联邦制理念与美国早期的国家构建

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英文题名：Federalism and State-Building in Early America 作者：梁红光 论文级别：博士 学科专业名称：世界史 中文关键词：建国一代 ; 联邦制理念 ; 国家构建 ; “人民主权” ; 共和制 英文关键词：Founding Generation ; Federalism ; State-Building ; Sovereignty of the People ; Republican Form of Government 学位年度：2010 导师：李剑鸣 学科代码：060108 学位授予单位：南开大学 论文提交日期：2010-05-01

摘要

在美国建国初期,制度与观念桴鼓相应,相辅相成。联邦制理念的形成和变化就鲜明地体现了美国早期政治文化的这一重要特征。本文旨在通过考察和分析美国建国一代的联邦制理念,阐释美国早期的国家构建路径的探索,即以联邦制理念为核心,说明美国建国者要建立一个什么样的国家,以及为什么或只能建立这样的国家。
     美国早期联邦制理念肇端于独立战争爆发前的政治大辩论。为了维护殖民地议会的权益和殖民地居民的自由,除了一些保守派之外,包括温和派和激进派在内的大部分殖民地人士都强烈反对英国的“新殖民地政策”。温和派和激进派的主权观念和对帝国内部关系的认知,拉开了美国早期国家构建的序幕。美国建国一代要面对、思考和处理在新国家中主权的性质和归属、共同政府与州政府的关系和各自的权责等类似的问题。温和派和激进派对这些问题的解答,为美国建国者的理论探索和制度设置奠定了一定的基础。
     在对英战争的过程中,美国建国者开始最初的国家构建。他们在欠缺管理国家的实践经验的情况下,不仅要应付战争,而且还要解决13个州长期历史发展所造成的分歧。他们制定《邦联条例》,构建了一个邦联制国家：各州保留主权,几乎不受限制地进行内部治理；邦联国会处理整体性和外部性事务,其存在和运作都依赖各州的支持。这一国家形式基本上勾勒出美国联邦制国家的轮廓,成为此后美国建国者进行改革的基础。邦联时期,美国建国者不断改革邦联体制,试图赋予邦联国会必要的权力,使其能够更好地治理国家。由于各州的利益分歧和邦联体制的局限,改革未获成功。
     1787年费城制宪会议为美国起草了一部新的国家宪法。在各种不同的观点和利益的交锋博弈中形成了一种新的联邦制理念,这种理念成为新宪法的基本理念。在依据联邦制理念建立的国家中,联邦政府和州政府的权力都来源于“人民”,它们各代表“人民”行使部分主权；州政府处理各州的内部事务,并在一定程度上参与联邦政府的运作；联邦政府处理整体性和外部性事务,并具有履行职责所必要的权力。
     在新宪法提交各州审议和批准的过程中,反联邦主义者抨击和抵制新宪法,认为新宪法要建立一个不适合美利坚的集权政府。在反驳反联邦主义者的过程中,联邦主义者更为清晰地表述了新宪法背后的联邦制理念。最终,新宪法获得各州批准,成为联邦宪法,联邦主义者的联邦制理念也就在竞争中取得了优势。
     联邦主义者的联邦制理念之所以能够获得优势,这取决于多方面的因素：时人都承认改革的必要性,联邦主义者拥有体现他们联邦制理念的新宪法,而反联邦主义者却没有一套改革方案；联邦主义者的联邦制理念有诸多创新和可取之处,在主权的性质和归属、共和政体以及联邦政府的治理能力等方面都实现了重大的理论突破,赋予联邦政府更坚实的基础和更有效地治理国家的能力；新宪法设计的批准程序有利地推动了新宪法的批准,从而使联邦主义者的联邦制理念获得优势。然而,不能简单地将美国联邦制国家的建立视为联邦主义者的“胜利”,他们只是在美国早期国家构建中取得了“优势”而已：在批准新宪法的过程中,存在人数众多的反联邦主义者,他们的势力和影响不容忽视,他们对联邦主义者联邦制理念的形成有很大的影响；联邦主义者的联邦制理念尚存不少缺陷；在1865年之前,联邦主义者的联邦制理念本身在发生变化,而且还反复遭到挑战。
     总之,在美国早期国家构建的过程中,存在多种体现不同观点和利益的联邦制理念,这促使美国构建的联邦制国家能够容纳和包容不同的群体和利益,使不同群体的利益诉求基本上都能在既定的联邦制框架内获得解决,而轻易不需脱离这种体制,这就使这个国家是稳定的、可行的。由于存在多种联邦制理念,美国的联邦制国家视需要不断地进行改革,使这个国家是一个能够自我调整从而能够有效治理的国家,而这正是国家构建的重要目标。由于存在多种联邦制理念,美国也要为此付出一定的代价,在国家构建的过程中要经受一些挫折。
There was complex interplay between institutions and ideas during the early America. The forming and evolution of Federalism reflected this characteristic of the political culture in early America. By researching founding generation's federalism, this dissertation tries to probe into the state-building paths in early America. That is to say, this dissertation will focus on federalism, illuminates what kinds of state the American founding generation wanted to construct, and why they wanted or had to create this kind of state.
     Early American federalism sprung from the constitution debates prior to the War of Independence. In the colonies, except some conservatives, most doves and radicals, in order to protect the power of the general assemblies and the liberty of the colonists, rebutted the British government's principles and policies. The doves and the radicals quested for the nature and location of sovereignty, and redefined the internal relations of the Britian Empire. Their ideas had important impacts on the founding generation, who had to meet with, probe into, and solve similar problems.
     American founding generation entered into state-building during the War of Independence. They had to make the war, settle differences among the states, moreover, they were short of practical experience of governing a state. They drafted and ratified the Articles of the Confederation, and created the Confederacy. In this Confederacy, the states explicitly retained their sovereignty, and managed their internal police almost without limit. The congress regulated the general and foreign concerns, but its existence and action depended on the states. This Confederacy had the outline of the federal system. During the confederation period, the founding generation tried to reform the confederation, make the congress have governing capacities, but they failed because of interest differences among the states and the limit of the confederate system.
     In the Philadelphia convention of 1787, the delegates from 12 states drafted a new national constitution. A new Federalism brought into being during the contest and negotiation among various ideas and interests. According to this federalism, the power of the federal government, like state governments, originated from the people, and exerted partial sovereignty for the people. State governments managed their internal matters, and had agency in the federal government in some aspects. The federal government concerned general and foreign objects, and had capacities of performing its functions.
     In the ratifying debates, the antifederalists attacked and rejected the new constitution, and argued that it tried to construct a consolidated government which did not suit for the United States. The federalists, during their refuting the antifederalists, more clearly expressed the federalism under the new constitution. Finally, all states ratified the new constitution, and the federalists'federalism obtained the superiority.
     There were many factors for the superiority of the federalists'federalism. Firstly, almost every founder admitted the need of reform, the federalists had a new constitution which reflected their federalism, while the antifederalists had no reform plan. Secondly, there were many innovations in the federalists' federalism. The federalists obtained important breakthroughs with respect to the nature and location of sovereignty, the republican form of government, and the capacity of the federal government, therefore, made the federal government more stable and efficient. Thirdly, the new ratifying procedure was in favor of the ratification of the new constitution, and the superiority of the federalists'federalism. Of course, it is wrong to consider the construction of American federal state as the victory of the federalists. They merely had superiority during early American state-building. In the ratifying debates, there were so many antifederalists, whose agency and impact could not be ignored, and they had important effect on the federalists. The federalists'federalism had some shortcomings, changed itself, and always met with challenges before 1865.
     Therefore, there were various versions of federalism during the early American state-building. These versions impulsed the founding generation to create a state, which could accommodate and admit different groups and interests, by and large settle the interest claims from different groups within the federal system. So this state is steady and practical. Due to various versions, American federal state had to reform at different times, so it was an efficient state, which is the vital object of state-building. Just due to various versions, the United States had to pay some costs, and experienced some setbacks.

引文

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    ④1983年,奥纳弗发表他的重要著作《联邦共和国的起源》。当时他注意到这些问题,指出州际冲突的经历、界定邦联国会权威的困难以及邦联时期推进国家利益等深刻影响着建国者对美利坚联盟的思考。而只有新建立的联邦国会才能解决这些重叠的问题。各州慢慢意识到要解决这些难题,一个中央权威是必要的。原来认为新的联邦政府和各州陷入在主权上的权力斗争。作者则指出,各州与全国性政府分享主权,各州的主权有赖于全国性政府；中央权威扩张的同时,州的主权也得到加强。Peter S. Onuf, The Origins of the Federal Republic:Jurisdictional Controversies in the United States,1775-1787, Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,1983; Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union:A History of the Northwest Ordinance, Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1987.
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    ④Matthew L. Harris,"'Experience Must Be Our Guide':John Dickinson and the Origins of American Federalism, 1754-1808," Ph. D. dissertation, Syracuse University,2004, p.11.
    ① James H. Read, Power versus Liberty:Madison, Hamilton, Wilson, and Jefferson, Charlottesville:University Press of Virginia,2000.
    ②大部分历史学者认为,情境(context)很重要,即思想带有时空的印记。以利奥·斯特劳斯命名的政治哲 学的斯特劳斯学派拒绝接受历史主义的现代错误。对斯特劳斯及其追随者来说,政治哲学的任务是阐释道德(morality)和政治的永恒真理。他们特别关注美国建国时期的政治思想家,往往就接受他们研究对象的言论,而不进行分辨。里德曾是哈佛大学宪政政府计划的一员,他的赞助者哈维·曼斯菲尔德是当代著名的斯特劳斯学派的政治哲学家。
    ① George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, August 28,1788, in John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources,1745-1799,39 vols, Washington,1931-1944, vol.30. (http://etext.virginia.edu/washington/fitzpatrick/)
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    ③ Martin Diamond, "'The Federalist'on Federalism:'Neither a National nor a Federal Constitution, but a Composition of Both"', The Yale Law Journal., vol.86, no.6 (May,1977), pp.1273-1285.
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    ④ Lubert, "The Creation of American Federalism,1765-1787," Ph. D. dissertation, Duke University,1999.
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    ①詹姆斯·H·赫特森梳理了历史学家对反联邦主义者的研究,可资借鉴。James H. Hutson, "Country, Court, and Constitution:Antifederalism and the Historians," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.38, no.3 (July,1981), pp.337-368.
    ② Cecelia M. Kenyon, "Men of Little Faith:The Anti-Federalists on the Nature of Representative Government," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.12, no.1 (January,1955), pp.3-43.
    ③其中包括Morton Borden, ed., The Antifederalist papers, East Lansing:Michigan State University Press,1965; Cecelia M. Kenyon, ed., The Antifederalists, Indianapolis:The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.,1966; Herbert J. Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist,7 vols, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1981.
    ① Walter Nicgorski, "The Anti-Federalists:Collected and Interpreted," The Review of Politics, vol.46, no.1 (January,1984), p.114.
    ② Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For, pp.3,4,6,9,15,24,28,32,71,72.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① Richard E. Ellis, "The Persistence of Antifederalism after 1789," in Beeman, et al., eds., Beyond Confederation, pp.295-314.
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    ③ Saul Cornell, The Other Founders:Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America,1788-1828, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1999, p.1.
    ① Saul Cornell, The Other Founders:Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America,1788-1828, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1999.
    ②张定河：《美国政治制度的起源与演变》,中国社会科学出版社1998年版,第25-54、74-111页。另参见 张定河：“论美国宪法的稳定性的原因”,《山东师范大学学报》1988年第5期,第23-28页；张定河：“美国《邦联条例》的制定及其历史作用”,《山东师范大学学报》1998年第1期,第47-50页；张定河：“美国联邦制的基本原则及其历史演变”,《文史哲》1998年第1期,第84-90页；沈宗灵：《美国政治制度》,商务印书馆1984年版；李道揆：《美国政府和美国政治》,商务印书馆1990年版；朱正梅：“试析美国从邦联制到联邦制的转变”,《苏州大学学报》1989年第1期,第132-134、138页。
    ①李剑鸣：“美国宪法何以成为‘活着的宪法’——读王希《原则与妥协：美国宪法的精神与实践》,《美国研究》2001年第2期,第124页。
    ②王希：《原则与妥协：美国宪法的精神与实践》,北京大学出版社2000年版,第137、139页。
    ③李剑鸣：《美国的奠基时代,1585-1775》,人民出版社2002年版,第276-319、503-586页。另参见李剑鸣：“英国的殖民地政策与北美独立运动的兴起”,《历史研究》2002年第1期,第163-174页;李剑鸣：“美国独立战争爆发前的政治辩论及其意义”,《历史研究》2000年第4期,第73-87页。
    ④李剑鸣：“美国革命时期民主概念的演变”,《历史研究》2007年第1期,第130-157页;李剑鸣：“‘人民’的定义与美国早期的国家构建”,《历史研究》2009年第]期,第110-133页：李剑鸣：“‘共和’与‘民主’的趋同——美国革命时期对‘共和政体’的重新界定”,《史学集刊》2009年第5期,第3-26页。
    ①侯学华：《自由与秩序：詹姆斯·麦迪逊与美国宪政体制的确立》,博士学位论文,南开大学,2004年。
    ②雷芳：《邦联国会与美国早期国家构建》,博士学位论文,南开大学,2006年。另参见雷芳：“试论邦联国会在美国早期国家构建中的作用”,《历史教学》2008年第5期,第39-42页。
    ③马万利：《州权与人权的维护者：反联邦党人及其对美国政治传统的影响》,博士学位论文,北京师范大学,2006年；马万利：“美国史学界关于反联邦党人问题的研究”,《浙江学刊》2006年第5期,第118-123页；马万利：“反联邦党人与1787年费城制宪会议”,《中国政法大学学报》2008年第1期,第103-111页。
    ④关于“时代倒错”的问题,参见李剑鸣：《历史学家的修养和技艺》,上海三联书店2007年版,第114-115页。
    ① Francis Fukuyama, State-building:Governance and World Order in the 21st Century, Ithaca, New York:Cornell University Press,2004.该书的中译本为弗朗西斯·福山：《国家构建——21世纪的国家治理与世界秩序》(黄胜强、许铭原译),中国社会科学出版社2007年版；王希：“美国历史上的‘国家利益’问题”,《美国研究》2003年第2期,第9-30页。业师李剑鸣先生对国家构建理论有独到的见解,笔者受益颇多。
    ②关于话语分析的理论介绍,参见克利福德·格尔兹：《文化的解释》(纳日碧力戈等译),上海人民出版社1999年版；Paul Chilton, Analysing Political Discourse:Theory and Practice, New York:Routledge,2004. (http://books.google.com/)
    ③关于话语分析以及对话语和思想的区分,业师李剑鸣先生在授课过程中多次提及上述内容,笔者深受启发,深表谢忱!
    ① Quoted in James Roger Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic:The New Nation in Crisis, New Haven: Yale University Press,1993, p.17.
    ② McLaughlin, "The Background of American Federalism," The American Political Science Review, vol.12, no.2 (May,1918), p.215.
    ①参见李剑鸣：《美国的奠基时代,1585-1775》,人民出版社2002年版,第80-89页。
    ②李剑鸣：《英国的殖民地政策与北美独立运动的兴起》,《历史研究》2002年第1期,第166页。
    ③Greene,Peripheries and Center,pp.75-76,80.
    ① Mcdonald, States'Rights and the Union, pp.2-3.
    ② Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, p.203.
    ③参见Alison G. Olson, "The Changing Socio-economic and Strategic Importance of the Colonies to the Empire," in Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole, eds., The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, Basil Blackwell, 1991, pp.17-27.
    ①Bailyn,The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution,p.204.
    ②李剑鸣：《美国的奠基时代,1585-1775》,第2-3页。
    ③参见李剑鸣：《美国独立战争爆发前的政治辩论及其意义》,《历史研究》2000年第4期,第73-87页。关于美国学者对这场政治辩论的研究,参见该文73页注释2。
    ④Charles Francis Adams,ed.,The Works of John Adams,10 vols,Boston:Charles C.Little and James Brown, 1850-1856,vol.Ⅹ,p.283.(http://oll.libertyfund.org)黑体字在原文中为斜体.
    ① Novanglus, in Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, vol., Ⅳ, p.129.
    ② John Dickinson, "The Late Regulations respecting the British Colonies on the Continent of America Considered," Philadelphia,1765, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Writings of John Dickinson, vol. I, Philadelphia: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania,1895, p.243. (http://www.archive.org/)黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ John Dickinson, "An address to the Committee of Correspondence in Barbados," Philadelphia,1766, in Ford, ed., The Writings of John Dickinson,vol. Ⅰ, p.263.
    ①关于反《印花税法》大会,参阅C. A. Weslager, The Stamp Act Congress, Newark:University of Delaware Press,1976.
    ① Forrest McDonald, ed., Empire and Nation, Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,1999, p.7. (http://oll.libertyfund.org)
    ② L.H. Butterfield, ed., Diary and autobiography of John Adams, New York:Atheneum,1964, vol.2, pp.85-86.
