; M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2,p.220.
    1杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第186页。
    2杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第194-195页；M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.222.
    3杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第195-196页；M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.225.
    12M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.226.M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.227.
    3杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第186页；M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.229.
    4杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第214-215页
    1Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.58.
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded., p.171.
    3J. C. B. Richmond, Egypt1798-1952: Her Advance towards a Modern Identity, p.151.
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded., p.202; J. C. B. Richmond, Egypt1798-1952: Her Advance towardsa Modern Identity, p.153.
    2J. C. B. Richmond, Egypt1798-1952: Her Advance towards a Modern Identity, p.155.
    3P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded., p.203
    4Goldschmidt, Arthur.&Robert Johnston, Historical Dictionary of Egypt, p.424.
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded., p.203
    2J. C. B. Richmond, Egypt1798-1952: Her Advance towards a Modern Identity, p.152.
    3转引自杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第263页。
    4J. C. B. Richmond, Egypt1798-1952: Her Advance towards a Modern Identity, p.152.
    5Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.64.
    1王绳祖主编，《国际关系史》（第三卷），第387-391页。
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded., p.220
    2Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.83.
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded., p.206.
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded., p.222.
    3P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded., pp.219-225.
    1Goldschmidt, Arthur.&Robert Johnston, Historical Dictionary of Egypt, p.399.
    2Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.80.
    3P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded., pp.226-227.
    4M. W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.245.
    5P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded., p.226.
    6Charles C. Adams, Islam and Modernism in Egypt, New York: Russell&Russell,1968, p.224.
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded., p.227.
    2Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.67.
    3Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.70.
    1Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.70.
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded., p.229.
    3哈全安：《中东史》，第521页。
    4P. J. Vatikiotis, the History of Egypt,2nded., p.229.
    5Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.81.
    6Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.82.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, Ithaca Press London1979, p.2.
    1John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, London: the Cresset Press,1954, p.212.
    2J. C. B. Richmond, Egypt1798-1952: Her Advance towards a Modern Identity, p.169.
    3Royal Institute of International Affairs. Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951. London&New York: OxfordUniversity Press,1952.p.2.
    4C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, London&New York:RoutledgeCurzon,2005, p.8.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power：The Wafd，1919-1952, London: Third World Center,1982. p.9.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power：The Wafd，1919-1952, p.10.
    3J. C. B. Richmond, Egypt1798-1952: Her Advance towards a Modern Identity, p.170.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power：The Wafd，1919-1952, p.10-11.
    2Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.66.
    3John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, pp.214,221.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events. London: MegaZette Press,2003.p.48.
    5John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.215.
    1Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events. p.430.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power：The Wafd，1919-1952, pp.11-12.
    1J. C. B. Richmond, Egypt1798-1952: Her Advance towards a Modern Identity, p.172.
    1Harris, C. P., Nationalism and Revolution in Egypt: the Role of the Muslim Brotherhood, Mouton&Co.,Hague/London/Paris,1964, p.86.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power：The Wafd，1919-1952, p.53.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power：The Wafd，1919-1952, p.14.
    4C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.9.
    5Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power：The Wafd，1919-1952, p.13.
    6John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.219.
    7Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power：The Wafd，1919-1952, p.54.
    1John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.220.
    2Harris, C. P., Nationalism and Revolution in Egypt: the Role of the Muslim Brotherhood, p.87.
    3以上内容详细请参看Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power：The Wafd，1919-1952, pp.13-17.
    12John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, pp.220-221.Harris, C. P., Nationalism and Revolution in Egypt: the Role of the Muslim Brotherhood, p.83.
    3纳忠：埃及近现代简史，第164页。
    45J. C. B. Richmond, Egypt1798-1952: Her Advance towards a Modern Identity, p.173.John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.222.
    6Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power：The Wafd，1919-1952, p.26.
    7转引自Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: A Comparative Study.p.84.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power：The Wafd，1919-1952, p.26；纳忠：埃及近现代简史，第164页；杨灏城：《埃及近代史》，第290页。
    2Harris, C. P., Nationalism and Revolution in Egypt: the Role of the Muslim Brotherhood, Mouton&Co., Hague/London/Paris,1964, p.85.
    3Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.85.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power：The Wafd，1919-1952, p.26.
    5J. C. B. Richmond, Egypt1798-1952: Her Advance towards a Modern Identity, p.174.
    6John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.224.
    7Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power：The Wafd，1919-1952, p.28.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power：The Wafd，1919-1952, p.30.
    2Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis, p.31.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.32,40-42.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.32; John Marlowe,Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.223.
    1John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.225.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.42-43; J. C. B. Richmond,Egypt1798-1952: Her Advance towards a Modern Identity, p.176.
    1John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.226.
    2Goldschmidt, Arthur.&Robert Johnston, Historical Dictionary of Egypt, p.169.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.44.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.45.
    1有关此时埃及内阁任命问题的详细内容请参加：Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: TheWafd,1919-1952, pp.46-49.
    2John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.228.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.38.
    1Tamim Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,a doctoral dissertation, Boston University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences,2004, p.90.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.48.
    1Tamim Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.91.
    2A·穆沙拉夫认为最早提出这一想法的是奥马尔·图松亲王，图松具有强烈的亲奥斯曼和民族主义倾向，以慷慨大方、博学开明而在当时埃及王室拥有很高的威望。贾尼斯·特里则在自己的著作里提到扎格卢勒早在1915年就提出了类似的想法，并在1918年秋付诸外交行动。雅各布·兰道则提及首相鲁什迪出于职责所在酝酿了这一计划，并将之透露给了阿德里·亚坎。有关详情请参看：Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, GreatBritain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: A Comparative Study.p.90; Goldschmidt,Arthur.&Robert Johnston, Historical Dictionary of Egypt, p.215; Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of EgyptianPolitical Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.75; Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt, p.151.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.73.
    1Tamim Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.95.
    2祖国党主张英国在战后应从埃及在经济、政治和军事领域立即和全面退出，但这些主张被英国视为是极端要求，其支持者被看做是好战分子。参看Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist
    3Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: A Comparative Study.p.88
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.75-76.Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.76-77.
    5[德]卡尔·布罗克尔曼：《伊斯兰教各民族与国家史》，孙硕人等译，北京：商务印书馆，1985年，第551页。
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.77.
    2Tamim Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.96; Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.78.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.79.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.39.
