摘要
采用传粉生物学和生殖生态学相结合的方法,连续两年以不同生长年限的新牧1号( Medicago varia Martin.cv.Xinmu No.1)杂花苜蓿品种为材料,对其传粉生态、异交机制、交配系统、生物量分配动态、结实格局、种子产量性状等生物学特性进行了观测与统计分析,并对影响种子产量的因素进行研究。主要结果如下:
(1)不同年份间及同一年份花期不同阶段的苜蓿有着不同的开花与弹花习性。2004年,3年生植株在初花期每花序开放的持续时间为4～7d,单花寿命为4～7d,开放后龙骨瓣不能自动弹开。盛花期,每花序1～4d开放完毕,单花寿命为2～4h,单花开放后1～2h龙骨瓣自动弹开,弹花后1～2h闭合。导致单花寿命在不同时期的巨大差异与弹花有关,龙骨瓣弹开后的花会在几小时内闭合,而没弹开的花可持续一周不凋谢。环境因子与弹花密切相关,其中温度、光照是影响弹花的重要因素。
(2)盛花期,每单花可提供的报酬是0.1～0.5ul/d×3～5d花蜜,3509.3±299.12粒花粉,花粉败育率为40.48±2.3%。昆虫的大量活动出现在盛花期,平均密度达3～5只/m~2,拜访频率为2.1次/花序/d。花朵酬物少、花粉败育率高、对传粉昆虫具有严格的选择性使得苜蓿传粉效率低下。受环境因子的影响,访花昆虫的弹花效率在年份间差异较大。在访花昆虫无助于弹花的情况下,单花能否发生自动弹花以及弹花的时期,是决定产量的关键因素。
(3)对花粉萌发和花粉管生长的荧光观测及柱头可授期和自花粉堵塞效应的测定显示,苜蓿采取了雌雄异熟和自交不亲和两套机制来避免自交,但自交的生殖干扰并没完全消除。克隆生长习性和自花粉的早熟加剧了自花粉对苜蓿柱头的堵塞效应和对种群遗传结构的影响,并制约着苜蓿种子的产量和品质。
(4)不同年限的苜蓿植株生物量分配动态一致,但变化幅度不同。1年生植株结荚期生殖分配为47.58%,由花到荚果的地上部分生物量转换比例为1:3.72,其实际种子产量占潜在产量的12.61%;而3年生植株分别为34.6%、1:1.3、9.05%。初花期结荚率偏低和植株群体密度过大,是3年生植株生殖分配比例较低的原因。
(5)不同年限的苜蓿,在群体水平上、中、下不同冠层和花序水平上、中、下不同位置具有不同的结实特点,传粉和资源限制是导致结实格局差异的原因。在荚果水平上,荚内种子在形成过程中表现出明显交替败育的趋势,其中从果实基部算起偶数位置
With the aid of pollination biology and reproductive ecology methods, the biological characters such as the pollination ecology, cross-fertilization mechanism, breeding system,the dynamics of biomass allocation,patterns of fruit and seed production,seed yield and agronomical traits etc. of Medicago varia Martin.cv.Xinmu No.1 plant of varied growth fixed number of year and the factors effecting seed yield of alfalfa in pollination have been studied from 2004 to 2005. The main results are as follows:
1. There are distinctive flowering behaviors and tripping phenomena in different phase of alfalfa abloom and between varied years. In 2004, the first florescence of three-year-old alfalfa plant, the raceme took about 4～7days for all florets to bloom. After blooming, the floret lasted 4～7days before wilting, and not tripping itself for the keel petal of floret. At anthesis, each raceme took about 1～4days for all florets to bloom. The life-span of flower was 2～4 hours. After blooming, the flower tripped itself in 1～2 hours and then wilting in 1～2 hours. The distinct difference of flower life-span in different phases of florescence is relat to tripping. The flower will wilt in several hours after the keel petal flicking out, and it could keep on opening for a week if the keel petal of flower is not be flicked out or flicking out itself. The tripping depends on the weather conditions, temperature and illuminance are important factors effecting tripping.
2. At anthesis, a flower could provide 0.1～0.5ul/d×3～5d of nectar,3509.3±299.12 pollen grains. The incidence of pollen grains abortion was 40.48±2.3%. The mass insects visiting occur at anthesis. The average density of the main pollinators was 3～5/m2. The average visitation rate of flies as the main pollinators was 2.1 per raceme per day. The traits lead to lower pollination efficiency ,such as limited floral rewards, the higher incidence of pollen grains abortion, and the strict selectivity to pollination insects . Because of the weather conditions, the tripping efficiency of visiting insects have a great difference between varied years. When the pollination insect is no use for tripping , whether the florets can trip or not themselves and the tripping phase are the key factor effecting the alfalfa seed yield.
3. The study on the fluorescence observing of pollen germination and pollen tube growth rate after artificial pollination , the stigma vitality and the clogging of self-pollen to stigma have shown that there were two mechanisms to prevent alfalfa from self-fertilization by
引文
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