    ① Worthington C. Ford et al., eds.,Journals of the Continental Congress,1774-1789,34 vols, Washington, D.C., 1904-1937, vol. V, p.425. (http://www.loc.gov)
    ②Declaration of Independence, in Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. V, p.501.
    ① James Wilson. Considerations on the Nature and the Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament, Philadelphia,1774, p.1. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ②关于殖民地与母国的政治辩论,参见J. C. D. Clark, The Language of Liberty:1660-1832 Political Discourse and Social Dynamics in the Anglo-American World, New York:Cambridge University Press,1994, pp.111-125.
    ③这里所说的保守派、温和派和激进派只是就殖民地人士对英帝国内部关系的认知来说的。另外值得注意的是,人的思想是不断发生变化的,他们可能此时持一派的思想,彼时持另一派的思想。
    ④关于效忠派的研究,参见孙洁琼：《社会对抗与美国革命的激进性：以革命时期纽约的‘效忠派’问题为中心的考察》,博士学位论文,南开大学,2009年。
    ⑤ Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, p.198.
    ① Jeffrey Goldsworthy, The Sovereignty of Parliament:History and Philosophy, New York:Oxford University Press,1999. (http://books.google.com/)
    ② William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, America:Philadelphia,1771, Book first, pp.48-49, 51. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ③ The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, Boston,1773, p.115黑体字在原文中为斜体。(http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)关于哈钦森的研究,参阅Bernard Bailyn, The ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson, Cambridge:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1974. (http://books.google.com/)
    ④ Joseph Galloway, A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies:With a Plan of Accommodation on Constitutional Principles, New York,1775, pp.4-6. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ⑤ The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, pp.81,13.
    ⑥ Daniel Leonard, The Origin of the American Contest with Great Britain, New York,1775, p.15. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ① The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, p.73.
    ② Leonard, The Origin of the American Contest with Great Britain, p.63.
    ③ Leonard, The Origin of the American Contest with Great Britain, p.56.
    ④ Galloway, A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies, pp.10-12.
    ⑤ The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, pp.65,81.
    ⑥ Leonard, The Origin of the American Contest with Great Britain, p.64.
    ① The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, p.4; Leonard, The Origin of the American Contest with Great Britain, p.57; Galloway, A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies, p.16.
    ② Galloway, A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies, p.24.
    ③ The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty s Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, p.84.
    ④ Leonard. The Origin of the American Contest with Great Britain, p.57.
    ⑤ Leonard, The Origin of the American Contest with Great Britain, p.55.
    ⑥ Joseph Galloway, A Reply to an Address, New York,1775, p.20. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑦ The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, pp.114-115.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑧ Galloway, A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies, p.6.
    ⑨ The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, p.125.
    ⑩ Leonard, The Origin of the American Contest with Great Britain, p.56.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① Galloway, A Reply to an Address, p.26.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Galloway, A Reply to an Address, p.17.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, p.11.
    ④ Leonard, The Origin of the American Contest with Great Britain, pp.63,57.
    ⑤ Galloway, A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies, p.6.
    ⑥ Leonard, The Origin of the American Contest with Great Britain, p.58.
    ⑦ Galloway, A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies, p.7.黑体字在原文 中为斜体。
    ① Galloway, A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies, p.8.
    ② Leonard, The Origin of the American Contest with Great Britain, pp.57-58.
    ③ Galloway, A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies, p.9.
    ④ Galloway, A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies, pp.13,9-10,12.
    ⑤ Galloway, A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies, p.3.
    ⑥ Martin Howard, Jr., A Letter from a Gentleman at Halifax to His Friend in Rhode Island, Newport,1765, p.14. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ① Leonard, The Origin of the American Contest with Great Britain, p.15.
    ② Galloway, A Reply to an Address, p.14.
    ③ Howard, Jr., A Letter from a Gentleman at Halifax to His Friend in Rhode Island, pp.8-9.
    ④ The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, p.8.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤ Howard, Jr., A Letter from a Gentleman at Halifax to His Friend in Rhode Island, p.6.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑥ Galloway, A Reply to an Address, p.38.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑦ Galloway, A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies, p.26.
    ⑧ Leonard, The Origin of the American Contest with Great Britain, p.63.
    ① The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, pp.9-10.
    ② Galloway, A Reply to an Address, pp.7,9-10.
    ③ The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, p.5.
    ④ Galloway, A Reply to an Address, pp.15,26-27.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① Daniel Dulany, Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies, For the Purpose of Raising a Revenue, by Act of Parliament, New York,1765, p.14. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② John Joachim Zubly, An Humble Enquiry into the Nature of the Dependency of the American Colonies upon the Parliament of Great-Britain, and the Right of Parliament to Lay Taxes on the Said Colonies, Charleston,1769, pp. 2-3. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ John Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, Boston,1768, pp.13,32-33. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)黑体字在原文中为斜体。迪金森用‘'province"而不是‘'colony",这暗含了他的一种态度,即殖民地与英国本土的次级行政单位是平等的,而不是从属于母国的“殖民地”。在政治辩论中,许多人的言论和文字中都出现过“province”一词。
    ④ The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, p.114.
    ⑤ Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Writings of John Dickinson, vol.1, Philadelphia:The Historical Society of Pennsylvania,1895, p.184.
    ① Dulany, Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies, For the Purpose of Raising a Revenue, by Act of Parliament, pp.14-15黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Zubly, An Humble Enquiry into the Nature of the Dependency of the American Colonies upon the Parliament of Great-Britain. and the Right of Parliament to Lay Taxes on the Said Colonies, pp.3-4,9,11.黑体字在原文中为全体大写的单词或为斜体。
    ① The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly... 1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, pp.19,86-87.
    ② Zubly, An Humble Enquiry into the Nature of the Dependency of the American Colonies upon the Parliament of Great-Britain, and the Right of Parliament to Lay Taxes on the Said Colonies, p.6. 黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, Boston,1773, pp.19-20.
    ④ Dickinson, "An address to the Committee of Correspondence in Barbados," in Ford, ed., The Writings of John Dickinson, vol. I, p.263; John Dickinson, An Essay on the Constitutional Power of Great Britain over the Colonies in America, Philadelphia,1774, p.33. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/) 黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤ Edmund S. Morgan, "Colonial Ideas of Parliamentary Power,1764-1766," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.5, no.3 (July,1948), pp.316,320. (http://www.jstor.org/)埃德蒙·S·摩根认为,殖民地在讨论印花税法的过程中,殖民地官方通过的正式文件都否认英国议会对殖民地具有征税权,包括国内税和外部税。
    ⑥ Ford, ed., The Writings of John Dickinson, vol.1, pp.184-185.
    ⑦ Thomas Fitch, Reasons Why the British Colonies in America should not be Charged with Internal Taxes by Authority of Parliament, New Haven,1764, pp.19-20. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ⑧ Stephen Hopkins, The Rights of the Colonies Examined, Providence,1765, p.10. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ① Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, pp.26,37.
    ② Fitch. Reasons Why the British Colonies in America should not be Charged with Internal Taxes by Authority of Parliament, pp.3,4; Zubly, An Humble Enquiry into the Nature of the Dependency of the American Colonies upon the Parliament of Great-Britain, and the Right of Parliament to Lay Taxes on the Said Colonies, p.1.黑体字在原文中为全部是大写的单词。
    ③国内学者一般将"common law"翻译为“普通法”或“习惯法”。业师李剑鸣先生主张,翻译为“共同法”更恰当。先生认为,这跟诺曼底征服有关。在诺曼底征服之前,英国存在许多小邦国、小领地等,它们把持一方,众法林立。诺曼底征服之后,统一全国的法律,在整个王国实行一种“共同的法”。为构筑这种共同法的具体内容,借助了惯例、判例以及当时各王国之间和北欧之间所实行的法律体系中具有共同性的东西。通过后来的惯例和判例等,共同法的内容得到不断完善。克拉克在《自由的语言》一书中论及共同法。参见Clark, The Language of Liberty.
    ④ The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, pp.21-22.
    ⑤ Hopkins, The Rights of the Colonies Examined, pp.5,8.
    ① William Goddard (?), The Constitutional Courant:Containing Matters Interesting to Liberty, and No Wise Repugnant to Loyalty, Burlington, N. J. (?), p.2. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ② Hopkins, The Rights of the Colonies Examined, pp.19-20.
    ③ The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Kepresentanves kespecnvery, pp. 26, 29.
    ④ Dickinson, An Essay on the Constitutional Power of Great Britain over the Colonies in America, p.47.
    ⑤ Fitch, Reasons Why the British Colonies in America should not be Charged with Internal Taxes by Authority of Parliament, p.4.
    ⑥ Richard Bland. The Colonel Dismounted, Williamsburg,1764, p.22. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)黑体字“内部”在原文中是全部为大写的单词,“英格兰”为斜体。关于布兰德的研究,参见James E. Pate, "Richard Bland's Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies," The William and Mary Quarterly,2nd Ser., vol.11, no.1 (January,1931), pp.20-28. (http://www.jstor.org/); Clinton Rossiter, "Richard Bland:The Whig in America," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser.; vol.10, no.1 (January,1953), pp.33-79. (http://www.jstor.org/)
    ① Dickinson, An Essay on the Constitutional Power of Great Britain over the Colonies in America, pp.68-69.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Fitch, Reasons Why the British Colonies in America should not be Charged with Internal Taxes by Authority of Parliament, pp.37-38黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ Ford, ed., The Writings of John Dickinson, vol. Ⅰ, p.174.
    ④ Fitch, Reasons Why the British Colonies in America should not be Charged with Internal Taxes by Authority of Parliament, p.13.
    ⑤ Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, pp.47-48.
    ① Bland, The Colonel Dismounted, p.22黑体字“内部”在原文中是全部为大写的单词,“英国人”为斜体。
    ② Dickinson, An Essay on the Constitutional Power of Great Britain over the Colonies in America, pp.63-67,70-72.
    ③ Fitch, Reasons Why the British Colonies in America should not be Charged with Internal Taxes by Authority of Parliament, p.15.
    ④ Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, p.99.
    ⑤ Zubly, An Humble Enquiry into the Nature of the Dependency of the American Colonies upon the Parliament of Great-Britain, and the Right of Parliament to Lay Taxes on the Said Colonies, p.6黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑥ Bland, The Colonel Dismounted, p.22.黑体字“外部”在原文中是全部为大写的单词,“不列颠”为斜体。
    ① Hopkins, The Rights of the Colonies Examined, pp.10-11.
    ② Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, pp.50,13.48.
    ③ Fitch, Reasons Why the British Colonies in America should not be Charged with Internal Taxes by Authority of Parliament, p.18.
    ① Silas Downer, A Discourse Delivered in Providence in the Colony of Rhode Island, Providence,1768, p.3. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ② Galloway, A Reply to an Address, p.4.黑体字在原文中为斜体或全部大写的单词。
    ③ Richard Bland, An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies, Williamsburg,1766, p.20. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)黑体字“内部”和“外部”在原文中为斜体,“联合和亲善关系”是全部大写的单词。
    ④ "The Farmer Refuted," February 5,1775, in Henry Cabot Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton,12 vols. New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons,1904, vol.1, p.78. (http://oll. libertyfund. org)
    ⑤ Wilson, Considerations on the Nature and the Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament, p.34.黑体字在原文中为斜体或全部大写的单词。
    ① Proceedings in Congress, June 7-28,1776, in Paul H. Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774-1789,25vols, Washington, D.C.:Library of Congress,1976-2000, vol.4, p.162. (http://www.loc.gov)
    ② Novanglus, in Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, vol. Ⅳ, pp.37-38.
    ③ Wilson, Considerations on the Nature and the Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament, p. Ⅲ.
    ④ Moses Mather, America's Appeal to the Impartial World, Hartford,1775, p.44. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ⑤ Downer, A Discourse Delivered in Providence in the Colony of Rhode Island, p.6.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑥ Thomas Jefferson, A Summary View of the Rights of British America, Williamsburg,1774, p.11. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ⑦ "The Farmer Refuted," in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ. p.78:Moses Mather, America's Appeal to the Impartial World, Hartford,1775, pp.46-47.
    ① Jefferson, A Summary View of the Rights of British America, pp.12,5,16.
    ② Mather, America s Appeal to the Impartial World, pp.37,44,47黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ Novanglus, in Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, vol., Ⅳ, pp.105,99.
    ④ "The Farmer Refuted," in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ. p.113.
    ⑤ Novanglus, in Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, vol., Ⅳ, p.113.
    ⑥ The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, pp.42,56,38-39黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑦ Bland, An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies, p.20.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① Novanglus, in Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, vol., Ⅳ. pp.106-107,123-124,163.
    ② The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, pp,36,40,45.
    ③ Novanglus. in Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, vol.. Ⅳ, p.113.
    ④ Mather, America s Appeal to the Impartial World, p.30.
    ⑤ The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, p.56.
    ① Wilson, Considerations on the Nature and the Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament, pp.2-4.黑体字为在原文中全部大写的单词。
    ② William Hicks, The Nature and Extent of Parliamentary Power Considered, Philadelphia,1768, pp.4-6,13,22. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/).黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ Downer, A Discourse Delivered in Providence in the Colony of Rhode Island, pp.7-8.
    ④ Bland, An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies, pp.10,14.
    ① Downer, A Discourse Delivered in Providence in the Colony of Rhode Island, p.11.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Jefferson, A Summary View of the Rights of British America, p.6.
    ③ Hicks, The Nature and Extent of Parliamentary Power Considered, pp. ⅩⅣ,7-8,23; Bland, An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies, p.5; Downer, A Discourse Delivered in Providence in the Colony of Rhode Island, p.6; The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, pp.44-46; Mather, America s Appeal to the Impartial World, pp.14-15; Novanglus, in Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, vol., Ⅳ, p.119; "The Farmer Refuted," in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ, p.120.
    ④ Hicks, The Nature and Extent of Parliamentary Power Considered, pp. Ⅻ-ⅩⅣ.10-11,23,28-29.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤ Novanglus, in Adams, ed.. The Works of John Adams, vol., Ⅳ, pp.113-114.
    ⑥ "The Farmer Refuted," in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ, pp.66,176.黑体字在原文中 为斜体。
    ① Wilson, Considerations on the Nature and the Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament, p.27.
    ② Jefferson, A Summary View of the Rights of British America, pp.7,16.
    ③ "The Farmer Refuted", in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ, pp.66,79.
    ④ The Speeches of His Excellency Governor Hutchinson to the General Assembly...1773. With the Answers of His Majesty's Council and the House of Representatives Respectively, pp.56-57.
    ⑤ Novanglus, in Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, vol., Ⅳ, pp.120-121.
    ⑥ Hicks, The Nature and Extent of Parliamentary Power Considered, p.7.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑦ Wilson, Considerations on the Nature and the Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament pp.21-22.
    ⑧ Mather, America's Appeal to the Impartial World, p.34.
    ⑨ Novanglus, in Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, vol., Ⅳ, pp.146,133-134.
    ① Wilson, Considerations on the Nature and the Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament, pp.29-30.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Wilson. Considerations on the Nature and the Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament, pp.30-31.
    ③ Hicks, The Nature and Extent of Parliamentary Power Considered, p.8.
    ④ Wilson, Considerations on the Nature and the Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament, p.33.
    ⑤ "The Farmer Refuted," in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ, p.80.
    ⑥ Mather, America's Appeal to the Impartial World, p.34.
    ① Novanglus, in Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, vol., Ⅳ, pp.145,127.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Jefferson, A Summary View of the Rights of British America, pp.5-6.
    ③ Wilson, Considerations on the Nature and the Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament, p.31.
    ④ Proceedings in Congress, June 7-28,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp.162-163.
    ⑤ Novanglus, in Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, vol., Ⅳ, pp.38,49,52,99,100,120-121.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ①"The Farmer Refuted,"in Lodge,ed.,The Works of Alexander Hamilton,vol.Ⅰ,pp.75,120,171.
    ②Hicks,The Nature and Extent of Parliamentary Power Considered, p.ⅩⅣ.黑体字在原文中为斜体.
    ③Wilson,Considerations on the Nature and the Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament,pp.34-35.
    ④Goldsworthy, The Sovereighty of Parliament,pp.192-197.
    ⑤Edmund S.Morgan ed.,Prologue to Revolution: Sources and Documents on the Stamp Act Crisis,1764-1766, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1959,pp.134-141.(http://books.google.com/)
    ① Quoted in Goldsworthy, The Sovereignty of Parliament, p.193.
    ② Thomas Whately, The Regulations lately Made concerning the Colonies and the Taxes Imposed upon Them Considered, London,1765, in Morgan ed., Prologue to Revolution, pp.17-23.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③转引自李剑鸣：《美国的奠基时代》,第536页。
    ④ Willi Paul Adams, The First American Constitutions:Republican Ideology and the Making of the State Constitutions in the Revolutionary Era, Lanham:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, INC.,2001, p.12.