    1Tamim Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.97.
    2Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: A
    3Comparative Study.p.90; John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.229.Tamim Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.98.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.80.
    5John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.229.
    6Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.39.
    7Tamim Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.99.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.81.
    2Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt, p.152.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.39.
    4Tamim Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.96.
    5Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.83.
    6贾尼斯·特里认为14人中12人为大地主，马略·迪布认为10人为大地主，这里涉及到大地主的划分标准问题，即以200费丹为分界线还是以100费丹为分界线。萨阿德·扎格卢勒虽然以教师为业，但拥有100费丹左右的土地，阿鲁巴以从事工业为主，在艾斯尤特拥有一个面粉加工厂和一个冰制品厂，但其父亲拥有大量土地。请参看Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.84;Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, pp.43,97.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.85-86.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.82.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.86.
    4Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt, p.154.
    1Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.91.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.88-89.
    3Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.92; Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.90.
    4Tamim Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.100.
    1Ibid., p.101.
    2Ibid., pp.101-102.
    3“华夫托党致外国代表书”，齐世荣主编，《世界通史资料选辑现代部分》（第三分册），北京:商务印书馆，2007年第139-140页。.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.91-92.
    5Tamim Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.105.
    1John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.232.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.94-96.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.99-100.
    1Tamim Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,2p.106.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.101.Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.93.
    4John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.233.
    5“埃及华夫托致英国首相的电报”，潘光、朱威烈主编：《阿拉伯非洲历史文选（18世纪末——20世纪中）》，上海：华东师范大学出版社，1987年，第159页。
    6Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.102.
    7“埃及华夫托致英国首相的信”，潘光、朱威烈主编：《阿拉伯非洲历史文选》，第160-161页。
    1宰纳卜广场因宰纳卜墓而得名，宰纳卜是先知穆罕默德的孙女。广场位于伊斯玛仪时期扩建的开罗欧式新城以东，附近为大量穷人聚集的伊斯兰街区。扎格卢勒的家位于宰纳卜广场西北部的开罗新城区，紧邻老城边界，是华夫托成员和支持者经常聚集开会的地方，被称为“祖国之家”。
    2陈万里：“埃及1919年革命与扎格卢勒”，载《阿拉伯世界》，1985年第1期，第66-70页。
    3李振中、白菊民编著：《开罗大学》，湖南教育出版社，1993年，第47页。
    4T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.108.
    5Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.94.
    6Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.102.
    7T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.109.
    8Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.102.
    1T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.110.
    2王少奎：“华夫脱和埃及民族独立运动，1918-1922”，载《历史教学》1981年第1期，第35-39页。
    3这些共和国存在时间很短，在3月底就全部被英军镇压。
    4T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.110.
    5Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.67.
    6Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.103.
    1Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: A
    2Comparative Study.p.97.Ellis Goldberg, Peasants in Revolt-Egypt1919, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol.24, No.2
    (May,1992), pp.261-280.
    3Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.97.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.104-106.
    5T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.111.
    1T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.112.
    2T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.114.
    3C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.85.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.108.
    5纳忠：《埃及近现代简史》，第175页。
    1Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.98.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.109.
    3Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.98.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.110.
    5John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.235.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.112.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events. p.66.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.112.
    4John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.236.
    5另有学者认为截止到1919年夏，已经有超过800名埃及人遇害，31名欧洲人和29名英国士兵伤亡，甚至有数据认为超过3000埃及人被杀害。有关情况请参考Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and theNationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: A Comparative Study.p.101; Janice J. Terry, Cornerstoneof Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.113;彭克宏主编：《社会科学大词典》，中国国际广播出版社，1989年，第1083页。
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.46.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.114.
    3T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.117.
    4T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.118.
    5Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.116.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.117.
    2Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.pp.101-102.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.118.
    1Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.103; Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.120.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events. p.69.
    3John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.238.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.47.
    5C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.112.
    6Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.47.
    1马福云、杨志波编著：《爱资哈尔大学》，湖北教育出版社，1988年，第53-54页。
    2Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.105.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.121; John Marlowe,Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.239.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events. p.69.
    5Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.121.
    6Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.47.
    1John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.240.
    2John Darwin, Britain, Egypt and the Middle East: Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War,1918-1922, NewYork: St. Martin's Press,1981, p.94.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.122.
    4Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.106; Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.125；C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.113.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.47.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.48.
    3Report of the special mission to Egypt.1921[Cmd.1131] Egypt. No.1(1921), p.23-24.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.128.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.129-131.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.128.
    4阿里·马希尔，拉赫曼·法赫米的侄子，出席巴黎和会期间华夫托高层发生分裂后，他被吸入到华夫托。
    12C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.114.Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events. p.71.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.49.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.49.
    5T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.129.
    6Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951. London&New York: OxfordUniversity Press,1952, p.6.
    1C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.115.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.134.
    3John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.244.
    4T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.131.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.50.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.135.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.52.
    4John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.244.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.136.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.52.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.136.
    4T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.133.
    12Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.53.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.136.Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.78.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.77.
    5C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.118.
    6Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.110.
    7Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, pp.78-79.
    8C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.118.
    1T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.133.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, pp.76-77.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.138.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.53.
    5Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.138.
    6Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.54.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.139.
    2Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: A
    3Comparative Study.p.113; Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.139.C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.119.
    4或称“寇松备忘录”，其内容与米尔纳建议相比有所前进，备忘录第一条就提出终止保护国条例，还提及了苏丹问题，主张维持英埃共管现状，规定埃及在苏丹的军队统一由苏丹总督指挥。这遭到了阿德里的拒绝，埃及希望由埃及人担任自己军队的最高指挥官。有关情况参看Royal Institute of InternationalAffairs,Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951. London&New York: Oxford University Press,1952, p.7.
    5Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.79.
    6Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.139.
    1T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.135.
    2John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.246.
    3See Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.140.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.141.
    5Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.114.
    6Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.55.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.143.
    3C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.120.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.145.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.146.
    3John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.247.
    1声明英文原文请参看MoustafaAhmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.434.中文译文请参看“阿伦比对埃及的宣言”，潘光，朱威烈主编：《阿拉伯非洲历史文选（18世纪末—20世纪中）》，第165页。
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.81.
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951. London&New York: Oxford
    2University Press,1952, p.9.Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.147.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.55.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.147.
    5Donald M. Reid, Political Assassination in Egypt,1910-1954, The International Journal of African HistoricalStudies, Vol.15, No.4(1982), pp.625-651.
