摘要
功能稻米是兼有营养和调节人体生理功能、不以治疗疾病为目的适宜特定人群食用的一类稻米。与普通稻米相比不仅具有更丰富的蛋白质、必需氨基酸、矿质元素等营养成分,还含有抗性淀粉、膳食纤维、不饱和脂肪酸、总黄酮、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)、甾醇、生物碱等特殊生理活性物质。这些生理活性物质对预防高血压、高血糖、心血管疾病和肥胖等慢性病有功效。功能稻米的开发对于通过日常饮食来预防慢性病具有重大意义,同时对解决全球亚健康问题具有较高实用价值。因此,对功能稻米中功能成分含量的遗传变异及与其相关基因的定位进行研究十分必要。
本研究以“功米3号/滇屯502”F3群体的117个正交株系和101个反交株系为材料,检测了糙米及精米抗性淀粉、生物碱、总黄酮和GABA四种功能成分含量,探讨了这四种功能成分含量的遗传变异以及与农艺性状间的相关关系,并对抗性淀粉及其关联功能成分含量的QTL (Quantitative trait locus,数量性状位点)进行了初步定位。研究结果如下：
1.对水稻F3群体糙米及精米中四种功能成分含量遗传变异的研究结果表明：糙米抗性淀粉含量范围为0.59%-7.82%,变异系数35.58%-55.24%,精米抗性淀粉含量范围为0.48%-6.22%,变异系数42.55%-45.16%；糙米生物碱含量范围为12.16-52.05mg/100g,变异系数21.1%-25.08%,精米生物碱含量范围为5.66-44.04mg/100g,变异系数24.15%-35.29%；糙米总黄酮含量范围为70-194.66mg/100g,变异系数13.96%-20.72%,精米总黄酮含量范围为9.24-147.23mg/100g,变异系数36.79%-47.01%；糙米GABA含量范围为2.89-18.54mg/100g,变异系数37.45%-45.18%,精米GABA含量范围为2.04-13.9mg/100g,变异系数36.27%-46.8%。四种功能成分含量在糙米及精米中均呈现广泛的遗传变异,表明它们是由多基因控制的数量性状。
2、糙米抗性淀粉、GABA含量,精米生物碱、总黄酮及GABA含量在正、反交组合间差异显著或极显著,表明细胞质效应对水稻籽粒功能成分的积累有影响。
3、对功能成分含量和农艺性状的相关分析表明：尽管F3群体中糙米四种功能成分含量均高于精米,但无论是正交还是反交,同一功能成分含量在糙米和精米间极显著正相关。正交糙米组合中抗性淀粉含量与总黄酮含量极显著正相关,抗性淀粉、总黄酮与GABA均呈极显著负相关；正交精米组合中生物碱与总黄酮极显著正相关,抗性淀粉与GABA呈极显著负相关；反交组合中仅精米总黄酮与精米GABA极显著正相关。
正交组合株高与糙米总黄酮,总穗数、穗长与精米总黄酮均呈极显著相关；反交组合实粒数与糙米抗性淀粉和精米总黄酮,秕粒数、结实率与糙米GABA均呈极显著相关,表明株高、总穗数、穗长、实粒数、秕粒数和结实率可作为功能成分含量高低的农艺参考指标。
农艺性状间株高与穗长和实粒数、穗长与实粒数、实粒数与结实率均呈极显著正相关,秕粒数与实粒数和结实率均呈极显著负相关。
4、利用复合区间作图法定位出2个与糙米抗性淀粉、糙米生物碱、精米抗性淀粉含量相关的QTL位点,均位于7号染色体RM7110-RM3211和RM3404-RM478之间,都具有来自功米3号的加性效应,对表型的解释率介于7.6%-19.3%之间。
Functional rice is a kind of rice with nutrition and regulating human physiological function that suitable for specific population, not to treat the disease. Compared with ordinary rice, it not only is more rich in protein, essential amino acids, minerals and other nutrient components, but also contains resistant starch, dietary fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, flavonoids, y-aminobutyric acid (GABA), sterols, alkaloids and other special physiological active substances. These physiological active substances have an effect on prevention of hypertension, hyperglycemia, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and other chronic diseases. The breeding of functional rice is of great significance to prevent chronic disease through daily diet, and also has a high practical value to solve global sub-health problem. Therefore, it is necessary to study on the genetic variation and gene mapping of functional components contents in the functional rice.
