摘要
近年来,我国奶牛养殖业迅猛发展,规模不断扩大。而牧场的管理和配套设施却跟不上发展步伐导致环境状况恶化,对奶牛的健康和生产性能的发挥造成了严重的影响。牧场环境恶化导致蚊蝇等双翅目昆虫大量孳生,在传播疾病的同时对奶牛的行为、生理产生危害。为了研究双翅目昆虫的侵袭诱发奶牛聚集行为对生理指标和生产性能的影响,本试验以内蒙古呼和浩特市托县旭日牧场为试验地,从该场300头泌乳荷斯坦奶牛中选取了9头健康奶牛作为研究对象。于2009年4月～10月对该场双翅目昆虫的活动情况和聚集行为发生前后奶牛血清酶、心率、体温和生产性能的变化进行调查研究。结果显示:
(1)试验地各月活动有家蝇、厩螫蝇、麻蝇、花蝇、牛皮蝇等多种双翅目昆虫。其中活动密度较大是家蝇和厩螫蝇。试验地家蝇的活动密度在8月达到最大为694.28±38.77只/h,与其他月份相比差异显著(P<0.05)。厩螫蝇的活动密度在9月达到102.88±68.47只/h,显著大于其他月份(P<0.05)。
(2)试验地奶牛聚集行为出现在9月18日～10月2日之间,奶牛头部相向集合在一起并且牛体之间相互紧贴形成一个近似圆形的聚集体。发生聚集行为期间试验牛体表家蝇的数量为15.7±3.34只/头/20min较前几月显著减少(P<0.05),而厩螫蝇的数量达到了22.44±4.95只/头/20min显著大于聚集行为前后(P<0.05)。从而得出厩螫蝇是引发奶牛聚集行为的主要因素,但家蝇也有一定的刺激作用。发生聚集行为期间奶牛的摆尾次数、扇耳次数、皮肤颤动次数和抬腿次数比聚集前后都有增多,其中扇耳次数和抬腿次数变化差异显著(P<0.05)。
(3)奶牛发生聚集行为期间血清γ-GT活性、血清GPT活性和血清LDH活性与其他月份的含量无显著变化(P>0.05),认为发生聚集行为期间试验牛的肝脏没有受到损伤,肝功能正常。而试验牛血清ALD活性和血清CPK活性显著升高(P<0.05),得出双翅目昆虫的侵袭对奶牛骨骼肌和心肌造成一定的损害。
(4)自主神经系统对双翅目昆虫的侵袭较为敏感,当奶牛在安静状态下受到昆虫侵袭引发护身行为时,心率显著升高23 bpm～26 bpm(P<0.05)。发生聚集行为期间,试验牛的平均心率则以65 bpm为轴在55bpm～83bpm之间变化,显著低于其他月份(P<0.05)。得出双翅目昆虫侵袭诱发的聚集行为造成奶牛心率减缓。
(5)试验地奶牛的平均体温受双翅目昆虫活动的影响。发生聚集行为期间,试验牛的平均体温为38.71±0.75℃,比8月和10月分别升高了1.61℃和2.24℃,差异显著(P<0.05)。说明双翅目昆虫的侵袭破坏机体的热调节机制,进而影响奶牛健康。
(6)发生聚集行为期间,试验牛的月平均产奶量为594.25±102.51kg,显著低于其他月份(P<0.05);乳中各成份的含量较其他月份也均有减少,其中乳脂含量为2.56±0.74%,比其他月份显著减少(P<0.05);乳中体细胞含量增多至60.34±8.78万/ml。
以上试验结果表明,双翅目昆虫诱发的聚集行为对奶牛的外周血酶活性、心率、体温和生产性能均产生了不良影响。奶牛正常的行为和生理被双翅目昆虫活动打乱,从而影响生产潜力的发挥。
Recently, the rapid development of Chinese Dairy Industry is expanding. However, environment was damaged from regulation and ranch facilities can not keep up the pace of development. It caused a serious impact for cow health and production performance. It led to a large number of Diptera breeding because of Pasture environmental degradation. Diptera transmit disease, while influence cow's normal behavior, physical index. In order to study the effect of cow’s bunching induced by Diptera on physiological parameters and performance. XuRi ranch was selected as the experiment place on Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. Nine health cows were selected for the study from 300 lactating Holstein cows. Diptera month's activities was investigated in 2009.4～10. meanwhile change of serum enzymes, heart rate, body temperature and production performance were researched.
(1)There were house fly, stable fly, flesh fly, Anthomyiidae, Hypoderma bovis and other Diptera in the pasture. But one activity is a greater density of house fly and stable fly. The activities of house fly reached the maximum density of 694.28±38.77 per hour in August, which compared with the other months significant difference (P <0.05). The activity density of stable fly reached 102.88±68.47 per hour in September, significantly higher than other months (P <0.05).
(2) Cow aggregation happened in September 18～October 2, when the head inward together and dairy cattle close to each other to form a roughly circular aggregates. during the aggregation The number of house fly were 15.7±3.34 per head﹑per 20min on the cattle, there were significantly reduced from the previous few months (P <0.05). while the number of stable fly were significantly higher than before and after aggregation (P <0.05), there were 22.44±4.95 per head、per 20min. So stable fly was the key reason of cows aggregation behavior, but the house fly has some stimulating effect. The number of tail switching、ear twitching、skin twitching and leg stamping were increase during the aggregation, the number of ear twitching and leg stamping were significant difference (P <0.05).
(3) Compared with the other months,γ-GT activity, GPT activity and LDH activity during aggregation behavior showed no significant change (P >0.05). So cows' liver was not damaged during aggregation, normal liver function. The experimental cows’ALD activity and CPK activity were significantly higher (P <0.05), it was considered that the invasion of Diptera made cardiac and muscle some damage.
(4) Autonomic nervous system was more sensitive about invasion of the Diptera. Insect attack triggered cows’defensive behaviour in a quiet state, when heart rate was significantly increased 23 bpm ~ 26 bpm (P <0.05). Cows’heart rate only change with the axis of 65 bpm between at 55bpm ~ 83bpm during aggregation, lower than in other months significantly (P <0.05). So aggregation caused by Diptera insects induced heart rate slowing.
(5) Diptera activities affected on Cow's average body temperature in the pasture. During the aggregation, the average body temperature of cow was 38.71±0.75℃, higher than in August and October were increased by 1.61℃and 2.24℃, significant difference (P <0.05). According to results, the invasion of Diptera destroyed body thermal regulation mechanism, thereby affected the health of dairy cows.
(6) The average milk yield of cows was 594.25±102.51kg during the aggregation, significantly lower than in other months (P <0.05); milk content was also less than in other months. Milk fat content was 2.56±0.74%, reduced than in other months significantly (P<0.05); Milk somatic cells was increased to 603.4±87.8 thousand / ml. These results show that aggregation induced by Diptera activity produce negative effect on the cow's Enzyme Activity, heart rate, body temperature and performance. Normal behavior and physiological activity are disrupted, thus productive potential is interfered.
引文
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