    6T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.137.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.57.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.148.
    3T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government, p.137;C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.125.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.148.
    1夏吉生、杨鲁平：《非洲两国议会》，第221页。
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.73.
    3P. J. Vatikiotis, The History of Egypt, p.273.
    4Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt, p.60.
    5C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.125.
    6Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.83.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.58.
    2John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.261.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.59.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, pp.59-60.
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, The History of Egypt, p.275.
    2C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.125.
    3John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.261.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.84.
    5P. J. Vatikiotis, The History of Egypt, p.276.
    6Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.155.
    1Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.85.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.60.
    3此处引用的宪法文本来自法文版本的英译本，全文见Text of the Constitution of Egypt, Current History(New York),25:4(1927:Jan.) p.532.关于宪法的概要介绍请参看Norman Bentwich, The Constitution of Egypt,Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, Third Series, Vol.6, No.1(1924), pp.41-49
    1该选举法的条文概要请参看Royal Institute of InternationalAffairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951.London&New York: Oxford University Press,1952, p.189.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.63.
    2Ibid., p.66.
    3Ibid., p.65.
    4Ibid., p.164-166.
    5Ibid., p.167-168.
    1Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt, p.157.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.170.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, pp.173-174,226.
    2Ibid., p.172.
    1Ibid., pp.270,354.
    2Ibid., p.271.
    3Ibid., p.351.
    4关于华夫托党蓝衫军的更多情况，请参考James P. Jankowski, The Egyptian Blue Shirts and the EgyptianWafd,1935-1938, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.6, No.1(Jan.,1970), pp.77-95.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.353.
    2Ibid., p.70.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.87; Marius Deeb, PartyPolitics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.353; Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt,p.153; Tamim Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially CreatedGovernment, p.100.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.74.
    2Ibid., p.174.
    3Ibid., p.181.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.272-273.
    2Ibid., p.355.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.68-70.
    2Ibid., p.151.
    3Ibid., p.152.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.159-161.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.349.
    2Michael T. Thornhill, Britain and the Collapse of Egypt's Constitutional Order,1950-52, Diplomacy&Statecraft,Vol.13, No.1(March2002), pp.121-152.
    1Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.65.
    2Ibid., p.64.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.76.
    2一说250余人，见Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt, p.169.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.149.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.76.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.77.
    2Ibid., p.78.
    3Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt, p.170.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, pp.182-183.
    5Ibid., p.276.
    6Ibid., p.368.
    1Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt, p.171.
    2Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.66.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.79.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, pp.185-186.
    2Ibid., pp.367-368.
    1Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.67.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.81.
    3Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt, p.115.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.81.
    2Ibid., p.83.
    3Ibid., p.84.
    1Ibid., pp.188-189.
    2Ibid., pp.277-278,370.
    3Arthur Goldschmidt&Robert Johnston, Historical Dictionary of Egypt, p.292.
    1Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.67.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.187.
    3Ibid., p.278.
    4Arthur Goldschmidt&Robert Johnston, Historical Dictionary of Egypt, p.210.
    5Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt, p.173.
    1Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.68.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.280.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, pp.281-282.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, pp.222-223.
    2Ibid., p.370.
    3Ibid., p.357.
    4Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.68.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.360.
    2Ibid., p.362.
    3Ibid., p.364.
    4Ibid., p.365.
    1Ibid., p.366.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.155-156.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.87.
    3John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.263.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.87.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.156.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.157.
    3P. J. Vatikiotis, The History of Egypt, p.277.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.157-158.
    5Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.75.
    6Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt, p.64.
    1Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.116.
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, The History of Egypt, p.277.
    3Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt, p.64.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.159.
    2Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.117.
    3Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.10.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.160-161.
    5Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.88.
    1Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.88.
    2C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.127.
    3John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.265.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.89.
    5刘鸿武、姜恒昆编著：《苏丹》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2008年，第116页。
    6P. M. Holt&M. W. Daly, The History of the Sudan: from the Coming of Islam to the Present Day, Boulder,Colorado: Westview Press,1979, p.131.
    7[美]罗伯特·科林斯：《苏丹史》，徐宏峰译，北京：中国大百科全书出版社，2009年，第47页。
    8C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.128.
    9Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.89.
    10Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.89.
    1T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.187.
    2作为1899年英埃共管苏丹协定，埃及军队65%驻扎在苏丹，埃及军总司令同时也是苏丹总督。
    3C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.128.
    45Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.89.
    6Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.163.T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.188； P. M. Holt&M. W. Daly, The History of the Sudan: from the Coming of Islam to the Present Day, p.134；
    [美]罗伯特·科林斯：《苏丹史》，第47页。
    1Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.117.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.164.
    3Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.11.
    4Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.118.
    5Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.165; Royal Institute ofInternational Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.11.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.132.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.168.
    3Tareq Y. Ismael&Rifa’at El-Sa’id, The Communist Movement in Egypt:1920-1988, New York: SyracuseUniversity Press,1990, p.28.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.132.
    5Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.133.
    1Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, London: University of California Press,1977, p.81.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.134.
    3C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.129.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.168.
    2C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.130.
    3T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.188.
    4John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, pp.268-269.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.170.
    3John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.270.
    4Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.13.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.171.
    2Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study.p.119.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.171.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.172-173.
    2T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.188.
    3埃及政府保证在一些关于外国人和外国利益的特定问题上与司法顾问进行协商，但取消了必须遵守两个顾问建议的要求。关于公共安全局，其欧洲处实行完全自治，总局长不仅代表和保护外国人的整体利益，而且要特别代表英国。有关内容请参见Royal Institute of InternationalAffairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.14.
    4P. M. Holt&M. W. Daly, The History of the Sudan: from the Coming of Islam to the Present Day, p.135.
    1截止到1924年11月第三任总司令被谋杀的五年里，被暗杀的总人数为46人。参见Royal Institute of
    2International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.15.C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.129.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.175.
    4C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.130.
    5Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.176.
    6Donald M. Reid, Political Assassination in Egypt,1910-1954, The International Journal of African HistoricalStudies, Vol.15, No.4(1982), pp.625-651.
    7C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.148.
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.16.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.136.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.182.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.182.
    2夏吉生、杨鲁平：《非洲两国议会》，第231页。
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.136.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.179.
    5John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.275.
    1Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.95.
