摘要
人类对时间的认知是无限的,从过去,经过现在直至未来。从时间全程角度探讨人类时间认知是否具有统一加工机制,一直是研究者努力的方向。Michon等和Bree等研究发现人类时间认知具有分段性,即对不同持续时间的表征是不同的;黄希庭等提出的时间认知分段综合模型(range-synthesis model of time cognition)从宏观视角指明了人类过去心理时间与未来心理时间均存在分段性,但“分段”特点是否适用于视觉短时距加工机制仍有待揭示。尽管国外学者从不同角度对这个问题进行过一些探讨,但颇有争议。因此,从“分段”角度探讨视觉短时距加工机制将是目前值得时间心理学研究者关注的重要课题之一。
本研究主要探讨了视觉短时距加工机制的分段性和分段临界点问题。实验1-5采用双任务范式,操纵非时间加工任务(时序判断和记忆搜索)负荷以考察不同长度视时距加工的负荷效应,预期存在某一时间分段临界点,分段临界点以下视时距加工可能不受认知资源影响,分段临界点以上视时距加工可能受认知资源影响;实验6-8采用ERP技术记录并分析了不同长度视时距加工诱发的CNV成分,预期分段临界点以下与临界点以上的CNV特征可能存在差异;实验1-5与实验6-8采用了不同研究途径,每一种途径操纵的自变量、控制的额外变量以及因变量指标均存在差异,因此预期两种途径下的视觉短时距加工机制的分段临界点可能会不同。
在本研究条件下得出如下主要结论:
1.实验1以时序判断为非时间加工任务,操纵编码阶段的认知负荷量,发现4秒以下视时距加工不受认知负荷影响,而5秒以上视时距加工受认知负荷影响,这证实了视觉短时距加工机制具有分段的特点。
2.实验2以时序判断为非时间加工任务,操纵编码阶段认知负荷量,发现3秒以下视时距加工不受认知负荷影响,而4秒以上视时距加工受认知负荷影响,这同样证实了视觉短时距加工机制具有分段的特点。
3.实验3以记忆搜索为非时间加工任务,操纵编码阶段认知负荷量,发现3秒以下视时距加工不受认知负荷影响,而4秒以上视时距加工受认知负荷影响,这支持了实验1-2的结论,即视觉短时距加工机制具有分段的特点。
4.实验4以记忆搜索为非时间加工任务,操纵提取阶段认知负荷量,发现3秒以下视时距加工不受认知负荷影响,而4秒以上视时距加工受认知负荷影响。这支持了实验1-3的结论,且表明了3-4秒可能足视觉短时距加工机制的分段临界点。
5.实验5以记忆搜索为非时间加工任务,操纵编码阶段认知负荷量,发现200毫秒和1000毫秒视时距加工均不受认知负荷影响。这支持了实验4的结论,即3-4秒可能是视觉短时距加工的分段临界点。
6.实验6发现不管是靶时距呈现阶段还是时距比较阶段,时距主效应不显著,且与电极点,时窗之间无交互作用。这没有支持实验4的结论,即3-4秒可能不是视觉短时距加工机制分段临界点。
7.实验7发现450毫秒和1300毫秒视时距编码诱发CNV平均波幅时距主效应显著,且与前后位置因素有交互作用,这与实验6结论兼容,且支持了1秒为视觉短时距加工机制的分段临界点的观点。
8.实验8以CNV波幅峰、CNV负性翻转至基线时间及左、右侧额区在视时距判断过程的激活模式为指标,结果表明为1秒是视觉短时距加工机制分段临界点提供了新证据。
9.视觉短时距加工机制分段临界点受实验情境和研究途径等多种因素影响。
10.本研究在一定程度上支持了时间认知分段性假设。
本研究以视时距信息加工为考察对象,旨在探索视觉短时距(6秒以内)加工机制的特点。这是基于时间认知分段综合模型进行的一种延伸,创造性地将分段思想移植至视觉短时距加工机制的探讨。同时采用双任务范式,选取覆盖所有可能分段临界点的时距范畴,相继以时序判断、记忆搜索为非时间加工任务,系统地对分段性问题和分段临界点问题进行了探究;另外,在国内首先系统地采用ERP技术探讨了视觉短时距加工机制分段性问题。本研究发现视觉短时距加工机制存在分段性,且分段临界点受实验情境和研究途径等多种因素影响。这不但拓展了“分段”思想的应用范围,而且丰富了时间心理学理论体系,为进一步研究提出了新课题。最后在指出本研究内容、方法等方面不足的基础上给出了今后进一步改进的方向。
Time cognition of human beings is boundless,which from past,now,to the future. Since the 90 years 20~(th)Century,whether time cognition processing mechanism was uniform has been discussed in the full time version.Michon et al.and Bree et al.found that there was time cognition segrnentation,that was,there was different representation on different duration;Huang Xiting et al.also found that there were segmentations on past and future mental time,and one model named range-synthesis model of time cognition was presented,which meant that the cognition of time was segment with different representation on different duration,and the cognition of any duration was influenced by many factors,such as the quantity and configuration of events,alleyway characteristics, quality of temporal order and point,attention,encoding mode,range-synthesis strategy,the guideline,and the faith,emotion,and illness of individuals,etc.Although the model has shown that there was duration segmentation of past and future mental time,it needs future exploration whether it is the same with the visual short duration processing mechanism.