This study was based on117lines of derect cross and101lines of back-cross from "gongmi3/Diantun502" F3population. The contents of four functional components, including resistant starch, alkaloids, flavonoids and GABA, in brown and polished rice were detected, then discussed the genetic variation of these four functional components contents and the correlation with agronomic traits, and also analyzed QTL mapping of resistant starch and other functional component which was associated with it. The results were as follows:
1. The results from analysising genetic variation of the four functional components contents in brown and polished rice of F3population showed that:Resistant starch contents in brown rice were0.59%-7.82%, coefficient of variation were35.58%-55.24%; In polished rice, the contents were0.48%-6.22%, coefficient of variation were42.55%-45.16%. Alkaloids contents in brown rice were12.16-52.05mg/100g, coefficient of variation were21.1%-25.08%; In polished rice, the contents were5.66- 44.04mg/100g, coefficient of variation were24.15%-35.29%. Flavonoids contents in brown rice were70-194.66mg/100g, coefficient of variation were13.96%-20.72%; In polished rice, the contents were9.24-147.23mg/100g, coefficient of variation were36.79%-47.01%. GABA contents in brown rice were2.89-18.54mg/100g, coefficient of variation were37.45%-45.18%; In polished rice, the contents were2.04-13.9mg/100g, coefficient of variation were36.27%-46.8%. Four functional components in brown and polished rice showed a wide range of genetic variation, this indicated that they were quantitative traits controlled by multi-genes.
2. Resistant starch and GABA contents in brown rice, alkaloids/flavonoids and GABA contents in polished rice were different at0.05or0.01level, indicated that cytoplasmic effects on the accumulation of functional components in rice.
3. Functional components and agronomic traits correlation analysis showed that: For F3population, although four functional components contents in brown rice were higher than that in polished rice, no matter in derect cross or back-cross, the same functional component content showed extremely significant positive correlation between brown and polished rice. For brown rice in derect cross, resistant starch and flavonoids contents showed extremely significant positive correlation; Resistant starch/flavonoids contents and GABA contents showed extremely significant negative correlation; For polished rice in derect cross, alkaloids and flavonoids contents displayed extremely significant positive correlation, resistance starch and GABA contents showed extremely significant negative correlation; In back-cross, just flavonoids and GABA contents of polished rice displayed extremely significant positive correlation.
In derect cross, plant height and flavonoids contents of brown rice, total panicles/panicle length and flavonoids contents of polished rice showed extremely significant correlation; In back-cross, filled grains per panicle and resistant starch contents of brown rice/flavonoids contents of polished rice, blighted grains per panicle/spikelet fertility and GABA contents of brown rice displayed extremely significant correlation. It was suggested that plant height, total panicles, panicle length, filled grains per panicle, blighted grains per panicle and spikelet fertility can be used as an agronomic indicator to identify functional component content.
For agronomic traits, there were extremely significant positive correlation between plant height and panicle length/filled grains per panicle, between panicle length and filled grains per panicle, between filled grains per panicle and spikelet fertility; Blighted grains per panicle was extremely significant negative correlation with filled grains per panicle and spikelet fertility.
4. Detected two QTLs by CTM(composite interval mapping) relating to resistant starch/alkaloids content of brown rice, resistant starch content of polished rice, respectively. They were located in interval RM7110-RM3211and RM3404-RM478on chromosome7. The interpretation of the phenotypic variation ranged from7.6%to19.3%, the positive alleles were all from gongmi3.
引文
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