    ⑤ Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, p.218.
    ①Morgan ed.,Prologue to Revolution,pp.134-141.
    ①Fukuyama,State-Building,p.33.
    ①李剑鸣：《美国的奠基时代,1585-1775》,第8-9页。
    ② Quoted in Trevor Colbourn, The Lamp of Experience:Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution, Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,1998, p.12. (http://oll.libertyfund.org/)
    ③ Quoted in Edmund S. Morgan, The Birth of the Republic,1763-89, Chicago:The University of Chicago Press, 1956, p.5.
    ④约翰·C·兰尼指出,殖民地之间在文化、社会和政治上的差异更多的是表面的。John C. Ranney, "The Bases of American Federalism," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.3, no.1 (January,1946), pp.2-8. (http://www.jstor.org/)
    ⑤李剑鸣：《美国的奠基时代,1585-1775》,第3-5页。格林指出,殖民地之间的差异是阻碍殖民地建立联盟的重要因素,但是促进的因素更为强大。Greene, Peripheries and Center, pp.157-174.
    ⑥ John Adams to Abigail Adams, July 10,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.424.
    ⑦ Jensen, The Articles of Confederation,p.107.
    ⑧ Quoted in Richard Frothingham, The Rise of the Republic of the United States, Boston,1872, pp.109-110. (http://books.google.com/)
    ① Rogan Kersh, Dreams of a more Perfect Union, lthaca:Cornell University Press,2001, pp.32-38.
    ② The Articles of Confederation of the United Colonies of New England, May 19,1643. (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/)关于新英格兰联盟,参见李剑鸣：《美国的奠基时代,1585-1775》,第132-135页。
    ③ Silas Deane to Elizabeth Deane, May 12,1775, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.1, p.348.
    ④ Frothingham, The Rise of the Republic of the United States, p. 111, note 1.
    ⑤参见李剑鸣：《英国的奠基时代,1585-1775》,第367页。
    ① The Albanv Plan of Union, in Stephen L. Schechter. ed.. Roots of the Republic:American Founding Documents Interpreted, Madison, Wisconsin:Madison House,1990, pp.114-117.关于“奥尔巴尼联盟计划”的研究,参见Robert C. Newbold, The Albany Congress and Plan of Union of 1754, New York:Vantage Press,1955; Alison C. Olson, "The British Government and Colonial Union,1754," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd ser., vol.17, no 1 (January,1960), pp.22-34. (http://www.jstor.org/)
    ① Quoted in Morgan, The Birth of the Republic,1763-89, p.102.
    ②李剑鸣：《美国的奠基时代,1585-1775》,第577页。
    ③对加洛韦联盟计划的研究,参见Julian Boyd, Anglo-American Union:Joseph Galloway's Plans to Preserve the British Empire,1774-1788, Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,1941.
    ④加洛韦维护他在第一届大陆会议上提出的联盟计划的小册子是：A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies:A Reply to an Address.
    ⑤ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅰ, pp.49-51.
    ① Silas Deane to Patrick Henry, January 2,1775, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.1, p.292.
    ② Thomas Paine, "Common Sense," January 10,1776, in Moncure D. Conway, ed., The Writings of Thomas Paine, 4 vols, New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons,1894-1896, vol. Ⅰ, pp.95-96. (http://oll.libertyfund.org)
    ③ John Adams to Zabiel Adams, June 21,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.279.
    ④ William Whipple to John Langdon, May 18,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.39.
    ⑤ Josiah Bartlett to John Langdon, June 17,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.257.
    ① John Witherspoon's Speech in Congress, July 30,1776, in Smith, et al, eds. Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp.585,587.
    ② William Whipple to Meshech Weare, May 11,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.3, p.659.
    ③ Proceedings in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.442.
    ④ John Adams' Notes of Debate, July 30,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.569.
    ⑤ Proceedings in Congress. July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.442; Samuel Chase to Richard Henry Lee, July 30,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress. vol.4, p.572.
    ⑥ Autobiography of John Adams, in L. H. Butterfield, ed.. Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, N. Y.: Atheneum,1964, vol.3, p.352.
    ⑦ Paine, "Rights of Man," in Conway, ed., The Writings of Thomas Paine, vol. Ⅱ, p.429.
    ① Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. V, p.425.
    ② Autobiography of John Adams, in L. H. Butterfield, ed., Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, N. Y.: Atheneum,1964, vol.3, p.327; John Adams to Patrick Henry, June 3,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.123参阅Jensen, The Articles of Confederation,pp.109-111.
    ③ A Speech in Congress, June 8-10(?),1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp.167-168.
    ④ Edward Rutledge to John Jay, June 8,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp. 175-176; Carter Braxton to Landon Carter, April 14,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.3, p.524.
    ① Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Nelson, May 16,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.14.
    ② Francis Lightfoot Lee to Landon Carter, November 9,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.5, p.464.
    ③ Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics, p.150.
    ④ Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, p.128.
    ⑤ John Adams to James Warren, May 15,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.1, p.679.
    ⑥ Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, p.354.
    ⑦ Connecticut Delegates to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., December 5,1775, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.2, p.441.
    ⑧ Samuel Chase to Philip Schuyler, August 9,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.645.
    ⑨ Richard Henry Lee to Thomas Jefferson, August 25,1777, in Smith et al, eds.. Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.7, p.552.
    ① Edward Rutledge to Robert R. Livingston, October 2,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.5, p.296.
    ② John Adams to James Warren, February,17,1777, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.6, p.307.
    ③ The Continentalist, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ, pp.243-244.
    ④ Harrington:To the Freemen of the United States, in John P. Kaminski and Gaspare J. Saladino, eds., The documentary history of the ratification of the Constitution, Madison:State Historical Society of Wisconsin,1981, vol. ⅩⅢ, pp.116-117.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.18.
    ⑥ John Adams to Samuel Osgood, November 14,1775, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.2, p.343.
    ① Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅸ, p.933.
    ②富兰克林方案的内容,参见Franklin's Articles of Confederation, in Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅱ, pp.195-199富兰克林方案在马萨诸塞、纽约和弗吉尼亚等殖民地流传。1775年8月24日,北卡罗来纳省区议会决定印刷该方案,发给各县委员会。1775年9月4日,北卡罗来纳省区议会正式讨论,并予以否决。
    ③ Silas Deane:s Proposals to Congress, November (?),1775, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.2, pp.419-420.
    ④ "Proposals for a CONFEDERATION of the United Colonies," Pennsylvania Evening Post, March 5,1776. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com)
    ⑤对这三个方案的分析,参见Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics, pp.143-147.
    ① Carter Braxton, An address to the Convention of the Colony of Ancient Dominion of Virginia, Philadelphia,1776, pp.23-24. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ② John Adams, Thoughts on Government, Philadelphia,1776, p.26. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ③ Quoted in Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics, p.149.
    ① Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. V, p.491.
    ②历史学家通常把起草委员会于7月12日呈交给大陆会议的方案称为迪金森方案。参见Jensen, The Articles of Confederation, pp.126-139.雷科夫经考察指出,提交大陆会议的方案是起草委员会对迪金森方案进行修正后的结果。Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics, pp.426-427.为了行文方便,本文将起草委员会提交大陆会议的方案称为起草委员会方案,以区别于迪金森方案。
    ③ Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics, p.139.
    ④ Josiah Bartlett to John Langdon, June 17,1776, in Smith et al, eds.. Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.257
    ⑤ Edward Rutledge to John Jay, June 29,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.339.
    ⑥ John Dickinson's Notes for a Speech in Congress, July 1,1776. in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.356.
    ① John Adams to Abigail Adams, July 29,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.557.虽然约翰·亚当斯写这封信时,各殖民地已经宣布独立,成为独立、自主的邦国,但亚当斯指称它们时用的词仍然为" colony "。
    ② Samuel Chase to Richard Henry Lee, July 30,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.572; Samuel Chase to Philip Schuyler, August 9,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.645.
    ③ Joseph Hewes to Samuel Johnston, July 28,1776, in Smith, et al, eds. Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.556.
    ④ William Williams to Joseph Trumbull, August 7,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp.638-639.
    ⑤ Edward Rutledge to Robert R. Livingston, August 19 (?),1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of DelegatesCongress,vol.5,p.28.
    ⑥关于大陆会议的第一份《邦联条例》方案,参阅Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅴ, pp.674-689.
    ⑦ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅶ, p.240.
    ⑧ Roger Sherman to Oliver Wolcott, May 13,1777, in Smith, et al, eds. Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.7, p.81.
    ⑨ Eliphalet Dyer to Joseph Trumbull, September 7,1777, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.7, p.624.
    ① Cornelius Harnett to Richard Caswell, October 10,1777, in Smith et al, eds.. Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.8, p.99.
    ② William Williams to Jabez Huntington, October 22,1777, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.8, p.163.
    ③关于大陆会议提交各州议会审议和批准的《邦联条例》方案,参阅Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅸ, pp.907-925.
    ④关于迪金森联盟思想的研究,参见Jensen, The Articles of Confederation, pp.126-139; Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics, pp.151-158:Matthew L. Harris,"'Experience Must Be Our Guide':John Dickinson and the Origins of American Federalism,1754-1808," Ph. D. dissertation, Syracuse University,2004. (http://proquest.calis.edu.cn/umi/index.jsp)
    ① A Speech in Congress, June 8-10(?),1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp.167-168.
    ② A Speech in Congress, June 8-10(7),1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.169.
    ③ John Adams to James Warren, May 20,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp.42-43.
    ④ John Dickinson's Notes for a Speech in Congress, July 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.355.
    ⑤ Draft Articles of Confederation, June 17-July 1(?),1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp.233-255.
    ①关于英王的权威,参见Jerrilyn G. Marston, King and Congress:The Transfer of Political Legitimacy, 1774-1776, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1987.
    ①詹森过高估计了迪金森的联盟思想。Jensen, The Articles of Confederation, pp.126-139.
    ① Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics, pp.157-158.
    ② Edward Rutledge to John Jay, June 29,1776, in Smith et al. eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.339.巴特利特在信件中交替使用"colony"和"province"两个单词。
    ① Josiah Bartlett to John Langdon, June 17,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.257.
    ②詹森比较了起草委员会修改后的迪金森方案与大陆会议提交各州审议和批准的《邦联条例》方案。修改后的迪金森方案“使全国性(central)政府的宪法成为衡量州的权利、权力和职责的标准。大陆会议如果不是实际上也在理论上是最高权威”。该方案使州放弃了所有权力,除了管理内部事务的权力,这种权力还要“受大陆会议的解释”。他认为该方案对大陆会议权力的惟一限制是“它不能征收国内税和关税”。大陆会议提交各州审议和批准的《邦联条例》方案是“13个主权州之间的契约,它们同意为了具体目标授予某些权力,而仍然保留所有未明确授予全国性(central)政府的权力”。詹森过分强调了两个方案之间的差别,实际上它们没有本质的不同。Jensen, The Articles of Confederation, pp.130-132.
    ③ Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, p.354.
    ④关于《邦联条例》下的主权问题,一些学者持契约观点,认为各州掌握主权,同意建立邦联,将它们主权的有限方面授予一个共同政府。一些学者持国家观点,认为邦联国会掌握主权。理查德·B·莫里斯认为,“只有全国性(central)政府拥有外部主权的那些属性,使它在国际上被称为一个国家,而各州具有有限的或内部的主权,可以正确地视之为大陆会议的创造物,(大陆会议)先于它们,并建立了它们”。Richard B. Morris, "The Forging of the Union Reconsidered:A Historical Refutation of State Sovereignty over Seabeds," Columbia Law Review, vol.74, no.6 (October,1974), pp.1056-1093. (http://www.jstor.org/)
    ① Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics, p.162.
    ② John Adams to Patrick Henry, June 3,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.123.
    ③雷科夫详细分析了伯克的主权理论。参见Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics, pp.164-176.
    ④ Thomas Burke to Richard Caswell, April 29,1777, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.6, p.673.
    ⑤ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅸ, p.908.
    ⑥ Jensen, The Articles of Confederation, pp.129-39,161-76.另参见 Merrill Jensen, "The Idea of a National Government During the Americna Revolution," Political Science Quarterly, vol.58, no.3 (September，1943). pp.356-379. (http://www.jstor.org/)
    ⑦ Greene, Peripheries and Center, p.176.
    ① Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics, p.172.
    ② Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅸ, pp.932,933.
    ③ Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics, p.140.
    ④ McLaughlin, The Confederation and the Constitution, p.137.
    ⑤ Jensen, The Articles of Confederation, p.140, note 1.
    ① James Duane's Notes of Debates, September 6,1774, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.1, pp. 31-32; John Adams' Notes of Debates, September 6,1774, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol. 1, pp.28-30.
    ② John Adams to Abigail Adams, July 29,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.557.
    ③ Proceedings in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.442.
    ④ Plan of Confederation, June 12-July 12(?),1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp.200-201; Proceeding in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.445.
    ⑤ John Adams' Notes of Debate, July 30,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.569.
    ① Proceeding in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.443.
    ② John Adams' Notes of Debates, August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.594; Proceeding in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.445.
    ③ John Adams' Notes of Debates, August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.594.
    ④ Proceeding in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.444
    ⑤ Proceeding in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.445.
    ⑥ Benjamin Rush's Notes for a Speech in Congress, August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.600; John Adams' Notes of Debates, August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.593; Proceeding in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp.444-445.
    ① Proceeding in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.444.
    ② Proceeding in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al. eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.445.
    ③ John Adams' Notes of Debates, August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp.593-594.
    ④ Benjamin Rush's Notes for a Speech in Congress, August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp.600-601拉什在原文中交替使用"colony"和'state "。
    ⑤ John Adams' Notes of Debate, July 30,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.569; Proceeding in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp.442-443.
    ⑥ Proceeding in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.444.
    ⑦ Proceeding in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.445.
    ① Proceeding in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.445.
    ② Proceeding in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al. eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.444; John Adams' Notes of Debates, August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.594.
    ③ Proceeding in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.444.
    ④ Proceeding in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.445.
    ⑤ Proceeding in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp.445-446.
    ⑥ Proceedings in Congress, July 12-August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.442.
    ⑦ John Adams' Notes of Debates, August 1,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.593.
    ⑧ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅸ, pp.779-782.
    ① John Adams's Notes of Debate, July 25,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp.539-540.
    ② John Adams' Notes of Debates, August 2,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.604.
    ③ John Adams's Notes of Debate, July 25,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.540.
    ④ John Adams' Notes of Debates, August 2,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, p.604.
    ① John Adams's Notes of Debate, July 25,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp.539-540.
    ② John Adams' Notes of Debate, July 26,1776, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.4, pp.546-547.
    ③参见Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics, p.160.
    ④ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅸ, pp.826-828.
    ① Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅸ, p.845.
    ②1776年12月25日,新英格兰四个州的代表在普罗维登斯召开会议,商讨战争进程以及采取具体行动的计划。此次非正式会议将会议报告递交大陆会议。
    ③ William Ellery to Nicholas Cooke, February 15.1777, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.6, p.284.
    ④ Benjamin Rush's Notes of Debates, February 4,1777, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.6, pp.218-219.
    ⑤ Thomas Burke's Notes of Debates, February 12,1777, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.6, p.264.
    ①Thomas Burke's Notes of Debates, February 25,1777, in Smith et aL eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.6, pp.357-360.
    ①Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅸ, pp.934-935.
    ②参见Jensen, The Articles of Confederation, pp.185-197.一些州,如北卡罗来纳、南卡罗来纳通过提出修正案等形式,表达对《邦联条例》的看法。关于南卡罗来纳提出的修正案,参阅Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅺ, pp.652-656.
    ③ Cornelius Harnett to Thomas Burke, November 13,1777, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congre vol.8, p.255. ④ Cornelius Harnett to William Wilkinson, November 30,1777, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.8, p.349.
    ⑤ John Mathews to George Washington, January 30,1781, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congre vol.16, p.649.
    ① Cornelius Harnett to Richard Caswell, March 20,1778, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.9, p.318.
    ② Nathaniel Scudder to John Hart, July 13,1778, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.10, p.273.
    ③ John Jay to Caesar Rodney, February 2,1779, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.12, p.36.
    ④ John Mathews to Thomas Bee, July 7,1778, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.10, pp.236-237.
    ⑤ Articles of Confederation, December 16,1777, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.8, p. 436.
    ① Articles of Confederation, December 16,1777, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.8, pp.420-421.
    ② Thomas Burke to the North Carolina Assembly, April 29,1778, in Smith et al, eds.. Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.9, p.538.
    ③Articles of Confederation, December 18,1777, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol. 8, pp. 436-438.
    ④ Articles of Confederation, December 18,1777, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.8, pp.434-435,436.
    ① "Judge Drayton's Speech," in Hezekiah Niles, ed., Principles and Acts of the Revolution in America, Baltimore, 1822, pp.98,101-102,104. (http://www.archive.org/)黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② "Judge Drayton's Speech," in Niles, ed., Principles and Acts of the Revolution in America, pp.98,102.