    2John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.275.
    3C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, pp.145-146.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.185.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.185.
    3Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.95,97.
    4阿德里·亚坎在自由立宪党退出与联盟党的联合政府后辞去了领导人职务，阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹·法赫米接任主席，后很快辞职，主席一直空缺，马哈茂德先是担任副主席，1929年才出任党主席一职。
    5T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government, p.149;C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.146.
    6Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.96.
    12Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.96.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.187.John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.276.
    4C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.146.
    5John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.275.
    6Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.138.
    7Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, pp.98,101.
    8Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.138; Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the
    20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, pp.98.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.138.
    2截止此时，埃及共有四部选举法，分别是选举产生第一届议会的1923年选举法，扎格卢勒政府修改产生的1924年选举法，1925年3月大选前西德基所颁布的1925年选举法以及齐瓦尔1925年12月颁布的选举法。四部选举法中，1923年选举法产生于议会出现前，1925年两部选举法是在无议会时期颁布的，只有1924年扎格卢勒版本的选举法是经议会表决通过。
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.187.
    4该选举数字统计同样比较混乱，此处使用的是夏吉生、杨鲁平《非洲两国议会》转引的数字，见该书第
    232页。
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.188.
    2C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.148.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.191.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.189.
    5C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.148.
    6Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.189-190.
    7Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.16.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.140.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.99.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.140.
    4Arthur.&Robert Johnston, Historical Dictionary of Egypt, p.193.
    5Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.100.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.141.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.193.
    3Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.102.
    1T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.191.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.193.
    3T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.192.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.142.
    5Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.194.
    1C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.155; Marius Deeb,Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.142.
    2C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.155.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.195.
    4T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.193.
    5John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.279.
    6Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.104.
    1C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.157.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, pp.16-17.
    3Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.17.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.196.
    5一说67岁，一说72岁，分别参看Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.196; Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.105.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.198-200.
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.18.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.213.
    3C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.159.
    4C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.159.
    5Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.104.
    6C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.159.
    12Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.106.Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.214.
    3Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.106.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.143.51923年，埃及政府颁布了一部公众集会任由警察摆布的政治集会法。1924年扎格卢勒上台后，华夫托党控制的议会先取消，后又决定修改该法令，但未及修改，扎格卢勒政府就倒台了。阿德里和萨尔瓦特执政后，议会批准了集会法修正案，但参议院由于技术原因未来得及通过。萨尔瓦特辞职后，劳埃德提出了抗议。新法试图削弱英国对警察的控制力，以便使支持华夫托党的警察减少对学生示威活动的干预。
    6Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.20.
    7Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.143.
    8T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.195.
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.20.
    2T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,3p.195.
    4C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.163.T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.196.
    5Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, pp.20-21.
    6Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.216.
    7Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.107.
    8Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.21.
    9C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.163.
    11898年，法庭判决艾哈迈德·塞弗丁亲王（福阿德国王同父异母的弟弟）意图行刺当时的福阿德亲王未遂，他于1900被放逐至英国，软禁在一家精神病院。具有讽刺意味的是，塞弗丁个人拥有的大约200万镑财产却被授权由福阿德国王托管。塞弗丁的母亲经过多年诉讼试图争回财产控制权，但都没有成功。1925年8月，塞弗丁离开英国，被秘密送往君士坦丁堡，在那里与母亲团聚。十分蹊跷的是，1928年6月24日，一份据称是塞弗丁母亲和纳哈斯及另外两名律师签署的经济协议副本在媒体曝光。根据1927年2月双方达成的该协议，纳哈斯及其同事力争确保将塞弗丁的财产监护权转移至其母亲手中，作为回报纳哈斯等人将得到13万镑的代理费用。时任众议院副主席的纳哈斯因此被控利用职位不当交易和以权肥私。纳哈斯反驳说他在1927年就已经不再从事法律事务，而所谓的爆料不过是诋毁华夫托党的阴谋。后经法院裁决，纳哈斯被判无罪。
    2T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.198.
    3John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.282; Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.145.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, pp.144,146.
    5Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.107.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.146.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.217.
    3Jacob M. Landau, Parliaments and Parties in Egypt, p.183.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.108.
    5Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.217; Jacob M. Landau,Parliaments and Parties in Egypt, p.183.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.217.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.110.
    3Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.110.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.218.
    5Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.147.
    1John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.283.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.218-219.
    3C. W. R. long, British Pro-Consuls in Egypt,1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism, p.168.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.111.
    5John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.284.
    6Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.111.
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.22.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.111.
    3Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.23.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.112.
    5Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.148.
    6Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, pp.148,160.
    7Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.220.
    1Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.117.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.149.
    3Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.24.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.115.
    5Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.25.
    6Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.25.
    7Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.115.
    1John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.286; Royal Institute of International Affairs, GreatBritain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.27; Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events,p.115..
    1Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, pp.132-133.
    2Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.133.
    1An Historical Account of Prime Ministers of Egypt,1878-1952.[2012-02-07],http://www.theegyptianchronicles.com/History/PRIMEMINISTERS30.html
    2“Foreign News: The Boss Goes to Jail”, Time, vol.63,1954.
    3Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.136.
    1Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.115.
    2Malak Badrawi, Isma'il Sidqi,1875-1950: Pragmatism and Vision in Twentieth Century Egypt, Curzon Press,1996. p.59.
    3Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.138.
    4Malak Badrawi, Isma'il Sidqi,1875-1950: Pragmatism and Vision in Twentieth Century Egypt, p.59.
    1An Historical Account of Prime Ministers of Egypt,1878-1952.http://www.theegyptianchronicles.com/History/PRIMEMINISTERS31.html
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.240.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.221.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.116.
    5Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.240.
    6Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.222.
    7Malak Badrawi, Isma'il Sidqi,1875-1950: Pragmatism and Vision in Twentieth Century Egypt, p.61.
    12Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.222.John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.286.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.241.
    4Malak Badrawi, Isma'il Sidqi,1875-1950: Pragmatism and Vision in Twentieth Century Egypt, p.67.
    5Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.222.
    6Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.241.
    7Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.222.
    8Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.190.
    1Malak Badrawi, Isma'il Sidqi,1875-1950: Pragmatism and Vision in Twentieth Century Egypt, p.64; MariusDeeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, pp.241-242; Royal Institute of InternationalAffairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.190；Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology ofMajor Events, p.116.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.242.
    3Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.190.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.222.
