摘要
颗粒增强铝基复合材料因其特有的重量轻、比强度与比模量高、耐磨及耐高温等优良性能，在航空航天、尖端武器、电子和汽车制造等行业中具有广阔的应用前景。
本文以过共晶铝硅合金Al-18%Si作为基体，以Al-TiO_2-KBF_4-Na_3AlF_6为反应体系，通过热力学分析，采用熔体直接反应法制备了颗粒增强TiB_2/Al-18%Si复合材料。运用X射线衍射分析仪、金相显微镜、电子探针和扫描电镜等研究了复合材料的物相组成、铸态显微组织、颗粒增强体形貌及分布，探讨了反应温度、反应时间、搅拌强度等工艺参数对增强颗粒分布的影响；并通过硬度仪、拉伸试验机和摩擦磨损试验仪等测试了常温条件下复合材料的硬度、抗拉强度和干滑动摩擦磨损性能。获得的主要结果如下：
（1）实验结果表明，Al-TiO_2-KBF_4-Na_3AlF_6反应体系原位制备复合材料的理想工艺参数为：反应温度为1000-1050℃之间，反应物加入量6wt %，反应混合物以压坯形态加入，反应时间为30min，外加较大的搅拌强度。
（2）金相显微组织分析表明：TiB_2/Al-18%Si复合材料中α-Al枝晶晶粒尺寸较基体合金有一定程度细化，复合材料中的共晶硅尺寸也比基体中细小。
（3）X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和电子探针（EPMA）分析表明，该复合材料主要由Al、Si、TiB_2三相组成。原位内生的TiB_2颗粒尺寸十分细小（<1.0μm），并较弥散分布于Al-18%Si基体中。
（4）力学性能实验结果表明，随着颗粒质量分数的增加，TiB_2p/Al-18%Si复合材料的硬度和抗拉强度均有显著提高，而伸长率呈下降趋势，当原位反应生成的颗粒质量分数达到6%时，该复合材料的布氏硬度由58.2增加到82.4，提高了40.7%，其抗拉强度为173.8MPa，较基体合金的131.5MPa提高了32.2%。拉伸断口形貌及机理分析结果表明，其复合材料的断裂机制以为脆性断裂为主。
（5）室温干滑动磨损实验结果表明，TiB_2/Al-18%Si复合材料的耐磨性随着增强颗粒质量分数的增加而显著提高。摩擦表面SEM观察结果表明：复合材料的磨损形式既有粘着磨损又有磨粒磨损。
Particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites possess several additionaladvantages such as light weight, weal-resisting, high specific strength, high specificmodulus, high temperature-resisting and so on. So they are widely used in spacenavigation, aviation, advanced weapons, electronic industries and car manufacturing.
Based on the thermodynamic analysis of Al-TiO_2-KBF_4-Na_3AlF_6 reaction system,the TiB_2P/Al-18%Si composites were manufactured by the directional melt reactionin-situ synthesis process. The phase composition, solidification microstructure, thedistribution of TiB_2 particles on the matrix and hardness of the composite wereinvestigated respectively by using XRD, OM, EPMA, SEM and other modemequipments. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, stirring intensity on thedistribution of reinforcing particles were studied. The mechanical properties and drywear property of the composites have also been tested．The nature and mechanism ofthese characteristics have been analyzed. The main results are as follows:
（1）Experimental results show that the optimization parameters for the fabricationof TiB_2/Al-18%Si composites by using of Al-TiO_2-KBF_4 -Na_3AlF_6 reaction system areas following：the initial reaction temperature is between 1000℃to 1050℃, the amountof reactant added 6wt%,adding the reaction mixture as lump, the reaction time is30min,making a large stiring intensity．
（2）Microstructure analysis shows that the grain size ofα-Al and eutectic Si ofTiB_2P/Al-18%Si in situ composite is smaller than that of Al-18%Si matrix alloy.
（3）XRD, SEM and EPMA analysis indicated that there were Al, Si, and TiB_2phase in the composite. The in-situ TiB_2 particles are less than 1.0μm, and uniformlydistribute in the Al-18%Si matrix alloy.
（4）Mechanical property tests show that the hardness and tensile strength ofTiB_2P/Al-18%Si composites were higher significantly than that of Al-18%Si matrixalloy respectively. And increased with the increase of the mass fraction of the particles,while the elongation decreased．With the 6% in-situ particulate, the values for tensilestrength and hardness reached to 82.4 and 173.8MPa, increased by 40.7% and 32.2%respectively compared with those of Al-18%Si matrix alloy. Morphology analysis forthe fracture surface of the composites showed that the fracture mechanism is brittlefracture.
（5）Dry sli ding wear tests at room temperat ure shows that the wear resist ance ofthe composites is superi or to that of its matrix alloy. The wear mechanis ms of thecompositesis adherence wear and abrasi on wear．
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