    ① "Judge Drayton's Speech." in Niles, ed., Principles and Acts of the Revolution in America, pp.104-109.
    ② Davis, Sectionalism in American Politics, pp.30-32.
    ③ James Duane to George Washington, January 29,1781, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.16, p.636.
    ④ Jesse Root to Jonathan Trumbull. Sr., December 27,1780, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.16, p.506.
    ⑤ James Duane to George Washington, January 29,1781, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.16, p.636.
    ⑥ Joseph Jones to George Washington, February 27,1781, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.16, p.749.
    ⑦ To Joseph Jones, May 31,1780, in Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources,1745-1799, vol.18.
    ⑧ James Duane to George Washington, January 29,1781, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.16, p.634.
    ① Jesse Root to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., December 27,1780, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.16, p.506.
    ② Oliver Wolcott to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., January 9,1781, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.16, p.585.
    ③ Hamilton to James Duane, September 3,1780, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol.Ⅰ, p.213.
    ④ Hamilton to James Duane, September 3,1780, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ, pp.213-215.
    ①Hamilton to James Duane, September 3,1780, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ, p.215.
    ① Hamilton to James Duane, September 3,1780, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ, pp. 215-219,221-222.
    ② Hamilton to James Duane, September 3,1780, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ, pp.223-225.
    ③ Daniel J. Elazar, "Confederation and Federal Liberty," Publius, vol.12, no.4 (Autumn,1982), p.3.
    ① "An American", To the People of Maryland,1779.
    ② Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅦ, p.807.
    ③ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅺ, pp.649-650,639; Maryland Delegates to the Maryland Assembly, June 22,1778, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.10, p.178, note 3.
    ④ Cyrus Griffin to the Virginia House of Delegates, November 9,1779, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.14, pp.167-168.
    ① Madison's Notes on Debates, February 21,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, p.721.
    ② James Madison to Edmund Pendleton, May 29,1781, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.17, p.279.
    ③ Benjamin Rush, The Defects of the Confederation, in The Annals of America, vol.3, Chicago:Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.,1976, p.86.
    ④ Quoted in Onuf, The Origins of the Federal Republic, p.150.
    ⑤ Nathan Dane's Address to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, November 9,1786, in Smith et al, eds. Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.24, p.19.
    ⑥ For the South Carolina Gzette, in South Carolina Gazette and General Advertizer, April 12,1783. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① John Adams, "A Defence of the Constitutions of Governments of the United States of America," in Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, vol. Ⅳ, p.579, note.1.
    ② Charles Pinckney's Speech to the New Jersey Assembly, March 13,1786, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.23, pp.188-189.
    ③ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅩⅩⅠ. pp797-874.
    ④ For the South Carolina Gzette, in South Carolina Gazette and General Advertizer, April 12,1783. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)黑体字在原文中为斜体
    ⑤ Ezra Stiles, The United States Elevated to Glory and Honor, New Haven,1783, p.20. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑥ The Continentalist, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol.1, pp.248-250.
    ⑦ Madison's Notes on Debates, January 28,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, p.627
    ① The Warner, No. Ⅲ, in The Independent Chronicle and the Univeral Advertiser, October 20,1785. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ② Davis, Sectionalism in American Politics, pp.55-56.
    ③ David Howell to Nicholas Brown, October 21,1782, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, p.284.
    ④ Roger Sherman, Remarks on a Pamphlet, Entitled A Dissertation on the Political Union and Constitution of the Thirteen United States of North-America, New Haven,1784, pp.39, Ⅸ. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤ Letters from Mr. William Gordon, April 2,1783, in Richard Henry Lee, Life of Arthur Lee,2 vols, Boston,1829, vol. Ⅱ, p.291. (http://www.archive.org)
    ⑥ Quoted in Davis, Sectionalsim in American Politics, p.55. 黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑦ "A Fellow Citizen," The Political Establishments of the United States of America, Philadelphia,1784, p.10.
    ⑧ John Francis Mercer to the Public, September 11 (?),1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.20, p.659布朗特认为,“北美人”是麦迪逊。参见Irving Brant, "Madison, the'North American'on Federal Power," The American Historical Review, vol.60, no.1 (October,1954), pp.45-54. (http://www.jstor.org/); Irving Brant, "Two Neglected Madison Letters," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.3, no.4 (October,1946), pp.569-587. (http://www.jstor.org/)但他的观点后来遭到普遍否认。其作者被认为是约翰·弗朗西斯·默瑟。参见James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, September 30,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.20, p.733, note 3; Ronald M. Gephart, "Who Wrote 'The North American'Essays?" The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.54, no.2 (April,1997), pp.399-412. (http://www.jstor.org/)
    ⑨ Noah Webster, Junior, Sketches of American Policy, Hartford,1785, p.33. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ⑩ John Adams, "A Defence of the Constitutions of Governments of the United States of America," in Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, vol. Ⅳ, p.579.
    ① The Continentalist in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ, p.254.
    ② Quoted in Walter Stahr, John Jay:Founding Father, New York:Hambledon & Continuum,2006, pp.241-242.
    ③ Harrington:To the Freemen of the United States, in Kaminski and Saladino, eds., The documentary history of the ratification of the Constitution, vol. ⅩⅢ, pp.118-119黑体字为在原文中全部大写的单词。
    ④ Pelatiah Webster, A Dissertation on the Political Union and Constitution of the Thirteen United States of North America, Philadelphia,1783, pp.3-4. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① Noah Webster, Junior, Sketches of American Policy, pp.34-35.
    ② "Tullius," Three Letters Addressed to the Public, Philadelphia,1783, pp.12,7-8. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ "Tullius," Three Letters Addressed to the Public, pp.9-10.
    ④ Greene, Peripheries and Center, p.195.
    ①关于邦联运作方式的演变,参见Jennings Bryan Sanders, Evolution of Executive Departments of the Continental Congress,1774-1789, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1935; Jensen, The New Nation, pp.360-371; Herbert A. Johnson, "Toward a Reappraisal of the'Federal'Government:1783-1789," The American Journal of Legal History, vol.8, no.4 (October,1964), pp.314-325. (http://www.jstor.org/)
    ② Jensen, The New Nation, p.360.
    ③ Johnson, "Toward a Reappraisal of the'Federal'Government:1783-1789," p.316.
    ②詹宁斯·布莱思·桑德斯研究了邦联国会主席一职的演变,探讨了选举主席的方式和这一职位的任期、职责和维持的困难等。Jennings Bryan Sanders, The Presidency of the Continental Congress,1774-1789:A Study in American Institutional History, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1930.
    ⑤ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅴ, p.683.参见 Edmund C. Burnett, "Perquisites of the President of the Continental Congress," The American Historical Review, vol.35, no.1 (October,1929), pp. 69-76. (http://www.jstor.org/)
    ① Johnson, "Toward a Reappraisal of the'Federal'Government:1783-1789," p.317.
    ② Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅴ, p.683.
    ③ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅶ, pp.193-195.
    ④ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅩⅡ, pp.55-57.
    ⑤研究查尔斯·汤姆森的论著包括Lewis R. Harvey, Life of Charles Thomson, Secretary of the Continental Congress, Philadepphia:1900; John J. Zimmerman, "Charles Thomson,'The Sam Adams of Philadelphia'," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol.45, no.3 (December,1958), pp.464-480. (http://www.jstor.org/); Fred S Rolater, "Charles Thomson,'Prime Minister'of the United States," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol.101, no.3 (July,1977), pp.322-348. (http://www.jstor.org/); J. Edwin Hendricks, Charles Thomson and the Making of a New Nation,1729-1824, Rutherford, N. J.,1979; Boyd Stanley Schlenther, Charles Thomson:A Patriot's Pursuit, Newark, Delaware:University of Delaware Press,1990.
    ⑥ Quoted in Rolater, "Charles Thomson,'Prime Minister'of the United States," p.322.
    ① Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅸ, pp.818-820, vol. Ⅻ, pp.1076-1077; Herbert James Henderson, Party Politics in the Continental Congress, New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1974, p.265.
    ② Ford et al.. eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅨ, pp.126-127, vol. ⅩⅩⅧ. pp.21-23.
    ① Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅨ, pp.42-44.
    ② Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅣ, pp.903-908.
    ③ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅨ, p.126.
    ④ Samuel Osgood to John Adams, December 7,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol. 21, pp.187-188.
    ⑤关于罗伯特·莫里斯及其任财政总监的举措,参见Ferguson, The Power of the Purse, pp.117-176; Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics, pp.297-329.
    ① Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅩⅥ, pp.356-357.
    ② Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅩⅦ, pp.437-443,469-471.
    ③ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅤ, pp.1216-1218.
    ④ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅨ, pp.127-128.
    ⑤ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅨ. pp.155-156.
    ⑥ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅨ, pp.354-356.
    ⑦ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅩ, pp.761-764.
    ⑧ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅩⅪ, p.497.
    ① Ezra Stiles, The United States Elevated to Glory and Honor, New Haven,1783, p.23.
    ② Sherman, Remarks on a Pamphlet, Entitled A Dissertation on the Political Union and Constitution of the Thirteen United States of North-America, p.15黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ Sherman, Remarks on a Pamphlet, Entitled A Dissertation on the Political Union and Constitution of the Thirteen United States of North-America, pp.39,13.
    ④ Nathan Dane's Address to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, November 9,1786, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.24, p.21.
    ① James Madison to Thomas Jefferson. September 20,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.20, p.696.
    ② John Francis Mercer to Jacob Read. September 23,1784, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.21, p.794.
    ③ James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, June 16,1785, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol. 22, pp.461-462.
    ④ To James Warren, October 7,1785, in Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources,1745-1799, vol.28.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤ William Grayson to James Madison, March 22,1786, in Smith et al, eds.,Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol. 23, pp.205-206.
    ⑥ The Continentalist, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol.Ⅰ, p.255.
    ⑦ James Madison's Notes of Debates, March 17,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol. 20, pp.39-40.
    ⑧ Harrington:To the Freemen of the United States, in Kaminski and Saladino, eds., The documentary history of the ratification of the Constitution, vol. ⅩⅢ, pp.117,120.黑体字为在原文中全部大写的单词。
    ① The Continentalist, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ, pp.248-253.
    ② Alexander Hamilton's Draft Resolution, July(?),1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol. 20, pp.495,498.
    ③ Jared Sparks, The Life of Gouverneur Morris, Boston,1832, vol.1, pp.239,241. (http://www.archive.org)
    ④ "Tullius," Three Letters Addressed to the Public, pp.10-11.
    ⑤ To Alexander Hamilton, March 31,1783, in Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources,1745-1799, vol.26.
    ⑥ To Jabez Bowen, January 9,1787, in Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources,1745-1799, vol.29.
    ① The Continentalist, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ, p.244.
    ② To James Warren. October 7,1785, in Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources.1745-1799, vol.28黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ The Continentalist, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. I, pp.257-258; Alexander Hamilton's Defense of Congress, July(?),1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.20, p.498.
    ④ Quoted in Walter Stahr, John Jay:Founding Father, New York:Hambledon & Continuum,2006, p.241.
    ⑤ To Jabez Bowen, January 9,1787, in Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources,1745-1799, vol.29.
    ⑥ James Madison to John Page(?), May 8,1780, in Smith et al, eds.. Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.15, p. 97; James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, May 6,1780, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol. 15, pp.93-94.
    ⑦ Joseph Jones to George Washington, June 21 (?),1780, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.15, p.361.
    ① Ezekiel Cornell to Nathanael Greene, July 21,1780, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.15, p.480.
    ② The Continentalist, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ, p.257.
    ③ To Governor Clinton, February 24,1783, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅸ, p.265.
    ④ Kermit L. Hall and Mark David Hall, eds., Collected Works of James Wilson, Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2007, vol. I, pp.65-66. (http://oll.libertyfund.org/)黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤ Nathan Dane's Address to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, November 9,1786, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.24, p.21.
    ⑥ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. XXXI, p.494.
    ⑦ Nathan Dane to Samuel Adams, February 11,1786, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.23, p.143.
    ① Pelatiah Webster, A Dissertation on the Political Union and Constitution of the Thirteen United States of North America, pp.6-7.
    ② The Continentalist, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ, pp.261-262.
    ③ Nathan Dane to Samuel Adams, February 11,1786, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.23, p.143.
    ④ Max M. Edling, A Revolution in Favor of Government:Origins of the U.S. Constitution and the Making of the American State, New York:Oxford University Press,2003, p.149. (http://www.questia.com/)
    ⑤ James Madison to John Page(?), May 8,1780, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.15, p.97.
    ⑥ From a Late Philadelphia Paper on the Five Percent, by a Citizen of Pennsylvania, in The Independent Chronicle and the Univeral Advertiser, February 6,1783. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ① Madison's Notes on Debates, February 21,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, p.723.
    ② Arthur Lee to Samuel Adams, January 29,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, p.640.
    ③ From a Late Philadelphia Paper on the Five Percent, by a Citizen of Pennsylvania, in The Independent Chronicle and the Univeral Advertiser, February 6,1783. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ④ James Madison to Edmund Pendleton, May 29,1781, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.17, p.278.
    ⑤ Madison's Notes on Debates, January 28,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, pp.626,631.
    ⑥ Madison's Notes on Debates, February 21,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, p.723.
    ⑦ Samuel Osgood to John Adams, January 14,1784, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.21, p.278.
    ⑧ The Continentalist, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol.1, p.262.
    ⑨ Madison's Notes on Debates, January 28,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, p. 627.
    ① Richard Peters to Oliver Wolcott, July 15,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.20, pp.422-423.
    ② "Tullius," Three Letters Addressed to the Public, p.7.
    ③ To the Secretary for Foreign Affairs, August 1,1786, in Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources,1745-1799, vol.28.
    ④ Madison's Notes on Debates, January 27,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, p.620.
    ⑤ James Madison's Motion on an Impost, February 3,1781, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.16, p.669.
    ⑥ James Madison to Edmund Pendleton, May 29,1781, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol. 17, pp.278-279.
    ⑦ Jared Sparks, The Life of Gouverneur Morris, Boston,1832, vol.1, p.249.
    ⑧ Madison's Notes on Debates, January 27,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, p.621.
    ① Madison's Notes on Debates, January 28,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, pp.626,625; Madison's Notes on Debates, January 27,1783. in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, pp.619-620.
    ② Madison's Notes on Debates, January 28,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, p.628.
    ③ Madison's Notes on Debates, February 21,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, p.724.
    ④ Madison's Notes on Debates, February 21,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, pp.721-722.
    ⑤ Madison's Notes on Debates, January 28,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, pp.627-628.
    ① Madison's Notes on Debates, January 28,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.19, p.629.
    ② Elazar, "Confederation and Federal Liberty," p.7.
    ①Pelatiah Webster,A Dissertation on the Political Union and Constitution of the Thirteen United States of North America,pp.39-40.
    ②"A Fellow Citizen,"The Political Establishments of the United States of America,Philadelphia,1784,pp.10,18.
    ③To Henry Knox,December 5,1784,in Fitzpatrick,ed.,The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-1799,vol.28.黑体字在原文中为斜体.
    ④Noah Webster,Junior,Sketches of American Policy,pp.44,31-32.
    ⑤Davis,Sectionalism in American Politics,pp.31-32.
    ① Jesse Root to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., December 27,1780, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.16. p.506.
    ② James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, April 16,1781, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.17, p.158.
    ③ Pelatiah Webster, A Dissertation on the Political Union and Constitution of the Thirteen United States of North America, pp.39-43.
    ④ Noah Webster, Junior, Sketches of American Policy, pp.35,38-39,44,48.
    ⑤ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅪⅩ, p.236.
    ⑥ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅩ. pp.469-470.
    ① Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅪ, p.895.
    ② Jensen, The New Nation, pp.399-407; Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics, pp.345-347; Davis, Sectionalism in American Politics, pp.76-93雷芳：《邦联国会与美国早期国家构建》,博士学位论文,南开大学,2006年。
    ③ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅺ, p.648.
    ④ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅪⅩ, p.110.
    ① Nathan Dane to Samuel Adams, February 11,1786, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.23, p.143.
    ② To James Warren, October 7,1785, in Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources,1745-1799, vol.28. 还梯子在原文中为斜体。
    ③ Alexander Hamilton's Draft Resolution. July (?),1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol. 20, pp.500-501; The Continentalist, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol.Ⅰ, pp.271,277-278.
    ④ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅩⅧ, p.345.
    ⑤ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅩⅤ, pp.621-622,628-629,661-663.
    ① Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅩⅥ, pp.317-322.
    ② Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅩⅧ, p.17, note.
    ③ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. ⅩⅩⅧ, p.201.
    ④ Thomas Rodney's Diary, May 3,1786, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.23, pp.263-264.
    ⑤ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. XXXI, p.495.
    ⑥ Committee of Congress Report, September 25(?),1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.20, p.703.
    ⑦ Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. XXVI, pp.318-319.
    ① Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. XXVIII, pp.202-203.
    ② David Jackson to George Bryan, July 18,1785, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.22, p.517.
    ③ James McHenry to George Washington, August 1,1785, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress. vol.22, pp.542-543.