    5Malak Badrawi, Isma'il Sidqi,1875-1950: Pragmatism and Vision in Twentieth Century Egypt, p.59.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.243.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.118.
    3Ibid.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.223.
    5Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.118.
    6Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.223; Marius Deeb, PartyPolitics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.243.
    1Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.119.
    2Ibid.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.223.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.119.
    5Ibid.
    6Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.244.
    1Ibid.
    2Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study. p.124.
    3夏吉生、杨鲁平：《非洲两国议会》，第232页。
    4Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.30.
    5Ibid, p.31.
    6Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.223.
    7Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.239.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.245.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.224.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.245.
    1Ibid., p.246.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.122.
    3Ibid.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.123.
    5Ibid.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.225.
    2纳吉布·伊斯坎达尔，华夫托党党员，被指控参与一起炸弹袭击。马克拉姆和加拉布里为该案的辩护律师，但马克拉姆中途退出，并因藐视法庭而被判处罚金。
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.247; Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone ofEgyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.226; Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.161.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.226.
    2Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.161.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.248; Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot,Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.162; An Historical Account of Prime Ministers of Egypt,1878-1952.http://www.theegyptianchronicles.com/History/PRIMEMINISTERS31.html.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.127.
    5Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.162.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.249.
    2Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.162.
    3An Historical Account of Prime Ministers of Egypt,1878-1952.http://www.theegyptianchronicles.com/History/PRIMEMINISTERS31.html.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.227.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.251.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.228.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.227.
    1Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.128.
    2John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.293.
    3皇室内阁总管一职在1930年宪法中已被废止，此时英国要求重新设立该职位。
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.252; An Historical Account of PrimeMinisters of Egypt,1878-1952. http://www.theegyptianchronicles.com/History/PRIMEMINISTERS32.html.
    5John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.293.
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.32; An Historical Account ofPrime Ministers of Egypt,1878-1952.http://www.theegyptianchronicles.com/History/PRIMEMINISTERS32.html.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.129.
    3Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.173; Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the
    20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.129.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.253.
    1An Historical Account of Prime Ministers of Egypt,1878-1952.http://www.theegyptianchronicles.com/History/PRIMEMINISTERS32.html.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.135.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.228.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.132.
    5John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.294.
    6Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.132.
    7Ibid.
    12John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.294.
    3Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.173.Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.254.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.255.
    5Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.133.
    6Ibid.
    7Ibid.
    8Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.33.
    9Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.133.
    1Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.173.
    23Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.133.
    4Ibid.Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, Dissertation, PH.D., University of Pennsylvania,1983, p.93.
    5Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.34.
    6Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, p.93.
    7John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.294.
    8Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.34.
    9Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, p.93.
    1Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, p.94.
    2Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.174.
    3John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.295.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, pp.133-134; Royal Institute ofInternational Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.34; John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.295.
    5Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.255.
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.35; Marius Deeb, Party Politicsin Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.255.
    2Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.176.
    3Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.134.
    4Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, p.95; Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: theWafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.256; Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.176.
    5Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.35.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.256.
    2Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, p.99.
    3Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.134.
    4Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.36;
    5Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.134.
    6Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.257.
    1Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, pp.100-102.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.37.
    3Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.136.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.229.
    5Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.258; An Historical Account of PrimeMinisters of Egypt,1878-1952, http://www.theegyptianchronicles.com/History/PRIMEMINISTERS33.html.
    6Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.137.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.232.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.38.
    3John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.297.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.230.
    12Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.138.Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.38.
    3Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.139; Marius Deeb, Party Politics inEgypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.332.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.231.
    5An Historical Account of Prime Ministers of Egypt,1878-1952,http://www.theegyptianchronicles.com/History/PRIMEMINISTERS34.html
    6Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.333.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.232.
    2Ibid, p.233.
    3条约的英文文本请参看The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of1936, Current History,22:128(1952:Apr.) pp.231-239;also see, Treaty of Alliance Between His Majesty, In Respect of the United Kingdom and His Majesty The Kingof Egypt, The American Journal of International Law, Vol.31, No.2, Supplement: Official Documents (Apr.,1937), pp.77-90.中文译文请参阅：“联合王国与埃及同盟条约”，《国际条约集（1934-1944）》，北京：世界知识出版社，1961年，第90-107页。
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.41.
    2John Marlowe, Anglo-Egyptian Relations,1800-1953, p.302.
    3Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.141.
    4Kamal Karim Katba, An Historical Account of Prime Ministers of Egypt,1878-1952,http://www.theegyptianchronicles.com/History/PRIMEMINISTERS34.html
    12Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.41.Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.333.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.234-235.
    4Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.42.
    5Abdulhameed A. al Musharraf, Great Britain and the Nationalist Movements in Egypt and India,1900-1939: AComparative Study, p.130.
    6Selma Botman. Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952. New York: Syracuse University Press,1991.p.41.
    12Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, pp.107-108.Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.235.
    3治外法权（Capitulations）一词可能出自奥斯曼帝国单方面给予个别外国财税和司法特权的一些条例中。到了18世纪，这些单边授予的特权被改变成了单边协议。这些特权授予条约国国民税收、政治和司法豁免权，不经公民所属国政府同意免于征税的自由，居所不受侵犯，给予其免遭任意逮捕的保护以及只有其母国法庭才能对其进行审判的权力等。19世纪初，这些特权条款基本上已在埃及普遍实行，由此带来了大量的司法混乱。为了简化处理，埃及1875年制定的司法组织章程设立了主要由欧洲法官组成的混合法庭来审理所有的刑事案件（无论是埃及人还是外国人犯罪）和不同国籍个人之间的商业纠纷与民事案件。三个混合法庭分别设立于开罗、亚历山大和曼苏拉，此外还在亚历山大设立一个上诉法庭。所有法庭都有外国法官主持，外国法官与埃及法官的人数比例是固定的。法官的提名和选择取决于埃及政府，但在实际操作中，相关国家会被邀请提供建议人选。截止1914年，共有15个国家享有这些治外法权。1923年洛桑条约明确取消奥斯曼帝国对埃及的主权时，治外法权虽然在前奥斯曼帝国已被废除，但在埃及却继续存在。
    4Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.44.
    12Ibid., pp.44-45.Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.45.
    3“关于废除在埃及领事裁判权的公约”，《国际条约集（1934-1944）》，北京：世界知识出版社，1961年，第122-141页。英文文本请参看Convention Regarding the Abolition of Capitulations in Egypt, MoustafaAhmed.Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, pp.373-378.
