摘要
机械强度是水稻(Oryza sativa L．)的重要农艺性状之一，反映了植物细胞壁的物理特性。研究与机械强度改变有关的突变体有助于揭示与茎秆机械强度、支撑力等有关的细胞壁生物合成机理和相关基因的调控机制及途径。脆性突变体及其相关基因的研究对于提高水稻的产量、抗倒伏性、抗病、抗虫和抗逆性等方面都具有重要意义；脆性突变体相关基因的研究在提高秸秆的利用率、提高木本植物中纤维素的含量和质量等方面具有广泛的应用前景。本研究对一份脆性突变体进行了分离鉴定、表型分析、遗传分析、基因精细定位和候选基因克隆等方面的研究。取得了主要的结果如下：
1．从籼稻材料E优532的EMS诱变后代中分离鉴定出一份脆性突变体fp2。该突变体fp2与其野生型E优532相比，机械强度明显下降(根、茎秆、叶片、籽粒等易碎)、株高明显降低、株型较散、叶片呈现下披状态、根长度变短且生长缓慢。
2．对fp2和其野生型进行了物理性质和化学组成成分方面的研究。结果表明，fp2的机械强度明显下降，茎秆折断力为野生型的70％，茎秆延伸率为野生型的65％，反映出fp2突变影响了植株的机械强度和延伸率。fp2细胞壁的化学组成成分含量也发生了很大的变化，纤维素和木质素的含量下降，仅为野生型的75％和60％；半纤维素和硅含量分别上升30％和31％。
3．对fp2和其野生型进行了细胞解剖学方面的观察研究。石蜡切片结果显示，fp2的薄壁组织细胞较野生型长度变短，宽度稍微增大，这可能就是导致植株外观形态发生变化的直接原因。扫描电镜观察结果表明，fp2的厚壁组织细胞壁明显变薄且结构改变为一种中空的网状结构，而野生型的厚壁组织细胞壁结构致密；突变体根部的表皮细胞形状不规则且排列错乱，野生型根部细胞狭长且排列整齐。透射电镜观察显示，突变体的单个细胞细胞壁较其野生型明显变薄且部分细胞壁存在缺失现象，而导管等组织的细胞壁纤维素的排列结构发生了明显的变化，变得错乱复杂。
4．脆性基因的遗传分析。通过田间调查和对四个F_2遗传群体(蜀恢527/fp2、93-11/fp2、日本晴/fp2和粳89/fp2)的研究发现，fp2脆性性状受一对隐性基因控制，该基因在四个群体中的分离均遵循孟德尔单基因遗传分离规律。
5．完成了对fp2基因的精细定位。利用日本晴/fp2群体进行fp2基因的分子定位，首先将fp2基因定位到第10染色体的长臂端SSR标记，遗传距离分别为1.1cM和11.4cM。继续利用RM271与RM258之间已公布的大号分子标记进行定位研究，将基因进一步定位于RM271与RM25547之间，遗传距离为1.1cM和4.7cM。根据初步定位结果，从RGP数据库获得fp2基因区域的局部物理图谱并下载其中的Contig完整序列，根据相应物理区段内水稻碱基序列开发新的SSR标记和InDel标记进行fp2基因的精细定位，最后将fp2定位于InDel2-15和InDel4-12之间大约69kb的物理范围内。
6．进行了候选基因的预测和初步分析。利用TIGR Rice Browse引擎、在线注释软件Rice Gaas和http://genes.mit.edu/GENSCAN.html对获得区间序列进行基因预测注释。获得了7个候选基因：LOC_Os10g33040，LOC_Os10g33050，LOC_Os10g33070，LOC_Os10g33060，LOC_Os10g33080，LOC_Os10g33104，LOC_Os10g33130。其中LOC_Os10g33040与蛋白质绑定、细胞壁形成、蛋白改变、碳水化合物合成、生理学过程、膜蛋白等生命活动相关，可能是我们要寻找的目的基因。
7．对fp2基因的可能功能进行了相关分析。fp2基因的突变引起了纤维素、木质素含量的降低和半纤维素、硅含量的上升；突变降低了植株的机械强度；突变使植物细胞长度变短，细胞宽度增加；突变体的细胞壁厚度明显降低，细胞壁结构呈现不规则排列状态；植株外观形态发生了明显的变化。但是植物厚壁组织细胞壁只是厚度发生改变并伴随部分缺失，在排列结构上没有太明显的变化，而导管等疏导组织的细胞壁在厚度降低的情况下结构也发生了明显的变化。fp2基因可能在植物体的整个生长过程中调节纤维素微纤维动力学改变或其他的非纤维素物质成分的沉积、排列和调节细胞的分化、延伸等方面，以致影响细胞的形态发生、细胞壁物质的生物合成和沉积、初生壁和次生壁的排列结构、机械强度和植株形态。fp2基因是如何改变植株形态和机械强度的机制是十分复杂的，需要我们克隆此基因来进一步阐明这个问题。
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) mechanical strength is an important agronomic trait of rice, theagronomic reflects the physical character of cell wall. Study of the mutant, which hasaltered in mechanical strength would help us to illustrate the mechanism of cell wallmaterial biosynthesize and functions of some related gene. Study of brittle gene has greatsignificance in higher yield, lodging resistance, disease resistance and resistance areas.Brittle gene in improving the utilization of straw, improving the woody cellulose contentand quality has broad application prospects. In this study, a brittle rice mutant wasidentified and the genetically analyzed, fine mapped and candidate gene cloned. The mainresults were as follows:
1. A novel brittle rice mutant was isolated from the EMS-induced offspring of indicaEyou532. The fp2 mutant has an alteration in plant morphology. The fp2 has reductionin mechanism strength. The fp2 plants exhibited a semi-dwarf with shorter culm,shorter drooping leaf and a disperse phenotype compared with the wild type, fp2seedlings had much shorter hypocotyls and roots than those of wild-type.