    ④ Edward Hand to George Clinton, July 22,1784, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.21, p.739.
    ⑤ Nathan Dane to Samuel Adams, February 11,1786, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.23, p.143.
    ⑥ Nathaniel Gorham to Caleb Davis, February 23,1786, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.23, p.162,
    ① The Annapolis Convention, in The Annals of America, Chicago:Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.,1976, vol.3, pp.68-70.
    ② Resolution of Congress, February 21,1787, in Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅲ, pp.13-14.
    ①各州的代表及出席情况,参见List of Delegates, Attendance of Delegates, in Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅲ, pp.557-559,586-590关于制宪会议代表及其制宪活动的最新研究,参见 Richard R. Beeman, Plain, Honest Men:The Making of the American Constitution, New York:Random House, 2009. (http://books.google.com/)
    ② Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, August 30,1787, in Farrand. ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅲ, p.76.
    ③ Madison, "The Preface to the Debate of the Federal Convention," in Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅲ, p.551.
    ④ Harrington:To the Freemen of the United States, in Kaminski and Saladino, eds., The documentary history of the ratification of the Constitution, vol. ⅩⅢ, pp.119-120.
    ⑤ Letters from the Federal Farmer, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.254.
    ⑥制宪会议在正式讨论之前,确定了议事规则,其中两条对代表自由商讨、表达自己的观点具有重要意义。一条是秘密规则,即会议中的任何发言,未经许可,不得付印,不得发表,不得传播。这种秘密状态使代表们免受外界干扰。另一条是自由讨论的规则,即可反复讨论已决定的问题。Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.15-16.
    ⑦李剑鸣：“美国革命时期马萨诸塞立宪运动的意义和影响”,《历史研究》2004年第1期,第149页。
    ① Resolution of Congress, February 21,1787, in Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅲ, p.13.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.42.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.341.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.276.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.335.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.341.
    ⑦ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.336.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.442.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.35.
    ③ Martin, "Genuine Information," in Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅲ, pp.179-180.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, March 19,1787, in Gaillard Hunt, ed., The Writing of James Madison, New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons,1901, vol. Ⅱ, p.326. (http://oll.libertyfund.org/)
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.343.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.19.
    ① James Madison, "Vices of the Political System of the U. States," in Hunt, ed., The Writing of James Madison, vol. Ⅱ, pp.361-369; Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.316-319.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.7.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.161.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, pp.190-191.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.171.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.255.5月30日,古维诺尔·莫里斯在发言中解释了"federal"政府与"national"政府的区别,“前者仅仅是取决于各方良好意愿的契约,后者具有完整的和强迫的运作”。乔治·梅森赞同古维诺尔·莫里斯的观点,指出有必要建立一个直接管理个人的政府,只惩罚那些需要惩罚的人。可见,这两种政府形式的区别是管理对象的不同,邦联政府管理各州,而全国性政府管理个人。当天出席的8个州,6个州支持建立全国性政府。这说明当时许多代表认同对这两种政府形式的区分。Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.34-35.黑体字在原文中为斜体。关于"federal"与‘'confederal"的含义变化,参见Clark, The Language of Liberty, pp.131-132.
    ⑦ James Madison to Edmund Randolph, April 8,1787, in Hunt, ed., The Writing of James Madison, vol. Ⅱ, p.337.
    ⑧ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.33.
    ⑨ McLaughlin, The Confederation and the Constitution, p.136.
    ⑩ Farrand, ed.,The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.463汉密尔顿和里德对"national"政府的界定与其他代表有所不同,他们主张的是废除各州的"national"政府,而其他一些代表主张的保留各州的"national"政府。
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.240.
    ②参见Michael P. Zuckert, "Federalism and the Founding:Toward a Reinterpretation of the Constitutional Convention," The Review of Politics, vol.48, no.2 (Spring,1986), pp.166-210. (http://www.jstor.org/); James H. Hutson, "John Dickinson at the Federal Constitutional Convention," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd ser., vol. 40, no.2 (April,1983), pp.256-282. (http://www.jstor.org/)
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.274,250.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.340,468,437.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.340.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.86,152-153.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.355.
    ④许多历史学者和政治学者认为,在制宪会议上,麦迪逊和汉密尔顿的观点一致,主张废除各州,建立全国性政府。班宁否认这种观点。在制宪会议上,约翰逊也认为,麦迪逊和汉密尔顿的观点是不同的。Irving Brant, James Madison:Father of the Constitution,1787-1800, New York,1950; Martin Diamond, "The Federalist on Federalism:'Neither a National nor a Federal Constitution, but a Composition of Both," The Yale Law Journal, vol.86, no.6 (May,1977), pp.1273-1285. (http://www.jstor.org/); Jean Yarbrough, "Madison and Modern Federalism," in Robert A. Goldwin and William A. Schambra, eds., How Federal is the Constitution? Washington D. C.,1987, pp.84-108; Banning, The Sacred Fire of Liberty, pp.111-164; Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.355.
    ⑤ James Madison to George Washington, April 16,1787, in Hunt, ed., The Writing of James Madison, vol. Ⅱ, pp.344-345.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol:Ⅰ, pp.463-464黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.137,322-323,484.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, pp.323-324黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.153-154.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.490黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.530.
    ① Farrand. ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.137.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.356.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.323,283-293黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, pp.136-137,463.
    ②李剑鸣：“美国革命时期马萨诸塞立宪运动的意义和影响”,《历史研究》2004年第1期,第134页。
    ③关于马萨诸塞1780年宪法的研究,参见Ronald M. Peters Jr., The Massachusetts Constitution of 1780:A Social Compact, Amherst:The University of Massachusetts Press,1978. (http://www.questia.com/)
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, pp.122-123.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.92.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.88.
    ①Farrand,ed.,The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787,vol.Ⅱ,p.476.
    ②Farrand,ed.,The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787,vol.Ⅱ,p.88.
    ③Farrand,ed.,The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787,vol.Ⅱ,p.469.
    ④Farrand,ed.,The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787,vol.Ⅱ,p.92.
    ⑤Farrand,ed.,The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787,vol.Ⅱ,p.88.
    ⑥Farrand,ed.,The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787,vpl.Ⅱ,p.92-93.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.123.
    ②Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.90.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.123.
    ④Farrand, ed.， The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.89.
    ⑤Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.476.
    ⑥Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.123.
    ⑦ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.90.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.91.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.123.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅱ, pp.89-90.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.476.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.437.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.91.
    ① Alexander Hamilton to Robert R. Livingston, July 23,1783, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.20, p.441.
    ② David Ramsay to Certain States, January 31,1786, in Smith et al, eds.. Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.23, p.130.
    ③13个州中,除宾夕法尼亚和佐治亚,其他州都实行两院制。另外,尚未加入联盟的佛蒙特也实行两院制。Marc W. Kruman, Between Authority & Liberty:State Constitution Making in Revolutionary America, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press,1997, pp.131-154. (http://www.questia.com/)
    ④Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.251.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.253-254.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.256.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.158.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.49,132,405-406.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.132-133.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.134.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ. pp.49,50.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ. pp.359,49.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.50.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.359.
    ⑥ Farrand. ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.359.
    ⑦ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.49.
    ⑧ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ. p.256.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.158-159,355-356,405-406.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.251.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.179.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.133,150.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, pp.137,360.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. vol. Ⅰ. p.137.
    ② Farrand. ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. vol. Ⅰ. p.359.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ. p.358.
    ④ Farrand,ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ. p.133.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ. p.137.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.48.
    ⑦ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.48.
    ⑧ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.137.
    ⑨ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.136.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.137.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.133-134,142,359.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, pp.136,152-153.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.404.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.406.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, pp.406-407.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.155-156,407.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.355.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.150.
    ④ Farrand. ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.406.
    ⑤关于制宪会议围绕代表制问题的讨论,参见Jack N. Rakove, "The Great Compromise:Ideas, Interests, and the Politcs of Constitution Making," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.44, no.3 (July,1987), pp. 424-457. (http://www.jstor.org/); J. R. Pole, Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic, London:Macmillan,1966. (http://www.questia.com/); Storing, "The Constitutional Convention:Toward a More Perfect Union," in Bessette, ed., Toward a More Perfect Union, pp.17-36.
    ① James Madison to George Washington, April 16,1787, in Gaillard Hunt, ed., The Writing of James Madison, vol. Ⅱ, p.345.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.321.
    ③ Jonathan Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, 5 vols, Washington,1836-1859, vol. Ⅳ, p.257. (http://oll.libertyfund.org/)
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.20.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.37.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.6.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.277,179.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.37.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ. pp.279,482-483.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.8, vol. Ⅰ, p.551.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.180,324.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.446-447.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.483.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, pp.447-448,486.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.486, vol. Ⅱ, pp.8-10.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. II, p.10.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. II, p.10.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. I, p.180.
    ④ Farrand. ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.7.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.250,274.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. I, pp.468,324.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑦ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. I, p.491.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.258.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.437-438.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.484.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, pp.259,275-276.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.178.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.167.
    ⑦ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.1, p.167.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.178.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.40.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.177-178.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.167,491.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.445.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.5.
    ⑦ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.445.
    ⑧ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.179.
    ⑨ Farrand. ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.551.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.35.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.87,196,242.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.196.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.470.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. vol. Ⅰ, p.468.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.461,355.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.355,461-462.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.5.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.1, p.468.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.469.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.343,201.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.352,550.
    ②格林指出,权责划分是殖民地以来的长期难题,制宪会议的代表们要思考和解决同样的问题。Greene, Peripheries and Center, pp. 198-200.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.1, pp.340-341,437.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.492,569.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.437.
    ② Farrand. ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.133.
    ③ Farrand. ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.242-243.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.18-19.
    ⑤ James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, March 19,1787, James Madison to Edmund Randolph, April 8,1787, James Madison to George Washington, April 16,1787, in Hunt, ed., The Writing of James Madison, vol. Ⅱ, pp. 326,338,345-346.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.134-135,315-319.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.467.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.21.
    ④ Rakove, Original Meaning, pp.177-180; John C. Hueston "Altering the Course of the Constitutional Convention:The Role of the Committee of Detail in Establishing the Balance of State and Federal Powers," The Yale Law Journal, vol.100, no.3 (December,1990), pp.765-783.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ. pp.59-60,53.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.17.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.25.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.26.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.26.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.26.
    ⑦ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.26.
    ⑧ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.413.
    ⑨ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.464.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅱ, p.275.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.198.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.198.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.199.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.199黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.19.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.316.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.21-22.
    ④对于第一种方式,研究1787年费城制宪会议和麦迪逊等人思想的学者往往没有予以充分重视。实际上,包括麦迪逊在内的制宪会议代表围绕国会否决权的辩论反映了他们当时的联邦制理念。Farrand, The Framing of the Constitution of the United States:Charles Warren, The Making of the Constitution, Cambridge, Mass.,1928; Charles F. Hobson, "The Negative on State Laws:James Madison, the Constitution, and the Crisis of Republican Government," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.36, no.2 (April,1979), pp.215-235. (http://www.jstor.org/)
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.1, pp.54,164-168; vol. Ⅱ, pp.27-28, 390-392.
    ① James Madison to George Washington, April 16,1787, in Hunt, ed., The Writing of James Madison, vol. Ⅱ, p. 346; James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, March 19,1787, in Hunt, ed., The Writing of James Madison, vol. Ⅱ, pp. 326-327; James Madison to Edmund Randolph, April 8,1787, in Hunt, ed., The Writing of James Madison, vol. Ⅱ, pp.338-339; Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.164-165, vol. Ⅱ, p.28黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Hobson, "The Negative on State Laws:James Madison, the Constitution, and the Crisis of Republican Government," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.36, no.2 (April,1979), pp.215-235.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.164.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.166-167.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.391.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.165.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.164.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.166.
    ⑥ James Madison to George Washington, April 16,1787, in Hunt, ed., The Writing of James Madison, vol. Ⅱ, p. 348; Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.164-165, vol. Ⅱ, pp.27-28.
    ⑦ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.391.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.165.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.166,169.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.167,337; vol. Ⅱ, pp.27-28,390.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.28.
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.391.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.167.
    ⑦ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.245.
    ⑧ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.54.
    ⑨ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.164-165.
    ⑩ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.34.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.339-340.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.256黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.46.
    ④ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, pp.124,317
    ⑤ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ, p.124.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, pp.45-46.
    ⑦ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅰ. pp.243-245.
    ① Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, pp.28-29.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.169.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, p.389.
    ① Calvin C. Jillson, Constitution Making:Conflict and Consensus in the Federal Convention of 1787, New York: Agathon Press, Inc.,1988, p. ix. (http://www.questia.com/)
    ②参见John P. Roche, "The Founding Fathers:A Reform Caucus in Action," The American Political Science Review, vol.55, no.4 (December 1961), pp.799-816. (http://www.jstor.org/); Storing, "The Constitutional Convention:Toward a More Perfect Union," in Bessette, ed., Toward a More Perfect Union, pp.20-21; Calvin C. Jillson and Cecil L. Eubanks, "The Political Structure of Constitution Making:The Federal Convention of 1787," The American Journal of Political Science, vol.28, no.3 (August, 1984), pp.435-458. (http://www.jstor.org/); Rakove, "The Great Compromise:Ideas, Interests, and the Politcs of Constitution Making," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.44, no.3 (July,1987), pp.424-457.
    ① Letters from the Federal Farmer. Ⅰ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist,1981, vol.2, p.227.
    ② Quoted in Roger H. Brown, Redeeming the Republic:Federalists, Taxation, and the Origins of the Constitution, Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1993, p.3.
    ③关于各州批准联邦宪法的概述,参阅Patrick T. Conley and John P. Kaminski, eds., The Constitution and the States:The Role of the Original Thirteen in the Framing and Adoption of the Federal Constitution, Madison, Wisconsin:Madison House,1988.
    ④联邦主义者和反联邦主义者,对应的英语单词是"federalist"和"anti-federalist".国内学术界一般将这两个单词翻译为联邦党人和反联邦党人。业师李剑鸣先生认为,这种翻译并不恰当。先生指出,从]787-1788年的具体历史时空情境来看,当时是反政党、反党派的。联邦主义者和反联邦主义者只是临时性的政治主张的组合,而不是固定组织的群体。18世纪末至19世纪初,出现一个真正意义上的联邦党,与联邦制宪时期的联邦主义者没有直接的联系。另外,“党人”在中文的语境中是“派别”、“宗派”之义,而联邦主义者和反联邦主义者不是这种意义上的宗派。参见王希：《原则与妥协：美国宪法的精神与实践》,北京大学出版社2000年版,第119-126页；马万利：“美国史学界关于反联邦党人问题的研究”,《浙江学刊》2006年第5期,第118-123页；褚乐平：“联邦党人与反联邦党人关于宪法批准问题的争论”,《史学月刊》2003年第7期,第60-66页。关于用联邦主义者和反联邦主义者指称新宪法的支持者和反对者是否恰当或公平,这是时人也是后来学者争辩的一个问题。本文认同法律史家斯托林的观点,即“联邦”一词的含义是宽泛 的,联邦主义者可以指坚持联邦制原则的人,也可以指主张加强联邦权威的人,因而用联邦主义者和反联邦主义者指称新宪法的支持者和反对者是有一定道理的。参阅Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, p.254; Letters from the Federal Farmer,Ⅰ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol. 2, p.230; Aristocrotis, The Government of Nature Delineated or an Exact Picture of the New Federal Constitution, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.3, p.209; Essays by a Farmer, Ⅲ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.5, p.29; Essays by the Impartial Examiner, Ⅱ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol. 5, p.191; Thornton Anderson, Creating the Constitution:The Convention of 1787 and the First Congress, University Park:The Pennsylvania State University Press,1993, p.175. (http://www.questia.com/); Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For, pp.9-10此外,从下文的论述可以看出,联邦主义者和反联邦主义者并不是泾渭分明的,他们之间虽然存在许多分歧,但也具有不少共识。联邦主义者或反联邦主义者因支持或反对新宪法而联合在一起,他们各自的内部也是存在分歧的。Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol.Ⅱ, p.368; Letters from the Federal Farmer, VI, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol. 2, p.258; Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For, pp.5-6.
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.30.
    ② Letters from the Federal Farmer, Ⅵ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.257-258.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.278.
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p..57.
    ①Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.223.
    ②参见Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For, p.24.
    ③ "A Federal Republican", "A Review of the Constitution Proposed by the Late Convention," in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.3, p.67.
    ④ Essay by Brutus,1, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.363-364.
    ⑤ Essays of An Old Whig, IV, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.3, pp.30,39.
    ⑥ Address by A Plebeian, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.6, pp.131-132.
    ⑦ Reply to Medium by A Citizen, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.6, p.47.
    ⑧ Essay by Brutus, Jr., in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.6, p.39.
    ① Letters of Centinel, Ⅰ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.143.
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.229.
    ③ Essays by Candidus, Ⅰ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.4, pp.128-130.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, p.271.
    ⑤ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.46.
    ⑥ Letters of Agrippa, IV, V, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.4, pp.76,77.
    ⑦ Martin, "Genuine Information," in Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅲ, p.197.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.223.