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.47.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.237.
    3Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.143.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.237.
    5Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.142.
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.48.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.142.
    3Ibid., p.143.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.334.
    5Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.239.
    6Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.334.
    7Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.144.
    12Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.334.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.276.Kamal Karim Katba, An Historical Account of Prime Ministers of Egypt,1878-1952,http://www.theegyptianchronicles.com/History/PRIMEMINISTERS35.html
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.144.
    5Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.335.
    6Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.238.
    7Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.336.
    8Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.144.
    12Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.49.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.335.James P. Jankowski, Egypt's Young Rebels:"Young Egypt",1933-1952, Stanford, California: Hoover InstitutionPress, p.35.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.239.
    5Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.49.
    6Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, pp.119-120; Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.145.
    7Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.49.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.239-240.
    2Kamal Karim Katba, An Historical Account of Prime Ministers of Egypt,1878-1952,http://www.theegyptianchronicles.com/History/PRIMEMINISTERS35.html
    3Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.49.
    1Ibid., p.50.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.336.
    3Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.146.
    4Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.50.
    5Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.146.
    6Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.50.
    7Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.146.
    12Ibid., p.147.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.337.Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.147.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.242.
    5Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.338.
    6Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.147.
    7Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.338.
    8Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.147.
    9Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.50.
    12Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.148.Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.338.
    3Ibid.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.147.
    5Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.242.
    6Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.339.
    7Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.194.
    8Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.148.
    1Ibid.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.340.
    3Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.150.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.341.
    5Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.151.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.265-266.
    2哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》，第515页。
    3Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.73.
    1Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis, p.35.
    2Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis, p.35.
    3哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》，第515页。
    4M. W. Daly edited, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.321.
    5M. W. Daly edited, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.313.
    6Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis, p.33.
    7M. W. Daly edited, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.313.
    1Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis, p.34.
    1M. W. Daly edited, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.322.
    2Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.75.
    3Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis, p.37.
    4M. W. Daly edited, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.313.
    5Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis, p.43.
    1M. W. Daly edited, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.311.
    2哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》，第518页。
    3Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.83.
    1Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis, p.44.
    2哈全安：《中东史：610-2000》，第518页。
    3Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis, p.44.
    4Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, pp.81-82,84.
    1M. W. Daly edited, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, pp.323-326.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.31.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.229.
    4Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.107.
    5Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.197.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.272.
    2Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.108.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.274-275.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.275.
    5Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.198.
    6Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.199.
    1Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.109.
    2Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.201.
    1Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, p.138.
    2Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment:1922-1936, p.201.
    3Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, pp.143-144.
    1Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, pp.161-162.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.62.
    3[英]乔治·柯克：《战时中东》，上海外国语学院英语系翻译组译，上海译文出版社，1995年，第315页。
    4Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.68.
    1Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis, p.38.
    2[埃及]拉西德·阿里·巴拉维、穆罕默德·哈姆查·乌列士：《近代埃及的经济发展》，第280页。
    3Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis, p.39.
    4樊亢、宋则行主编：《外国经济史（近代现代）》第3册，北京：人民出版社，1980年，第265页。
    5[英]乔治·柯克：《战时中东》，第326-327页。
    6[英]乔治·柯克：《战时中东》，第330-333页。
    1[英]乔治·柯克：《战时中东》，第293、334页。
    2Charles Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis, p.36.
    3[英]乔治·柯克：《战时中东》，第279页。
    1[英]乔治·柯克：《战时中东》，第282-283页。
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.69.
    3樊亢、宋则行主编：《外国经济史（近代现代）》第3册，第264页。
    4[埃及]拉西德·阿里·巴拉维、穆罕默德·哈姆查·乌列士：《近代埃及的经济发展》，第284页。
    1[英]乔治·柯克：《战时中东》，第420、331页。
    2樊亢、宋则行主编：《外国经济史（近代现代）》第3册，第266页。
    3王绳祖主编：《国际关系史》（第五卷），第114页。
    4Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.53.
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.55.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.55.
    3Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.56.
    4王绳祖主编：《国际关系史》（第五卷），第246页。
    1James P. Jankowski, Egypt's Young Rebels:"Young Egypt",1933-1952, pp.38-39.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.60; Selma Botman, Egypt fromIndependence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.42.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.243.
    2James P. Jankowski, Egypt's Young Rebels:"Young Egypt",1933-1952, p.81
    3Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.43.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.154.
    5P. J. Vatikiotis, the Egyptian Army in Politics: Pattern for New Nations? Bloomington: Indiana University Press,1961, p.52.
    6Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.61.
    1Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.154.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.154.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.243.
    4Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.61.
    5Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.244-245.
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.62.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.155.
    3Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.63.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.246.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.247.
    3Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.64.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.155.
    5Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.64.
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.65.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.67.
    3Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.67
    1James P. Jankowski, Egypt's Young Rebels:"Young Egypt",1933-1952, pp.83-84.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.68.
    3Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.159.
    4Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.68; Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt inthe20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.159.
    1Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.159.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.250.
    3Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.69.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.162.
    5Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.70.
    1Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, p.185.
    2Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, pp.184-185.
    3Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.163.
    4Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, p.185.
    5T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.206.
    6Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.163.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.252.
    2T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.207.
    1Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.44.
    2Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, pp.188-189.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.253.
    4Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.72.
    5Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.253.
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.74.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.73.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.254.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.75.
    3Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, pp.191-192.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.256.
    5Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.76.
    1Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.167.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.257; T. Barghouti, The Caseof Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government, p.209.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.257.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.258.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.258.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.166.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.260.
    4Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.77.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, pp.260-261.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, pp.77-78.
    3Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.172.
    1T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.209.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.79.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.261.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.172.
    5夏吉生、杨鲁平：《非洲两国议会》，第233页。
    6http://www.reference.com/browse/Walter+Guinness%2C+1st+Baron+Moyne
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.292.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.81.
    3Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.81.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.174.
    5Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.292.
    6Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt:1914-1951, p.81.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.293.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.175.
    1Jankowski, James. Egypt’s Young Rebels:“Young Egypt”,1933-1952. p.12.
    1Jankowski, James. Egypt’s Young Rebels:“Young Egypt”,1933-1952. p.13.
    2Gershoni, Israel and James Jankowski. Redefining the Egyptian Nation,1930-1945. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press,1995. p.19.
    3Jankowski, James. Egypt’s Young Rebels:“Young Egypt”,1933-1952. pp.13-14.