2. We have studied the fp2 and the wild-type from physical and chemistry character. Theresults showed that, the forces required to break the mutant culms was decreased to70% of that required for the wild type, the culm elongation of mutant decreas to 65% ofthat required for the wild-type. Chemical analyses indicated a decrease in cellulose andlignin content, and an increased in hemicelluloses and silicon
3. We have studied the fp2 and the wild-type from cytology. Anatomical analyses showedthat the fp2 mutation caused a reduction in cell length and wall thickness, an increase incell width, an obvious alteration of cell wall structure, especial in the vessel elements,which led to a global alteration in plant morphology.
4. Genetic analysis for the fp2 gene: Through investigations and genetic analysis in fourgenetic populations, as Shuhui527/ fp2, 93-11/fp2, Nipponbare/ fp2 and jing89/fp2,We found that the brittle trait of fp2 was controlled by a pair of recessive gene.
5. Fining map of fp2: By Nipponbare/ fp2 F_2 population, fp2 was mapped on the long armof Chromosome 10 between the SSR makers RM271 and RM258 with the geneticdistance of 1.1cM and 11.4cM, respectively. We continue look for the new markers tomap the gene, and the gene was mapped between RM271 and RM25547 more.According the above results, the linkage map and complete sequence of the genomic among the fp2 gene were obtained from RGP. We developed some new SSR and InDelmarker to fining map the fp2 gene in the aim area, the fp2 gene was mapped betweenmarker InDel2-15 and InDel4-12 finally, the range about 69kb.
6. Putative and analyzed candidate genes for fp2: We have analyzed and putative the aimsequence by TIGR Rice Browse, Rice Gaas andhttp://genes.mit.edu/GENSC-AN.html.We have get seven putative genes, LOC_Os10933040, LOC_Os10g33050,LOC_Os10g33070, LOC_Os10g33060, LOC_Os10g33080, LOC_Os10g33104,LOC_Os10g33130. The putative gene LOC_Os10g33040was associated to proteinbinding, cell wall form, protein modification process, physiological process, anatomicalstructure morphogenesis.
7. We have showed that the fp2 mutation resulted in a reduction in cellulose, lignin, celllength and mechanical strength; an increase in hemicellulose, silicon and cell width; analteration in structure and thickness of cell wall and plant morphology. The fp2 genemight play a role in the regulation of dynamic changes of microfibrils during the allstages of establishment of the microfibril or other noncellulosic components depositionand array as well as during cell elongation, which in turn influences cell morphogenesis,the biosynthesis and deposition of cell wall materials, the formation of primary andsecondary cell wall, mechanism strength and plant morphology. The mechanism aboutthe decline of mechanical strength and the alteration of plant morphology in fp2 iscomplex. It was needed further elucidation the function of fp2 by gene cloning.
引文
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