摘要
多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类添加型的阻燃剂,由于其阻燃效率高、热稳定性好、添加量较小,对材料性能影响小,被广泛用于商业和家庭用品中。由于没有化学键束缚,PBDEs在生产和使用中易于释放,其环境浓度不断增加,随着其它典型的持久性有机污染物(如PCBs)在环境中含量的下降,PBDEs在环境中的含量则呈现增加的趋势,它们已经成为无处不在的环境污染物。
上海市作为我国最大的工业城市,各类生产制造业密集,PBDEs等溴代阻燃剂用量巨大；同时上海市也是我国人口最多、最密集的城市,城市环境中各类添加有PBDEs等阻燃剂的电器的数量巨大,对人群潜在的环境健康风险值得关注。直至现在人们认为人体对PBDEs暴露的主要途径是通过食物途径,对室内外空气的研究相对较少,但空气是人体对PBDEs暴露的首要媒介和重要储库,室内空气因人体暴露时间长和污染物易于积累而尤其具有健康意义。目前关于上海市大气中PBDEs的研究还较少,仅有韩文亮博士的研究。同时,多溴联苯醚已被认为具有潜在的甲状腺激素干扰作用,比如直接损伤甲状腺,造成甲状腺肥大；改变甲状腺激素水平,加速甲状腺激素清除；或者与甲状腺激素竞争结合转运蛋白等等。因此,本课题选择家庭、办公环境、学校机房以及超市家电卖场等作为采样点,研究不同室内微环境中PBDEs污染水平与特征,同时考察实际环境样本的甲状腺干扰活性,对认识目前室内环境中PBDEs的污染状况及其健康效应具有其现实意义。
本课题采用被动采样技术研究上海市四种不同室内环境下空气中PBDEs的浓度、组成、季节变化、可能的来源及人体呼吸暴露水平。同时采用甲状腺激素转运蛋白竞争结合方法,测定了环境样本的甲状腺激素干扰活性,主要结论如下：
1)上海市冬季家庭室内空气中∑7PBDEs的平均浓度为7.879pg/m3,BDE-209的平均浓度为86.545 pg/m3；东华大学校内图书馆室内空气中∑7PBDEs的平均浓度为10.898 pg/m3,BDE-209的平均浓度为99.715 pg/m3；学校计算机机房室内空气中∑7PBDEs的平均浓度为15.433 pg/m3,BDE-209的平均浓度为109.092 pg/m3；乐购超市家电区室内空气中∑7PBDEs的平均浓度为10.982 pg/m3,BDE-209的平均浓度为96.185 pg/m3。
2)上海市夏季家庭室内空气中∑7PBDEs的平均浓度为14.087pg/m3,BDE-209的平均浓度为236.688 pg/m3；东华大学校内图书馆室内空气中∑7PBDEs的平均浓度为36.547 pg/m3,BDE-209的平均浓度为113.805pg/m3；学校计算机机房室内空气中∑7PBDEs的平均浓度为18.220 pg/m3,BDE-209的平均浓度为227.031 pg/m3；乐购超市家电区室内空气中∑7PBDEs的平均浓度为18.915 pg/m3,BDE-209的平均浓度为92.335 pg/m3
3)在所有四种不同类型室内采样点中,学校计算机机房中PBDEs的浓度是最高的,而最低污染浓度的室内环境是家庭环境。同系物组成上,BDE-209占绝对优势,表明上海市使用的PBDEs阻燃剂以十溴联苯醚为主。与文献报道相比,上海市家庭室内空气中∑7PBDEs的含量比世界其它地方略低,但BDE-209的含量明显高于其它地区。
4)对环境样品中PBDEs的TTR活性进行分析,结果显示,随着PBDEs含量的增加,T4与TTR的结合率不断降低,对甲状腺激素干扰活性也越高。
Polybrominated biphenyl ethers(PBDEs) are a group of additive flame retardants. They are widely used in commercial and household products due to its high efficiency flame retardants, good thermostability, small additive amount, the small influence on the material properties. Since not chemically bound to materials PBDEs can be easily released. As the decline of other typical persistent organic pollutants (such as PCBs) in the environment, PBDEs'environmental concentrations are rising. They have been recognized as ubiquitous enironmental pollutants.
As the largest industial city in China, many kinds of manufacturing are intensive and the useage of polybrominated diphenyl ethers is large in Shanghai.Shanghai is the largest city in china, the production and usage of polybrominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants in products such as electrical and electronic products are intensive,It's worthy to pay close attention to the potential health risks of environment. Until now, people think the way of food that PBDEs exposure to human body is the main way.the research of indoor and outdoor air is less,but air is the primary media and important storage that human body exposure to PBDEs. Indoor air is particularly health significance because of long exposure and easy accumulation. At present, the research about PBDEs in Shanghai atmosphere is less, only DR.HanWenLiang's research. Meanwhile, polybrominated biphenyl ethers have been viewed with potential interference with endocrine. It embodies in many aspects of interference, such as direct damage to thyroid; changes thyroid hormone levels, accelerates the thyroid hormone clear;competes combining TTR with thyroid hormone,etc.Therefore,this research selects home,office,computer room and supermarket to study, and study the PBDEs'interference effect with thyroid has practical significance.
We studied PBDEs collected from four different indoor environment of Shanghai with passive sampling technique,included its concentrations, composition, seasonal changes,the possible source and human exposure.
The main results are as follows:
1)In winter, the home indoor air's average concentration of∑7PBDEs were 7.879pg/m3,the average concentration of BDE-209 were 86.545 pg/m3. The library's indoor air average concentration of∑7PBDEs were 10.898 pg/m3 in Donghua university,the average concentration of BDE-209 were 99.715 pg/m3.The computer room's indoor air average concentration of∑7PBDEs were 15.433 pg/m3, the average concentration of BDE-209 were 109.092 pg/m3.The Tesco supermarket's indoor air average concentration of∑7PBDEs were 10.982 pg/m3,the average concentration of BDE-209 were 96.185 pg/m3.
2)In summer, the home indoor air's average concentration of∑7PBDEs were 14.087pg/m3,the average concentration of BDE-209 were 236.688 pg/m3. The library's indoor air average concentration of∑7PBDEs were 36.547pg/m3 in Donghua university,the average concentration of BDE-209 were 113.805pg/m3.The computer room's indoor air average concentration of∑7PBDEs were 18.220pg/m3, the average concentration of BDE-209 were 227.031pg/m3.The Tesco supermarket's indoor air average concentration of∑7PBDEs were 18.915pg/m3,the average concentration of BDE-209 were 92.335pg/m3.
3)In all four different types of indoor environment,the concentration of computer room is the highest,while the lowest is home. Congener profiles showed that BDE-209 was the major component, indicating that DeBDE was the major commercial PBDEs used in Shanghai.Compared with foreign reports,the home indoor air concentration of∑7PBDEs were lower than the other countries, but the concentration of BDE-209 were obviously higher than others.
4)we analysed the TTR activity of environmental samples,showing that the combination of TTR and T4 is decling with the increase of the content of PBDEs.The interfence with thyroid hormone is higner.
引文
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