    4Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.118; Marius Deeb, Party Politics inEgypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.374.
    1T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.252.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.375.
    3T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.253.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.372.
    2T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.253.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.378.
    4Ibid.
    1Ibid., p.377-378.
    2Jankowski, James. Egypt’s Young Rebels:“Young Egypt”,1933-1952. pp.19,22-23.
    3Ibid. p.25.
    4T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.254.
    1Jankowski, James. Egypt’s Young Rebels:“Young Egypt”,1933-1952. p.57.
    2Ibid., p.24,28.
    3Ibid., pp.38-40,52.
    4Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.118.
    5Jankowski, James. Egypt’s Young Rebels:“Young Egypt”,1933-1952. pp.83-84.
    1Ibid., p.107.
    1T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.263.
    2Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.120.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.379.
    2T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.261.
    3Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.121.
    4哈全安：《埃及穆斯林兄弟会的演变》，《西亚非洲》，2011年第4期。
    1T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,pp.261-262.
    2哈全安：《埃及穆斯林兄弟会的演变》，《西亚非洲》，2011年第4期。
    3T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.264.
    4Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers, Oxford University Press, Oxford,1993, p.9.
    1关于穆斯林兄弟会二战前的组织结构，请参看Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, pp.381-386.
    2Mitchell, Richard P. The Society of the Muslim Brothers. London: Oxford University Press,1969. pp.328-329.
    3Ibid., p.329.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.387.
    1Gershoni, Israel and James Jankowski. Redefining the Egyptian Nation,1930-1945. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press,1995. p.14.
    1Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.41.
    2Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, p.202.
    3Christina. P. Harris. Nationalism and Revolution in Egypt: the Role of the Muslim Brotherhood,pp.178-180.
    4Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.121.
    5Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, p.202.
    1Ibid., p.204.
    2Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.122.
    3T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.267.
    4Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.123.
    1M. W. Daly edited, The Cambridge History of Egypt, pp.306-307.
    2Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.100.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.34.
    1Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.70.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.85.
    3Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.70.
    4Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.86.
    5Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.100.
    6Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.86.
    1Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.87.
    2Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.87.
    3Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.88-89.
    4Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.71.
    5Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.89.
    6Marius Deeb, Party Politics in Egypt: the Wafd&its Rivals1919-1939, p.88.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.162; Selma Botman, Egyptfrom Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.72.
    1T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.272.
    2Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.103.
    3T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.272.
    1T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.273.
    2Ibid., p.274-276.
    1Ibid., p.277-278.
    2Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, pp.207-208.
    3M. W. Daly edited, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol.2, p.329.
    4Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, p.218.
    5T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.278.
    6Ibid., p.280.
    1[英]乔治·柯克：《战时中东》，第416-417页。
    2同上，第418页。
    1Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.176.
    23Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.82.Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.177.
    4[英]乔治·柯克：《1945-1950年的中东》，[英]阿诺德·汤因比编，《第二次世界大战史大全》（11），复旦大学历史系世界史教研室译，上海：上海译文出版社，1995年，第199页。
    5Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.82.
    1Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, p.212.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.84.
    3Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, p.212.
    4Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.178; Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone ofEgyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.293.
    1Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, p.213.
    2Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.178.
    3Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, pp.214-215.
    4Ibid., pp.216-217.
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.86.
    2Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, p.218.
    3Ibid.
    4T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.211.
    5Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.86.
    6Moustafa Ahmed. Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.178.
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.86.
    2Ibid.
    3[英]乔治·柯克：《1945-1950年的中东》，第204页。
    4Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.87.
    5Moustafa Ahmed, Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.179.
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.89.
    2[英]乔治·柯克：《1945-1950年的中东》，第208页。
    3Moustafa Ahmed, Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.180.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.297.
    5T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.219.
    6Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, pp.91-92.
    1Ibid., pp.93-95.
    2Moustafa Ahmed, Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.181.
    3Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.96.
    1Moustafa Ahmed, Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.181.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.98.
    3Ibid., p.99.
    4Ibid.
    1Ibid., p.100.
    2[英]乔治·柯克：《1945-1950年的中东》，第225-231页。
    1Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.115.
    2Moustafa Ahmed, Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.181.
    3[英]乔治·柯克：《1945-1950年的中东》，第240-243页。
    1Jankowski, James. Egypt’s Young Rebels:“Young Egypt”,1933-1952. p.91.
    2季国兴、陈和丰等：《第二次世界大战后中东战争史》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1987年，第62页。
    3Moustafa Ahmed, Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.189.
    4季国兴、陈和丰等：《第二次世界大战后中东战争史》，第67页。
    1Moustafa Ahmed, Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.186.
    2Ibid., p.191.
    3Christina. P. Harris. Nationalism and Revolution in Egypt: the Role of the Muslim Brotherhood,p.184.
    12Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.118.
    3Moustafa Ahmed, Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.195.Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.299.
    4Moustafa Ahmed, Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.192.
    5Ibid., p.119.
    6Michael T. Thornhill, Britain and the Collapse of Egypt's Constitutional Order,1950-52, Diplomacy&Statecraft,Vol.13, No.1(March2002), pp.121-152.
    7Moustafa Ahmed, Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.196.
    8T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,
    1Jankowski, James. Egypt’s Young Rebels:“Young Egypt”,1933-1952. pp.93-95.
    2Ibid., p.96.
    3Moustafa Ahmed, Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.197.
    4Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.121.
    5Moustafa Ahmed, Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.197.
    1Ibid.
    2Michael T. Thornhill, Britain and the Collapse of Egypt's Constitutional Order,1950-52, Diplomacy&Statecraft,Vol.13, No.1(March2002), pp.121-152.
    3Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.300.
    4Moustafa Ahmed, Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.198.
    5Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, pp.129-130.
    6Moustafa Ahmed, Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.198.
    1Michael T. Thornhill, Britain and the Collapse of Egypt's Constitutional Order,1950-52, Diplomacy&Statecraft,Vol.13, No.1(March2002), pp.121-152.
    2Ibid.
    3Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.136.
    1Ibid., p.137.
    2Michael T. Thornhill, Britain and the Collapse of Egypt's Constitutional Order,1950-52, Diplomacy&Statecraft,Vol.13, No.1(March2002), pp.121-152.
    3Moustafa Ahmed, Egypt in the20thCentury: Chronology of Major Events, p.200.
    4Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, pp.143-144.
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.301.