    ② Address by A Plebeian, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.6, pp.134-135.
    ③ Essays by the Impartial Examiner, Ⅴ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.5, pp.197-199黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ Letters of Agrippa, Ⅷ, Ⅹ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.4, pp.84,90.
    ⑤ Elbridge Gerry to the Massachusetts General Court, in Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, New York:The Library of America,1993, part one, p.232.
    ⑥ James Monroe, "Some Observations on the Constitution," in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.5, pp.283-285.
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. II, p.368.
    ② Martin, "Genuine Information," in Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅲ, p.196.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ The Fallacies of the Freeman Detected by A Farmer, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.3, p.185.
    ④ Essays of Brutus, Ⅰ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.364-365.
    ⑤ Letter of Cato, Ⅲ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.110.
    ⑥ Essays by a Farmer, III, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.5, pp.29-31.
    ⑦ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, pp.29,33.
    ⑧ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.220.
    ① James Monroe. "Some Observations on the Constitution," in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.5, p.286.
    ② Letter to Capt. Peter Osgood, Jr., November 15,1787, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.4, p.62.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ Letters from the Federal Farmer, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.260.
    ④ The Fallacies of the Freeman Detected by A Farmer, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.3, p.186.
    ⑤ Letters of Agrippa, Ⅻ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.4, p.95.
    ⑥ Essays of An Old Whig, Ⅳ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.3, p.32.
    ⑦ Letters of Agrippa, Ⅷ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.4, p.84.
    ⑧ The Fallacies of the Freeman Detected by A Farmer, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.3, p.183.
    ① Notes of Speeches Given by George Clinton before the New York State Ratifying Convention, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.6, pp.178,182.
    ② Letters from the Federal Farmer, in in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.229,258.
    ③斯托林将反联邦主义者的联邦制理念区分为早期或相对“‘纯粹的’”旧联邦主义和在批准联邦宪法过程中逐渐形成的新联邦主义。他认为,一些反联邦主义者的新联邦主义就是麦迪逊等联邦主义者所主张的部分联邦和部分国家的综合。应该说,这两种理念是有很大区别的,特别是在共同政府权力的运作方式上,主张新联邦主义的反联邦主义者基本上认为,共同政府的权力管理各州而不是人民,而麦迪逊等联邦主义者则持相反的观点。参见Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For, pp.9-14,24-37.
    ④ Letters from the Federal Farmer, ⅩⅦ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.331.
    ⑤ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.336,228.
    ⑥ The Fallacies of the Freeman Detected by A Farmer, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.3, p.186.
    ① Letters from the Federal Farmer, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.229.
    ② The Fallacies of the Freeman Detected by A Farmer, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.3, pp.186-187.
    ③ Essays of Brutus, VI, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.398-399.
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.271.
    ⑤ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.313-314.
    ⑥ James Monroe, "Some Observations on the Constitution," in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.5, p.291.
    ① The Fallacies of the Freeman Detected by A Farmer, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.3, p.184.
    ② Essays of Brutus, VII, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.401.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.217.
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.243.
    ⑤ Letters from the Federal Farmer, XVII, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.331-332.
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.142.
    ②雷科夫在阐释反联邦主义者对拟议政府的评价时,集中探讨了“布鲁特斯”的观点。Rakove, Original Meaning,pp.181-188康奈尔高度评价“布鲁特斯”和“联邦农场主”等作者的作品,但他反对将注意力基本上集中于这些人,认为应更综合地考察包括他们在内的中层反联邦主义者以及精英反联邦主义者和平民反联邦主义者的观点。Cornell, The Other Founders.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, pp.395,171.
    ④ Essays of Brutus, Ⅰ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.365.
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.608.
    ② Letters from the Federal Farmer, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.223,228.
    ③ William Findley on the Constitution as a Plan for National Consolidation, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.818黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.22黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.134.
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, pp.148,280; Letters of Centinel, Ⅱ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.147; "Essays of Brutus, Ⅰ," in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.366.
    ⑦ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.149.
    ① Essays of Brutus, VI, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.398-399; Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.337.
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.34.
    ③ Martin, "Genuine Information," in Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅲ, p.204.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ Essays of Brutus, VI, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.396-397.
    ⑤ Dissent of the Minority of the Pennsylvania Convention, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, pp.537-538.
    ⑥ Essays of An Old Whig, Ⅵ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.3, pp.40-41拉撒路为《圣经》中的人物,在世为乞丐,受尽苦难,死后升入天堂。
    ⑦ Essays of Brutus, VI, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.394-395.
    ⑧ William Findley on the Constitution as a Plan for National Consolidation, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.818.
    ① Reply to Wilson's Speech:"An Officer of the Late Continental Army", in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.98黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.284.
    ③ Essays of Brutus, Ⅰ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.365-366.
    ④ Essays of Brutus, Ⅵ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.398-399.
    ⑤ Essays of Brutus, Ⅰ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.366.
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.29.
    ⑦ Richard Henry Lee to Edmund Pendleton, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part two, p.464黑体字在原文中斜体。
    ① Martin, "Genuine Information," in Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅲ, pp. 207-209.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.385.
    ③ Essays of Brutus, Ⅰ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.366.
    ④ Dissent of the Minority of the Pennsylvania Convention, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.537.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, pp.395-396.
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ. p.228.
    ⑦ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.403.
    ⑧ Letters of Centinel, Ⅴ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.168-169.
    ⑨ George Mason, "Objections to the Constitution," in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.348.
    ① Dissent of the Minority of the Pennsylvania Convention, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.538黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Essays by the Impartial Examiner, I, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.5, p.178.
    ③ Essays of Brutus, I, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.365.
    ④ Essays of Brutus, I, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.366-367.
    ⑤ Martin, "Genuine Information," in Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅲ, p.206.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑥ Letters of Centinel, I, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.140.
    ⑦ A Federal Republican, "A Review of the Constitution Proposed by the Late Convention," in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.3, p.79.
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.333,312-313.
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.325.
    ③ Letters of Centinel, Ⅱ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.146黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ Dissent of the Minority of the Pennsylvania Convention, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, pp.538-539.
    ⑤ The Fallacies of the Freeman Detected by A Farmer, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.3, pp.188-189.
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.171.
    ⑦ Reply to Wilson's Speech:"An Officer of the Late Continental Army", in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.98黑体字在原文中为斜体或全部大写的单词。
    ⑧ Letters of Centinel, Ⅱ. in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.146-147.
    ① Letters of Luther Martin, IV, Paul Leicester Ford, ed., Essays on the Constitution of the United States, Published during its Discussion by the People 1787-1788, Brooklyn, N. Y.:Historical Printing Club,1892, pp. 364-365. (http://www.archive.org/)
    ② Letters of Centinel, V, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.168.
    ③ Dissent of the Minority of the Pennsylvania Convention, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.536黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, p.287.
    ⑤ Essays of Brutus, Ⅰ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.365.
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.607.
    ① George Washington to Bushrod Washington, November 10,1787, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.305.
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.113.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, p.283.
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.185-186.
    ⑤ Storing, "The'Other' Federalist Papers:A Preliminary Sketch," in Bessette, ed., Toward a More Perfect Union, pp.79-80.
    ⑥ Jacob E. Cooke, ed., The Federalist, Middletown, Coon.:Wesleyan University Press,1961, pp.90-92.
    ⑦ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, p.274.
    ⑧ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.430-431. 黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.233.
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.234; Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.93.
    ③ Cooke, ed.， The Federalist, p.93黑体字在原文中为全部大写的单词。
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, p.22.
    ⑤ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.214.
    ⑥ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.93-95; Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.233,235.黑体字在原文中为全部大写的单词。
    ① James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, October 24,1787, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.193.
    ② Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.128-129黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ Elliot, ed.. The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ. p.21.
    ④ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.145-146.黑体字在原文中为全部大写的单词。
    ⑤ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.214.
    ⑥ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.144-145.
    ⑦ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.57.
    ⑧ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.431.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑨ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.84.
    ⑩ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, p.274.
    ① A Freeman, Ⅲ, February 6,1788, in Kaminski and Saladino, eds., The documentary history of the ratification of the Constitution, vol. ⅩⅥ, p.49; Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.503, vol. Ⅲ, p.40黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.253-257.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.503,427.
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.46.
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.427-428.
    ② Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.55.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, p.58.
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ. p 385.
    ⑤ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.256; Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.385; Fabius, "Observations on the Constitution Propsed by the Federal Convention," in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part two, p.412.
    ① Noah Webster, "An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution," in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, pp.145-146黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Noah Webster, "An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution," in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.145.
    ③ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.146-147.
    ④ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.269.
    ⑤ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.8,13; Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, p.17.
    ⑥ "A Citizen of Philadelphia", "The Weaknesses of Brutus Exposed," in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, pp.180,176-177.
    ⑦ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.98.
    ① Cooke, ed., The Federalist pp.95,103.
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.55-56.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.274.
    ④ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.253,55,351,416; Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.503-504,428, vol. Ⅳ, p.58; "A Citizen of Philadelphia", "The Weaknesses of Brutus Exposed," in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.178; Refutation of the "Federal Farmer":Timothy Pickering to Charles Tillinghast, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.292.
    ⑤ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.253-257; Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part two, pp.618-620.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.503,461.
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.40.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.353黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.67.
    ⑤ Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part two, pp.621-622.
    ⑥ Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part two, pp.621-622.
    ①Elliot,ed.,The Debates in Several State Conventions,vol.Ⅳ,pp.58.59.黑体字在原文中为斜体.
    ② Cooke,ed.,The Federalist,pp.416.417.
    ③ A Freeman,Ⅲ,February 6,1788,in Kaminski and Saladino,eds.,The documentary history of the ratification of the Constitution,vol.ⅩⅥ,p.50黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ Cooke,ed.,The Federalist,p.55.
    ⑤ Elliot,ed.,The Debates in the Several State Conventions,vol.Ⅱ:p.239；Cooke,ed.,The Federalist,pp. 106-108:198,205-206.
    ① James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, October 24,1787, in Bailyn, ed.,The Debate on the Constitution, part one, pp.197-198; Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.310,311-323.
    ② Reply to the Pennsylvania Minority, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.560.
    ③ Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, pp.63-64.
    ④ Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part two, p.620.
    ⑤ "A Citizen of Philadelphia", "The Weaknesses of Brutus Exposed," in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.178.
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, pp.301,40.
    ① Noah Webster, "An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution," in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, pp.144-145,147黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.424-425.
    ③ James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, October 24,1787, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, pp.193-194,195.
    ④ "A Citizen of Philadelphia", "The Weaknesses of Brutus Exposed,"in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.178黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤ Refutation of the "Federal Farmer":Timothy Pickering to Charles Tillinghast, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, pp.291-292.
    ⑥ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.268.
    ⑦ "A Citizen of Philadelphia", "The Weaknesses of Brutus Exposed," in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.179.
    ① Noah Webster, "An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution," in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.160.
    ② Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.308-309.
    ③ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.105-106.
    ④ James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, October 24,1787, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.193.
    ⑤ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.174.
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, p.256.
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.301.
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.195.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.481-482,504.
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.37.
    ⑤ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.104.
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, pp.28-29.
    ⑦ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.205.
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.40.
    ② Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.188.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.110.
    ④ Noah Webster, "An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution," in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.148黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤ Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part two, pp.620-621.
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. II, p.191.
    ⑦ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. II, p.367; Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp. 190-191,195黑体字在原文中为斜体或全部大写的单词。
    ① Noah Webster, "An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution," in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.149.
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, pp.466,207.
    ③ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.208; Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.362-363.
    ④ A Freeman, Ⅲ, February 6,1788, in Kaminski and Saladino, eds., The documentary history of the ratification of the Constitution, vol. ⅩⅥ, p.51.
    ⑤ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.57黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, pp.260-261.
    ⑦ Edling, A Revolution in Favor of Government, pp.89-100.
    ①From George Nicholas,February 16,1788,in Kaminski and Saladino,eds.,The documentary history of the ratification of the Constitution,vol.ⅩⅥ,pp.124-125.
    ②Cooke,ed.,The Federalist,pp.147,179-180.黑体字在原文中为斜体.
    ③Elliot,ed.,The Debates in the Several State Conventions,vol.Ⅲ,pp.419-420.
    ④Noah Webster,"An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution,"in Bailyn,ed.,The Debate on the Constitution,part one,p.152.
    ⑤Marcus,Answers to Mason's"Objections",in Bailyn,ed.,The Debate on the Constitution,part one,p.371.
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, pp.553-554.
    ② Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.303.
    ③ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.204-205黑体字在原文中为斜体或全部大写的单词。
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.468.
    ⑤ Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part two, p.60黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, pp.206-207,463-464,470.
    ① Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.306.
    ② Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.207黑体字在原文中为全部大写的单词。
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. II, p.537.
    ④ From George Nicholas, February 16,1788, in Kaminski and Saladino, eds., The documentary history of the ratification of the Constitution, vol. ⅩⅥ, p.124.
    ⑤ "Plain Truth", Rebuttal to "An Officer of the Late Continental Army", in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.107黑体字为在原文中全部大写的单词。
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. IV, p.17.
    ① Noah Webster, "An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution," in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.160黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.356黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ Edling, A Revolution in Favor of Government, p.8.
    ④关于美国共和主义的研究,参见Wood, The Creation of the American Republic; Joyce Appleby, "Republicanism in Old and New Contexts," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.43, no. 1 (January, 1986), pp.20-34; Daniel T. Rodgers, "Republicanism:The Career of a Concept," The Journal of American History, vol.79, no.1 (June,1992), pp.11-38.
    ⑤ Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For, p.5.
    ⑥ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.250; Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.421, vol. Ⅲ, pp.295,39; Martin, "Genuine Information," in Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅲ, p.196.
    ①反联邦主义者与联邦主义者关于共和制的思考,参见李剑鸣：“‘人民’的定义与美国早期的国家构建”,《历史研究》2009年第1期,第110-133页;李剑鸣：“‘共和’与‘民主’的趋同——美国革命时期对‘共和政体’的重新界定”,《史学集刊》2009年第5期,第3-26页Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, pp.499-506.
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.30.
    ③ Letters of Agrippa, IV, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.4, p.77.
    ④关于反联邦主义者的小共和国思想,参见Cecelia M. Kenyon, "Men of Little Faith:The Anti-Federalists on the Nature of Representative Government," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.12, no.1 (January, 1955), pp.3-43; Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For, pp.15-23; Cornell, The Other Founders, pp.68-74.
    ⑤ Quoted in Essays of Brutus, I, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.368译文参见孟德斯鸠：《论法的精神》(上册)(张雁深译),商务印书馆1995年版,第124页。
    ①孟德斯鸠：《论法的精神》(上册),第130-131页。
    ②Essays of Brutus, I, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.368.
    ③Letters of Cato, III, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist. vol.2, p.111.
    ④Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.164.
    ⑤Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.30.
    ⑥Essays of Brutus, Ⅰ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.368.
    ① Letters of Agrippa, IV, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.4, pp.76-77.
    ② Essays of Brutus, I, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.371.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.164.
    ④ Christopher M. Duncan, "Men of a Different Faith:The Anti-Federalist Ideal in Early American Political Thought," Polity, vol.26, no.3 (Spring,1994), pp.387-415.
    ⑤ Essays of Brutus, I, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.369.
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, p.24.
    ⑦ Letters of Agrippa, IV, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.4, pp.76-77.
    ⑧ Letters of Cato, III, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.110.
    ① Letters of Agrippa, Ⅻ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.4, p.94.
    ② Essays of Brutus, Ⅰ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.370-371.
    ③ Essays of An Old Whig, Ⅳ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.3, p.32.
    ④ Paul Peterson, "The Meaning of Republicanism in The Federalist," Publius, vol.9, no.2 (Spring,1979), pp.43-75.
    ⑤ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, pp.326-327.
    ① Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.63-64.
    ② Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.56-64,351-353对麦迪逊大共和国理论的研究,参见Douglass Adair,"'That Politics May Be Reduced to a Science':David Hume, James Madison, and the Tenth Federalist," The Huntington Library Quarterly, vol.20, no.4 (August,1957), pp.343-360; Drew R. Mccoy, The Last of the Fathers:James Madison and the Republican Legacy, Cambridge, New York:Cambridge University Press,1989, pp.42-44,48-51; Ostrom, The Political Theory of a Compound Republic; Beer, To Make a Nation, pp.255-261.
    ① Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.62-63
    ② Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.353黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, p.262.
    ④ Aristides, "Remarks on the Proposed Plan of a Federal Government," in Paul Leicester Ford, ed., Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States, Brooklyn, N. Y.1888, p.248. (http://oll.libertyfund.org/)
    ⑤ Eliot,ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions., vol. Ⅲ, p.108.
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ. pp.352-353关于汉密尔顿的共和思想,参
    见Stourzh, Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government.
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, pp.84-85.
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.421-422.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, pp.325-326.
    ④ Fabius, "Observations on the Constitution Proposed by the Federal Convention," in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part two, pp.424-425黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.352.
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.108.
    ①雷科夫分析了联邦主义者与反联邦主义者对代表制的理解,参见Rakove, Original Meaning, pp.228-243.