The aim of this study was to explore the segmentation characteristics and critical point. Experiment 1-5 studied the loading effect of different short duration processing by manipulating non-temporal processing task(temporal order judgment and memory searching)with dual-task paradigm.The hypothesis was that there was some critical point, which the duration processing below the point might not be influenced by cognitive source, while processing upwards might be influenced by it.Experiment 6-8 aimed to explore the CNV difference below and upwards the critical point with ERP recordings.Based on the different research way of Exp 1-5 and Exp 5-8,and the different ways of manipulating independent and dependent variables,the critical point might not be the same.
The results showed:
1.Exp.1 found that visual duration processing was not influenced by cognitive loading downwards 4s,while it was influenced by cognitive loading upwards 5s, which meant the visual short duration processing was segment.
2.Exp.2 showed that visual duration processing downwards 3s was not influenced by cognitive loading,which the visual short duration processing upwards 4s was influenced by it,which also proved the segmentation.
3.Exp.3 found that the visual short duration downwards 3s was not influenced by cognitive loading,while it upwards 4s was influenced.The result supported the conclusion of Exp.1-2,that is,the visual duration processing mechanism was segment.
4.Exp.4 found the result that visual short duration processing downwards 3s was not influenced by cognitive loading,while it upwards 4s was influenced by cognitive loading.The result supported the conclusion by Exp.1-3,and 3-4s might be the segmentation critical point of visual short duration processing mechanism.
5.Exp.5 had the result that visual duration processing of both 200ms and 1000ms were not effected by cognitive loading,which supported the result of Exp.4, that 3-4s might be the critical point of visual short duration processing.
6.Exp.6 found that the main effect of duration was not significant on both target duration presentation period and duration comparison period,and there was no interaction effect with electrode and time window.This is conflict with the result of Exp.4,that is,3-4s might not be the critical point of visual short duration processing.
7.The main effect of CNV average amplitude evoked by visual duration encoding in 450ms and 1300ms was significant in Exp.7,and there was interaction effect with location.The result was consistent with Exp.6,and supported the view that 1s was the critical segmentation point of visual short duration processing.
8.The result of Exp.8 provided new proof for 1s as critical segmentation point of visual short duration processing.
9.The critical segmentation point of visual short duration processing was influenced by many factors,such as experiment situation,and study approach,
etc.
10.The present study supported the range-synthesis model of time cognition at a certain extent.
The present study tried to explore the processing mechanism characteristics of visual short duration(within 6s)with visual duration information processing as object,which was an extend based on the range-synthesis model of time cognition,and it was the first time to explore the visual duration processing mechanism on the basis of segmentation.In addition, the dual-task paradigm was taken to choose any possible critical segmentation point duration to study the segmentation and critical point by the numbers with temporal order judgment and memory searching non-temporal processing tasks on after the other. Meanwhile,it was the first time to explore the visual short duration processing mechanism segmentation with ERP in domestic.The results of the present study showed that the visual short duration processing was segment,and the critical segmentation point was influenced by many aspects such as experimental situation and study approach,etc.,which had not only developed the application area of "segmentation",but also enlarged system info of time psychology,which supported new tasks for further study.Also,there need to be many improvements on the content,method,and many deficient aspects in the future study.
引文
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