    2Jankowski, James. Egypt’s Young Rebels:“Young Egypt”,1933-1952. pp.98-99; T. Barghouti, The Case ofEgypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government, p.220.
    1Michael T. Thornhill, Britain and the Collapse of Egypt's Constitutional Order,1950-52, Diplomacy&Statecraft,Vol.13, No.1(March2002), pp.121-152.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, pp.145-147.
    3Ibid. pp.148-150.
    1Michael T. Thornhill, Britain and the Collapse of Egypt's Constitutional Order,1950-52, Diplomacy&Statecraft,Vol.13, No.1(March2002), pp.121-152.
    2Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Egypt,1914-1951, p.149.
    3Ibid. pp.150-151.
    1Michael T. Thornhill, Britain and the Collapse of Egypt's Constitutional Order,1950-52, Diplomacy&Statecraft,Vol.13, No.1(March2002), pp.121-152.
    2Selma Botman, Egypt from Independence to Revolution,1919-1952, p.52.
    3Jankowski, James. Egypt’s Young Rebels:“Young Egypt”,1933-1952. p.100.
    1Jankowski, James. Egypt’s Young Rebels:“Young Egypt”,1933-1952. p.99.
    2T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.221.
    3T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.216.
    1Jankowski, James. Egypt’s Young Rebels:“Young Egypt”,1933-1952. p.101.
    2Ibid., pp.101-102.
    3Michael T. Thornhill, Britain and the Collapse of Egypt's Constitutional Order,1950-52, Diplomacy&Statecraft,Vol.13, No.1(March2002), pp.121-152.
    4Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.302.
    5T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.217.
    1Jankowski, James. Egypt’s Young Rebels:“Young Egypt”,1933-1952. p.102.
    2Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.302.
    3T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,
    1Janice J. Terry, Cornerstone of Egyptian Political Power: The Wafd,1919-1952, p.302.
    1[英]罗伯特·斯蒂文思：《纳赛尔传》，王威等译，北京：世界知识出版社，1992年，第3页。
    2杨灏城、江淳：《纳赛尔与萨达特时代的埃及》，北京：商务印书馆，1997年，第14页。
    3[英]罗伯特·斯蒂文思：《纳赛尔传》，第7页。
    4P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation, London: Croom Helm,1978, p.24.
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.25;[英]罗伯特·斯蒂文思：《纳赛尔传》，第8页。
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.26.
    3杨灏城、江淳：《纳赛尔与萨达特时代的埃及》，第15页。
    4[英]罗伯特·斯蒂文思：《纳赛尔传》，第10页。
    5P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.33.
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.27.
    2杨灏城、江淳：《纳赛尔与萨达特时代的埃及》，第15页；P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978,p.28.
    3[英]罗伯特·斯蒂文思：《纳赛尔传》，第11页。
    4P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.27.
    5[英]罗伯特·斯蒂文思：《纳赛尔传》，第11页。
    1Christina W. Michelmore, Student Politics in Egypt,1922-1952, p.94.
    2[英]罗伯特·斯蒂文思：《纳赛尔传》，第14页。
    3杨灏城、江淳：《纳赛尔与萨达特时代的埃及》，第16页。
    4Gamal Abdel Nasser, Egypt’s Liberation: The Philosophy of the Revolution, Washinton: N.P., p.50；加麦尔·阿卜杜勒·纳赛尔著、张一民译：《革命哲学》，北京：世界知识出版社，1956年，第22页。
    5P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, pp.32,60.
    6Ibid., pp.60,33.
    7[英]罗伯特·斯蒂文思：《纳赛尔传》，第15页。
    1[英]安东尼·纳丁著、范语译：《纳赛尔》，上海人民出版社，1976年，第21页。
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.58.
    3P. J. Vatikiotis, the Egyptian Army in Politics: Pattern for New Nations? Bloomington: Indiana University Press,1961, p.45; P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.47.
    4[英]罗伯特·斯蒂文思：《纳赛尔传》，第16页。
    5杨灏城、江淳：《纳赛尔与萨达特时代的埃及》，第17页。
    6P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.36.
    7[英]罗伯特·斯蒂文思：《纳赛尔传》，第18页。
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.36.
    2[英]罗伯特·斯蒂文思：《纳赛尔传》，第25页。
    3P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.37.
    4加麦尔·阿卜杜勒·纳赛尔：《革命哲学》，第8页。
    1同上，第24、26页。
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.41.
    3[英]罗伯特·斯蒂文思：《纳赛尔传》，第48页。
    4加麦尔·阿卜杜勒·纳赛尔：《革命哲学》，第6-7页。
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.39.
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, the Egyptian Army in Politics: Pattern for New Nations? pp.45-46.
    1Ibid., p.46.
    2杨灏城：纳赛尔军人政权的性质及其历史作用，载《世界历史》，1992年第1期。
    3[英]罗伯特·斯蒂文思：《纳赛尔传》，第8页。
    4[埃及]安瓦尔·萨达特著、李占经等译：《我的一生——对个性的探讨》，北京：商务印书馆，1980年，第6-7页。
    5P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.26.
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.60.
    2T. Barghouti, The Case of Egypt: A National Liberation Movement and a Colonially Created Government,p.282.
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.101.
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.119.
    3P. J. Vatikiotis, the Egyptian Army in Politics: Pattern for New Nations? p.52.
    4P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, pp.102,119.
    5[埃及]安瓦尔·萨达特：《我的一生——对个性的探讨》，第32-47页。
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.103.
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.104.
    3P. J. Vatikiotis, the Egyptian Army in Politics: Pattern for New Nations? pp.56-57.
    4P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.114.
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.105.
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, the Egyptian Army in Politics: Pattern for New Nations? p.60.
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.105.
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, the Egyptian Army in Politics: Pattern for New Nations? p.61.
    3P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.106.
    1P. J. Vatikiotis, the Egyptian Army in Politics: Pattern for New Nations? p.63.
    2Ibid.
    3P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.107.
    4P. J. Vatikiotis, Nasser and His Generation,1978, p.114.
    5P. J. Vatikiotis, the Egyptian Army in Politics: Pattern for New Nations? p.65.
    1杨灏城、江淳：《纳赛尔与萨达特时代的埃及》，第25页。
    2P. J. Vatikiotis, the Egyptian Army in Politics: Pattern for New Nations? p.64.
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