    ② Essays by a Farmer, Ⅱ. in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.5, p.18.
    ③ Essays by the Impartial Examiner, Ⅲ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.5, p.192黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ Essays of Brutus,Ⅰ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.369.
    ⑤ Letters from the Federal Farmer, Ⅱ, Ⅵ, Ⅴ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.230,260,252.
    ⑥ Letters of A Republican Federalist, Ⅵ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.4, p.183.
    ⑦ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.251.
    ⑧ Elliot, ed.,The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.423-424.
    ⑨ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, p.59.
    ① John Adams, "Thoughts on Government," in Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, vol. IV, p.195.
    ② Rakove, Original Meaning, p.205关于反联邦主义者的代表制理念,参见Cecelia M. Kenyon, "Men of Little Faith:The Anti-Federalists on the Nature of Representative Government," The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., vol.12, no.1 (January,1955), pp.3-43; Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For, pp.17-18.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.245.
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.32.
    ⑤ Letters from the Federal Farmer, II, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.230.
    ⑥ Letters from the Federal Farmer, VI, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.262.
    ① Letters from the Federal Farmer, III, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.242.
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, pp.31-32.
    ③ Letters from the Federal Farmer, Ⅱ. in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, pp.232-233.
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.217.
    ⑤ Letters from the Federal Farmer, III, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.242.
    ⑥ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. vol. Ⅱ, p.638.
    ⑦ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, pp.30-31.
    ⑧ Dissent of the Minority of the Pennsylvania Convention, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, pp.542-543.
    ①Letters from the Federal Farmer,Ⅶ,in Storing,ed.,The Complete Antifederalist,vol.2,pp.265-269.
    ②Letters from the Federal Farmer, Ⅶ,in Storing,ed.,The Complete Antifederalist,vol.2,pp.265-269.
    ③Elliot,ed.,The Debates in the Several State Conventions,vol.Ⅱ,pp.245-248.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④Letters from the Federal Farmer,Ⅲ,in Storing,ed.,The Complete Antifederalist,vol.2,p.236.
    ⑤Elliot,ed.,The Debates in the Several State Conventions,vol.Ⅲ,pp.31.32.
    ① Essays of Brutus, Ⅰ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.2, p.369.
    ② Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.62参见Robert J. Morgan, "Madison's Theory of Representation in the Tenth Federalist," The Journal of Politics, vol.36, no.4 (November,1974), pp.852-885.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.8.
    ④ Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part two, p.622.
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, pp.125-126.
    ② Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.219-223.
    ① Cooke, ed., The Federalist, pp.374,395-396.
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.14.
    ③ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.379.
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.283.
    ①关于反联邦主义者的州主权观念,参见Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, pp.527-528; Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For, p.12.
    ② Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. IV, p.287.
    ③ Dissent of the Minority of the Pennsylvania Convention, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.534.
    ④ Samuel Adams to Richard Henry Lee, December 3,1787, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, pp.446-447.
    ⑤ Essays by the Impartial Examiner, I, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.5, p.179.
    ⑥ Reply to Wilson's Speech:"An Officer of the Late Continental Army", in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.98黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑦ The Fallacies of the Freeman Detected by A Farmer, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.3, pp.188,190.
    ⑧ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. II, p.77.
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.281.
    ② Dissent of the Minority of the Pennsylvania Convention, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.538.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.403黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ Essays by the Impartial Examiner, Ⅰ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.5, p.178.
    ⑤ Essays of An Old Whig, Ⅵ, in Storing, ed., The Complete Antifederalist, vol.3, p.42.
    ⑥ Dissent of the Minority of the Pennsylvania Convention, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.538.
    ⑦ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, pp.29-30.
    ① James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, October 24,1787, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.196.
    ② Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.93黑体字在原文中斜体。
    ③ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.315.
    ④ Cooke, ed., The Federalist, p.200黑体字在原文中斜体。
    ⑤关于联邦主义者的“人民主权”观念,参见Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, pp.528-532; Greene, Peripheries and Center, pp.202-205; Edmund Morgan, Inventing the People:The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America, New York:W · W · Norton & company,1988. (http://www. questia. com) Horst Dippel, "The Changing Idea of Popular Sovereignty in Early American Constitutionalism:Breaking Away from European Patterns," The Journal of the Early Republic, vol.16, no.1 (Spring,1996), pp.21-45格林高度评价联邦主义者的“人民主权”观念,认为这解决了长期以来困扰英帝国和美国的中心与边缘的宪法关系问题。Greene, Peripheries and Center, p.205.
    ⑥ Banning, The Sacred Fire of Liberty, p.443, note 30黑体字在原文中斜体。
    ⑦ Morgan, Inventing the People, pp.55-77.
    ① Declaration of Independence, in Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. Ⅴ, p.492.
    ② Constitution of Pennsylvania, September 28,1776; Constitution of North Carolina, December 18,1776; Constitution of Georgia, February 5,1777, etc. (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/default.asp)
    ③ The Massachusetts Constitution of 1780, in Schechter, ed., Roots of the Republic, p.195.
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ. p.210黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, p.9.
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions vol. IV, pp.327-328,319.
    ② Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, p.530关于威尔逊的人民主权理论,参见Garry Wills, "James Wilson's New Meaning for Sovereignty," in Terence Ball and J. G. A. Pocock, eds., Conceptual Change and the Constitution, Lawrence, Kansas:University Press of Kansas,1988, pp.99-106; Stephen A. Conrad, "Metaphor and Imagination in James Wilson's Theory of Federal Union," Law & Social Inquiry, vol.13, no.1 (Winter,1988), pp.1+3-70; Mark David Hall, The Political and Legal Philosophy of James Wilson, Columbia: University of Missouri Press,1997; James H. Read, Power versus Liberty:Madison, Hamilton, Wilson, and Jefferson, Charlottesville:University Press of Virginia,2000, pp.89-117.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.502,432-433,456黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.327黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.419.
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.210.
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅲ, p.301.
    ② Cooke. ed., The Federalist, p.315.
    ③ Refutation of the "Federal Farmer":Timothy Pickering to Charles Tillinghast, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.301黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ. pp.456-457.
    ⑤ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, pp.443-444,502黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑥ Refutation of the "Federal Farmer":Timothy Pickering to Charles Tillinghast, in Bailyn, ed., The Debate on the Constitution, part one, p.299黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑦ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅱ, p.210.
    ①Morgan,Inventing the People,p.267.
    ②Beer, To Make a Nation,p.254.
    ③ Banning,The Sacred Fire of Liberty,p.443,note 30.
    ④ Elliot,ed.,The Debates in Several State Conventions,vol.Ⅱ,p.456.
    ⑤ Cooke,ed.,The Federalist,p.254.
    ⑥ Elliot,ed.,The Debates in the Several State Convention,vol.Ⅱ,p.433.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ① Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For, p.3.
    ① Ellis, "The Persistence of Antifederalism after 1789," in Beeman, et al., eds., Beyond Confederation, pp.295-314.
    ②美国18世纪末的联邦党和共和党,与19世纪出现的现代意义上的政党不同,它们是“前现代的、前党派的”。Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, p.33关于联邦党和共和党的研究,参阅Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion:Evolution of a Party Ideology, Ithaca:Cornell University,1978. (http://books.google.com/)
    ① Plan of American Finance, October (?),1789, in Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources,1745-1799, vol.30.
    ②参见Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, New York:Oxford University Press,1993; Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty:A History of the Early Republic,1789-1815, New York:Oxford University Press,2009, pp.95-139.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Convention, vol. Ⅰ, pp.282-93.
    ④ Thomas Jefferson, "The Hamiltonian System," in The Annals of America, vol.3. pp.420-421.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤伍德认为,汉密尔顿财政计划的目的“不是为了任何特别集团赚钱,而是为了建立一个伟大的、强有力的民族国家”。Gordon S. Wood, Revolutionary Characters:What Made the Founders Different, New York:The Penguin Press,2006, p.130.
    ⑥联邦政府欠美国公民的债务大约2800万,还包括1300万拖欠的利息和200万未清算的债务,欠外国政府和银行家的债务大约为1200万。州政府的债务大约为2500万。参见Ferguson,The Power of the Purse, pp.329-330.
    ①关于该报告的内容,参见Report Relative to a Provision for the Support of Public Credit, January 9,1790, in Harold C. Syrett, et al., eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton,27 vols, New York:Columbia University Press, 1961-1987, vol.Ⅵ , pp.65-110.
    ② Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, vol., vol. ⅩⅩⅣ, pp.173-174.
    ③ Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. Ⅱ, pp.355-356,377.
    ④ Samuel A. Otis to James Warren, February 27,1788, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.24, p.663.
    ⑤ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, p.247.
    ⑥ Hamilton to James Duane, September 3,1780, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅰ, p.234.
    ① Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, p.1763.
    ②关于该报告的内容,参见Final Version of the Second Report on the Further Provision Necessary for Establishing Public Credit, December 13,1790, in Syrett, et al., eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅶ, pp.305-342.
    ③ Whitney K. Bates, "Northern Speculators and Southern State Debts:1790," The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., vol.19, no.1 (January,1962), p.30. (http://www.jstor.org/)
    ④参见Ferguson, The Power of the Purse, pp.306-325; Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, pp.34-38; McDonald, States'Rights and the Union, pp.28-30.
    ⑤ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, pp.1430,1746.
    ① Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, pp.1375,1361.
    ② Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, p.1588.
    ③ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, p.1550.
    ④ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, p.1429.
    ⑤ Edgar S. Maclay, ed., Journal of William Maclay, New York:D. Appleton and Company,1890, p.252. (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwmj.html)
    ⑥ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, pp.1376,1359-1360.
    ① Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, p.1392.
    ② Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, p.1360.
    ③ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, p.1544.
    ④ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, pp.1429,1749-1750.
    ⑤ From Tench Coxe, March 5 (9),1790, in Syrett, et al., eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅵ, p.291.
    ⑥ Maclay, ed., Journal of William Maclay, pp.236,232.
    ⑦ Edmund Randolph to James Madison, March 10,1790, in The James Madison Papers. (http://international.loc.gov/ammem/collections/madison_papers/index.html)
    ⑧ George Nicholas to James Madison, December 31,1790, in The James Madison Papers.
    ⑨ To John Jay, November 13,1790, in Syrett, et al., eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅶ, p.150, note 1.
    ① Quoted in Richard R. Beeman, The Old Dominion and the New Nation,1788-1801, Lexington:The University Press of Kentucky,1972, p.72.
    ② Henry Lee to James Madison, March 13,1790, in The James Madison Papers.
    ③ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, p.1663.
    ④ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, p.1382.
    ⑤ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, pp.1371-1372.
    ⑥ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, pp.1419-1420.
    ⑦ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, p.1668.
    ⑧ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, p.1406.
    ① Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, pp.1372-1373.
    ② Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, pp.1364-
    ③ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, p.1420.
    ④ Maclay, ed., Journal of William Maclay, pp.230,214,250.
    ⑤ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, p.1545.
    ⑥ To John Jay, November 13,1790, in Syrett, et al., eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅶ, p.149.
    ⑦福里斯特·麦克唐纳认为,影响联邦国会议员支持和反对联邦承担州债的动机包括：个人利益、选民利益、思想意识和对公共荣誉的考虑等。Forrest McDonald, Alexander Hamilton:A Biography, New York:W. W. Norton & Company,1982, pp.171-177. (http://www.questia.com/)
    ⑧ Banning, The Sacred Fire of Liberty, p.318.
    ① Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, p.1370.
    ② To James Monroe, April 17,1790, in Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. Ⅵ, p.13.
    ③ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,2nd Session, p.1422.
    ④ Ferguson, The Power of the Purse, pp.308-309.
    ⑤ To Edmund Pendleton, March 4,1790, in Gaillard Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons, vol. Ⅵ, p.6; To Edmund Pendleton, April 4,1790, in Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. Ⅵ, p.9.
    ⑥ Wood, Revolutionary Characters, p.134.
    ⑦ Quoted in Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, p.38.
    ① To James Monroe, June 20,1790, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, New York:G.P. Putnam's Sons,1904-1905, vol. Ⅵ, pp.79-80; To Colonel John Harvie, July 25,1790, in Ibid., pp.108-109. (http://oll.libertyfund.org)
    ② To Henry Lee, April 13,1790, in Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison., vol. Ⅵ, p.11.
    ③关于银行法案合宪性的辩论,之前一些学者关注汉密尔顿、杰斐逊和麦迪逊的观点,对其他建国者的重视程度不够。参见John C. Miller, The Federalist Era,1789-1801, New York:Harper & Row Publishers,1960, pp. 55-63; Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War, Princeton:Princeton University Press,1957, pp.114-122. (http://books.google.com/)一些学者考察了国会众议院围绕《银行法案》合宪性的辩论。参见Thornton Anderson, Creating the Constitution:the Convention of 1787 and the first Congress, University Park:The Pennsylvania State University Press,1993, pp.197-200; Benjamin B. Klubes, "The First Federal Congress and the First National Bank:A Case Study in Constitutional Interpretation," Journal of the Early Republic, vol.10, no.1 (Spring,1990), pp.19-41. (http://www.jstor.org/) ① Washington to Hamilton, February 16,1791, in Lodge ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅲ, p.444.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, pp.1955-1956.
    ③ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1965.
    ④ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.2007.
    ⑤ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, pp.1960-1961.
    ① Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1975.
    ② Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, pp.1954-1955.
    ③ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1990.
    ④ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1972.
    ⑤ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1959.
    ⑥ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1972.
    ⑦ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1965.
    ⑧ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1941.
    ⑨ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, pp.1973-1974.
    ① Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1956.
    ② Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1959.
    ③ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, pp.1961-1962.
    ④ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1980.
    ⑤ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1941.
    ⑥ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1957.
    ① Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.2008.
    ② "Opinion as to the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States," February 23,1791, in Lodge ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅲ, p.446.
    ③ "Opinion as to the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States," in Lodge ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅲ, pp.446-448黑体字原文中为斜体。
    ④ "Opinion as to the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States," in Lodge ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅲ, p.449黑体字原文中为斜体。
    ① "Opinion as to the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States," in Lodge ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅲ, pp.450-451黑体字原文中为斜体。
    ② "Opinion as to the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States," in Lodge ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. Ⅲ, pp.452-458黑体字原文中为斜体。
    ③ James Monroe to Nicholas Lewis, February 7,1791, quoted in Mark R. Killenbeck, M'Culloch v. Maryland: Securing a Nation, Lawrence, Kansas:University Press of Kansas,2006, p.15.
    ① Edgar S. Maclay, ed., Journal of William Maclay, New York:D. Appleton and Company,1890, p.355. (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwmj.html)
    ② Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, pp.1993-1994.
    ③ Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. Ⅵ, p.27.
    ④ "Opinion on the Constitutionality of a National Bank," February 15,1791, in Ford, ed., The Works of Tho Jefferson, vol. Ⅵ, p.198.
    ⑤ Walter Dellinger and H. Jefferson Powell, "The Constitutionality of the Bank Bill:The Attorney General's Fi Constitutional Law Opinions，" Duke Law Journal, vol.44, no.1 (October,1994), pp.122-123. (http://www.jstor.org/)伦道夫关于银行法案合宪性的意见,另参见 Opinion of Edmund Randolph, in M. St. Clair Clarke & D. A. Hall, compiled, Legislative and Documentary History of the Bank of the United States: Including the Original Bank of North America, Washington,1832, pp.86-91. (http://www.archive.org/)
    ⑥ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, pp.1983,1982.
    ① Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. VI, pp.31,33-34.
    ② Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1983.
    ③ Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. VI, p.38.
    ④ Walter Dellinger and H. Jefferson Powell, "The Constitutionality of the Bank Bill:The Attorney General's First Constitutional Law Opinions," Duke Law Journal, vol.44, no.1 (October,1994), p.125.
    ⑤ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, pp.1990-1991.
    ⑥ Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. VI, p.28.
    ⑦ Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. VI, p.29.
    ① "Opinion on the Constitutionality of aNational Bank," in Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. VI, pp.198-199.
    ② Walter Dellinger and H. Jefferson Powell, "The Constitutionality of the Bank Bill:The Attorney General's First Constitutional Law Opinions," Duke Law Journal, vol.44, no.1 (October,1994), pp.123,124,126.
    ③ Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. Ⅵ, p.28.
    ④ "Opinion on the Constitutionality of a National Bank," in Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. Ⅵ, pp.199-200.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑤ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1986.
    ① Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, pp.1992-1993.
    ② Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. VI, pp.29-30,40.
    ③ "Opinion on the Constitutionality of a National Bank," in Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. VI, p.201黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ Walter Dellinger and H. Jefferson Powell, "The Constitutionality of the Bank Bill:The Attorney General's First Constitutional Law Opinions," Duke Law Journal, vol.44, no.1 (October,1994), p.127.
    ⑤ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1994.
    ① Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. VI, pp.29,40-41.贾尔斯赞同麦迪逊的观点。参见 Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1995.麦迪逊和许多邦联国会代表在邦联时期否认《邦联条例》授予邦联国会建立银行的权力。参见James Madison to Edmund Pendleton, January 8,1782, in Smith et al, eds., Letters of Delegates to Congress, vol.18, p.274.
    ② Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. VI, p.40.
    ③ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1995.
    ④ To Edmund Pendleton, February 13,1791, in Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. Ⅵ, pp.42-43; Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. VI, p.33.
    ⑤ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1994.
    ⑥ Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. VI, pp.38,35.
    ① "Opinion on the Constitutionality of a National Bank," in Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. VI, pp.203-204.
    ② Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1981.
    ③ To George Hooper Esqr, January 23,1791, To General Jackson, January 24,1791, in Terry W. Lipscomb, ed., The Letters of Pierce Butler:1790-1794, Columbia:University of South Carolina,2007, pp.90,92. (http://books.google.com/)
    ④ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1941.
    ⑤ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1941.
    ⑥ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, pp.1977-1978.
    ⑦ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1980.
    ①一些学者认为1790年代以汉密尔顿为首的一派与以麦迪逊、杰斐逊为首的一派之间的斗争和分歧是宫廷派与乡村派之间的差异。参见Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism; Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion.
    ② Maclay, ed., Journal of William Maclay, p.355.
    ③ To General Jackson, January 24,1791, in Lipscomb, ed., The Letters of Pierce Butle:1790-1794, p.92.
    ④银行法是否与永久首都问题有关联,学者有不同的观点。参见Jacob E. Cooke, "The Compromise of 1790," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.27, no.4 (October,1970), pp.523-545; Kenneth R. Bowling, "Dinner at Jefferson's:A Note on Jacob E. Cooke's'The Compromise of 1790'," The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., vol.28, no.4 (October,1971), pp.629-648; Norman K. Risjord, "The Compromise of 1790:New Evidence on the Dinner Table Bargain," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.33, no.2 (April,1976), pp.309-314.
    ⑤ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,1st Congress,3rd Session, p.1981.
    ⑥ Maclay, ed., Journal of William Maclay, p.378.
    ⑦ The Federal Gazette and Philadelphia Daily Advertiser, January 22,1791.
    ①历史学界关于这两个法令的代表性论著包括：Frank Maloy Anderson, "Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions I," The American Historical Review, nol.5, no.1 (October,1899), pp.45-63; Anderson, "Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions II," The American Historical Review, vol.5, no. 2 (December,1899), pp.225-252; Adrienne Koch and Harry Ammon, "The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: An Episode in Jefferson's and Madison's Defense of Civil Liberties," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.5, no.2 (April,1948), pp.145-176; John C. Miller, Crisis in Freedom:The Alien and Sedition Laws, Boston: Little, Brown and Company,1951; James Morton Smith, Freedom s Fetters:The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties, Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1956; K. R. Constantine Gutzman, "The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Reconsidered:'An Appeal to the Real Laws of Our Country'," The Journal of Southern History, vol.66, no.3 (August,2000), pp.473-496; William J. Watkins, Jr., Reclaiming the American Revolution: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and Their Legacy, New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2004;王希：《原则与妥协：美国宪法的精神与实践》；董瑜：《美国1798年(惩治煽动叛乱法>及其意义》,硕士学位论文,南开大学,2006年。
    ②历史学家将这四个法令合称为《关于外侨和惩治煽动叛乱的法令》(alien and sedition laws or acts),参见Smith, Freedom's Fetters; Miller, The Federalist Era,1789-1801, p.230;王希：《原则与妥协：美国宪法的精神与实践》,第153页。而在当时各州围绕联邦国会法令、《弗吉尼亚决议》和《肯塔基决议》的辩论中,"alien and sedition laws or acts"指的是两个法令,即《外侨法》和《惩治煽动叛乱法》。参见Virginia Resolution of 1798, in Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. IV, p.528; Repeal of the Alien and Sedition Laws, in American State Papers, Miscellaneous:vol.1, Washington:Gales and Seaton,1834, pp.181-184. (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwsp.html)
    ① Richard Peters, ed., Statues at Large, Boston:Charles C. Little and James Brown,1845, vol. Ⅰ, p.566. (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwsl.html)
    ② Peters, ed., Statues at Large, vol. I, p.577.
    ③ Peters, ed., Statues at Large, vol.1, p.571黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ Peters, ed.. Statues at Large, vol. I. pp.596-597.
    ⑤ The Proclamation of Neutrality 1793. (http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/avalon.htm)
    ⑥ Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, pp.537-539,550-553; Miller, The Federalist Era,1789-1801, pp.212-213.
    ①关于“XYZ事件”及随后的国会立法,参见Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, pp.549-80,694-705; Miller, The Federalist Era,1789-1801, pp.210-235; Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic, pp.163-165,171-180.
    ② Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,5th Congress,1st Session, pp.54-59.
    ③ Virginia Gazette and General Advertiser, April 3,1798; Beeman, The Old Dominion and the New Nation, 1788-1801, p.177.
    ① George Nicholas, A Letter from George Nicholas of Kentucky to His Friend in Virginia, Lexington, Ky.,1798, pp.39-40. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com)
    ② Quoted in Smith, Freedom's Fetters, p.152.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. IV, pp.534,539; Massachusetts mercury, February 19,1799.
    ④ "At a numerous and respectable meeting of the inhabitants and freeholders of the county of Essex, state of New Jersey, to take into consideration of the Alien & Sedition Acts,", The Centinel of Freedom, January 22,1799; Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,5th Congress,3rd Session, p.2993; Repeal of the Alien and Sedition Laws, in American State Papers, Miscellaneous:vol. I, p.181.
    ⑤ James Morton Smith, "The Grass Roots Origins of the Kentucky Resolutions," The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.27, no.2 (April,1970), p.228.
    ⑥ Miller, The Federalist Era.1789-1801. p.237.
    ⑦ J. W. Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, Richmond,1850, p.44. (http://books.google.com/)
    ⑧ To John Taylor, June 1,1798, in Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. Ⅷ, p.432.
    ① To James Madison, May 31,1798, in Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. VIII, p.428.
    ② To James Madison, June 7,1798, in Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. VIII, p.434.
    ③ To Thomas Jefferson, May 20,1798, in Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. VI, p.320.
    ④1803年之前,美国由16个州组成。除了最初的13个州,另外加入联盟的州是佛蒙特(1791年3月4日)、肯塔基(1792年6月1日)和田纳西(1796年6月1日)。
    ① Smith,Freedom's Fetters,p.63.
    ②Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,p.89.
    ③Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,p.84.
    ① Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.44黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ② Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.39.
    ③ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.57.
    ④ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, pp.76-77.
    ⑤ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.39.
    ⑥ Drafts of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, in Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. Ⅷ, p.465.
    ⑦ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session, p.1955.
    ① Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session, p.1955.
    ② Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.85.
    ③ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session, p.1955.
    ④ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.44.
    ⑤ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, pp.116,118.
    ⑥ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session, p.1962.
    ① Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, pp.59-60.
    ② Drafts of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, in Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. Ⅷ, p.469.
    ③ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session, pp.1975-1977.
    ④ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session, p.1968.
    ⑤ To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States,1798. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com/)
    ①Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,p.60.
    ②Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,p.46.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ③Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,pp.60-61.
    ④Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,p.117.
    ⑤Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,pp.62.89-90.
    ① Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.110.
    ② Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.118.
    ③该条款规定,1808年之前,联邦国会不得禁止现有任何州准予入境者的移民或进口,但可对进口的人征收不超过十美元的税或关税。
    ④ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.85.
    ⑤ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session, p.1957.
    ⑥ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.86.
    ⑦ Drafts of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, in Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. Ⅷ, p.467.
    ⑧ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.63.
    ① Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800.p.86.
    ② Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,p.53.
    ③Annals of Congress,House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session.p.1996.
    ④Randolph,ed.,The VirginiRea Report of 1799-1800,pp.31-32.
    ⑤Annals of Congress,House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session,p.1987.
    ⑥Annals of Congress,House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session,p.1990.
    ⑦Annals of Congress,House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session,p.1987.
    ①Annals of Congress,House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session,pp.2025,1990.
    ② Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,p.81.
    ③Charles Lee,Defence of the Alien and Sedition Laws,Philadelphia,1798,p.8.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④An Address of the Fifty-Eight Federal Members of the Virginia Legislature to Their Fellow-Citizens,Augusta, 1799,p.15.
    ⑤Randolph,ed.,The VirginiRepa of 1799-1800,pp.31-32.
    ① Smith. Freedom s Fetters, p.68.
    ② Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session, pp.1957-1958; Smith, Freedom's Fetters, pp.68-69.
    ③ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session, p.1986.
    ④ Lee, Defence of the Alien and Sedition Laws, p.5.
    ⑤ Repeal of the Alien and Sedition Laws, in American State Papers, Miscellaneous:vol. 1,p.182.
    ⑥ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.33.黑体字在原文为斜体。
    ①John Colerick, Oservations on the Alien & Sedition Laws of the United States, Washington,1799, pp.21-30.
    ②Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session, p.1959.
    ③Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session, p.1969.
    ④Randolph, ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, pp.130-131.
    ① Massachusetts mercury, February 19,1799.
    ② Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.31.黑体在原文为斜体。
    ③ Colerick, Oservations on the Alien & Sedition Laws of the United States, p.13.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ An Address of the Fifty-Eight Federal Members of the Virginia Legislature to Their Fellow-Citizens. Augusta, 1799, p.20.
    ⑤ Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session, pp.1958-1959.
    ① Colerick. Oservations on the Alien & Sedition Laws of the United States, p.14.
    ② Annals of Congress, House of Representatives,5th Congress,2nd Session, p.1967.
    ③ Lee, Defence of the Alien and Sedition Law, pp.10-12.
    ①Drafts of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, in Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. Ⅷ, pp.463-465.
    ① Marvin Meyers, ed., The Mind of the Founder:Sources of the Political Thought of James Madison, Rev. ed. Hanover:University Press of New England,1981, pp.244-253.
    ② Nicholas, A Letter from George Nicholas of Kentucky to His Friend in Virginia, p.14.
    ③ "To the Editor of the Federalist," New Jersey Journal, October 2,1798. (http://infoweb.newsbank.com)黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ④ To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States.
    ⑤ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.21.
    ①Lee, Defence of the Alien and Sedition Law, pp.22.
    ② Repeal of the Alien and Sedition Laws. A merican State Papers, Miscellaneous:vol.1, pp.182-183.
    ③ Lee, Defence of the Alien and Sedition Laws, pp.19-23.
    ④ Repeal of the Alien and Sedition Laws, in American State Papers, Miscellaneous:vol.1, p.183.黑体字在原文 中为斜体。
    ①Repeal of the Alien and Sedition Laws, in American State Papers, Miscellaneous:vol.1, p.183.
    ① Drafts of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, in Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol.Ⅷ, pp.458-461.
    ② Drafts of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, in Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol.Ⅷ, pp.471-472.
    ③ Drafts of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, in Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol.Ⅷ, pp.478-479.
    ①Resolutions of 1798, in Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. Ⅵ, pp.326,331.
    ②To Thomas Jefferson, December 29,1798, in Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. Ⅵ, pp.328-329.
    ③Meyers, ed., The Mind of the Founder, pp.233-234.
    ① Frank M. Anderson, "Contemporary Opinion of Resolutions Ⅱ," The American Historical Review, vol.5, no.2 (December,1899), p.251.
    ② Frank M. Anderson, "Contemporary Opinion of Resolutions Ⅰ," The American Historical Review, vol.5, no.2 (December,1899), p.61.
    ③ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.55.
    ④ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.120.
    ⑤ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.24.
    ⑥ Anderson, "Contemporary Opinion of Resolutions II," The American Historical Review, vol.5, no.2 (December,1899), p.251.
    ① Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.122.
    ② Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.55.
    ③ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.42.
    ④ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.112.
    ⑤ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.55.
    ⑥ Anderson, "Contemporary Opinion of Resolutions Ⅰ," The American Historical Review, vol.5, no.2 (Decembe 1899), p.62.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑦ "Newark, January 22," The Centinel of Freedom, January 22,1799.
    ① Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, pp.42-43.
    ② Randolph, ed.:The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.114.
    ③ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.53.
    ④ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.55.
    ⑤ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, pp.121-122.
    ⑥ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, pp.120-121.
    ① Anderson, "Contemporary Opinion of Resolutions Ⅰ," The American Historical Review, vol.5, no.2 (December, 1899), p.58, note 1.
    ② Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.114.
    ③ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.111.
    ④ Anderson, "Contemporary Opinion of Resolutions Ⅱ," The American Historical Review, vol.5, no.2 (December,1899), p.233.
    ⑤ Massachusetts mercury, February 19,1799.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑥ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. Ⅳ, p.534.
    ①Anderson,"Contemporary Opinion of Resolutions Ⅱ,"The American Historical Review,vol.5,no.2 (December,1899),pp.239-240.
    ②Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,pp.122-123,125.黑体字在原文中为斜体.
    ③Massachusetts mercury,February 19,1799.
    ④Elliot,ed.,The Debates in the Several State Conventions,vol.Ⅳ,p.538.
    ⑤Elliot,ed.,The Debates in the Several State Conventions,vol.Ⅳ,p.534.
    ⑥Anderson,"Contemporary Opinion of Resolutions Ⅱ,"The American Historical Review,vol.5,no.2 (December,1899),p.233.
    ⑦ Anderson,"Contemporary Opinion of Resolutions Ⅱ,"The American Historical Review,vol.5,no.2 (December,1899),p.251.
    ①Massachusetts Mercury,February 19,1799.
    ②Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,pp.140,30.
    ③Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,p.111.
    ④Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,pp.102-103.
    ⑤Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,pp.79-80.
    ⑥Mssachusetts mercury,February 19,1799.
    ⑦Anderson,"Contemporary Opinion of Resolutions Ⅱ,"The American Historical Review,vol.5,no.2 (December,1899),p.245.
    ⑧Elliot,ed.,The Debates in the Several State Conventions,vol.Ⅳ,p.532.
    ①Elliot,ed.,The Debates in the Several State Conventions,vol.Ⅳ,p.534
    ②Elliot,ed.,The Debates in the Several State Conventions,vol.Ⅳ,p.533.
    ③Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,p.81.
    ④Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,p.111.
    ⑤Randolph,ed.,The Virginia Report of 1799-1800,p.71.
    ⑥Massachusetts mercurv,February 19,1799.黑体字在原文中为斜体。
    ⑦Elliot,ed.,The Debates in the Several State Conventions,vol.Ⅳ,p.534.
    ① Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. IV, p.537.
    ② Anderson, "Contemporary Opinion of Resolutions II," The American Historical Review, vol.5, no.2 (December,1899), p.245.
    ③ Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions, vol. IV, p.533.
    ④ Randolnh. ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, pp.140-141.
    ⑤ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.108.
    ⑥ Randolph, ed., The Virginia Report of 1799-1800, p.108.
    ① Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, p. viii.
    ② S. E. Finer, The History of Government from the Earliest Times,3 vols, New York:Oxford University Press. 1999, vol. Ⅲ.
    ③ John Brewer, The Sinews of Power:War, Money, and the English State,1688-1783, New York:Knopf 1989; Thomas Ertman, Birth of the Leviathan:Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press,1997; Edling, A Revolution in Favor of Government, pp.47-55.
    ④ Finer, The History of Government from the Earliest Times, vol. Ⅲ, p.1517.
    ① Hamilton to James Duane, September 3,1780, in Lodge, ed., The Works of Alexander Hamilton, vol. I, pp. 215-219.
    ② Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.Ⅰ, p.343. "Amphyctionic"也可译为“神庙同盟”,但译为“安菲替温尼会议”是错误的。汉密尔顿、杰伊和麦迪逊：《联邦党人文集》(程逢如、在汉和舒逊译)商务印书馆1980年版,第86页。
    ① "Of Ancient & Modern Confederations," in Hunt, ed., The Writing of James Madison, vol. Ⅱ, pp.369-390.
    ② Jacob E. Cooke, ed., The Federalist, Middletown, Coon.:Wesleyan University Press,1961, p.233.
    ①Fukuyama,State-building,p.120.
    ① Donald S. Lutz, "Why Federalim?" The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser., vol.61, no.3 (July,2004), p.582.另参见Elazar, "Confederation and Federal Liberty," Publius, vol.12, no.4 (Autumn,1982), pp.1-14.
    ① Ostrom, The Political Theory of a Compound Republic, p.91. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p.471.
    ② Murray Dry, "The Debate over Ratification of the Constitution," in Greene and Pole, eds., The Blackwell
    ① Kevin M. Gannon, "Calculating the Value of Union:States'Rights, Nullification, and Secession in the North, 1800-1848,"Ph. D. dissertation, University of South Carolina,2002.
    ②参见James M. Banner, Jr. To the Hartford Convention:The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts,1789-1815, New York:Alfred A. Knopf,1970.
    ③ William W. Freehling, Prelude to Civil War:The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina,1816-1836. New York:Harper and Row,1966, pp. Ⅸ-Ⅹ.
    ④王金虎：《南部奴隶主与美国内战》,博士学位论文,南开大学,2005年,第1页。
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    8. 李剑鸣：“‘共和’与‘民主’的趋同——美国革命时期对‘共和政体’的重新界定”,《史学集刊》,2009年第5期。
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