摘要
通过田间试验研究豫西坡耕地氮磷配施对旱作冬小麦厦玉米轮作体系下作物抗旱效应的影响。结果表明:
在旱作坡耕地上,氮磷合理配施可提高冬小麦和夏玉米的产量、产投比和肥效;提高氮磷的累积和转移率,氮磷养分回收率随着施肥量的增加呈下降趋势,小麦季以N_(120)P_(90)处理为最好,玉米季以处理N_(240)P_(180)最好。合理的氮磷配施可以明显提高冬小麦和夏玉米的抗旱性,从而利于冬小麦和夏玉米产量的提高。氮磷合理配施显著提高冬小麦旗叶和夏玉米功能叶的叶绿素含量和叶片相对含水量(RWC),其中氮的作用大于磷,同时只有当养分平衡时才利于叶片维持一定的水分和叶绿素的形成,N_(240)P_(180)处理两者均达到极显著水平:氮磷合理配施还降低了冬小麦旗叶MDA含量,提高了抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,冬小麦季以N_(120)F_(90)处理为最好,它的丙二醛含量仅为对照N_0F_0的62.7%,而SOD、POD、CAT活性分别提高了39.40%、52.40%、80.36%:夏玉米季以N_(240)P_(180)处理为最好,它的丙二醛含量在灌浆期仅为对照N_0P_0的32.05%,抽雄期仅为N_0P_0的44.48%,而SOD、POD、CAT活性灌浆期分别提高了55.03%、1.16倍和1.71倍,在抽雄期分别提高了89.96%、1.71倍和1.52倍。
在本试验条件下,施氮和磷都利于提高冬小麦和夏玉米的FV/Fo值(PSⅡ的活性)、FV/Fm值(PSⅡ潜在光化学效率)、φPSⅡ值(PSH实际量子产量)和qP(光化学猝灭系数),而降低NPQ(非光化学猝灭系数),但施磷过多却并不能表现出明显的优势。当施氮在240kg/hm~2时,冬小麦各处理Fv/Fo值表现为P_(90)＞P_(180)＞P0;不施氮时,冬小麦各处理Fv/Fm值表现为P_(90)＞P_(180)＞P_(0)。氮磷配施条件下,处理N_(240)P_(180)的Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、φPSⅡ和qP显著高于其他处理,而NPQ显著低于其他处理。其中N_(240)P_(180)与NoPo相比,冬小麦的NPQ降低了17.36%。这进一步说明充足的氮磷肥配施可显著改善夏玉米的光合作用,光合效率明显得到提高。
By researching the effect of combined application of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on the drought-resistance in dry farming crops under the winter wheat/summer maize rotation system on sloping farmland in west of Henan through field experiment,we have mainly drown following conclusions:1.Combined application of N and P fertilizers could increase the output,the ratio of output to input and the fertilizer efficiency of rain-fed winter wheat/summer maize on the slope farmland in western Henan.2.The treatment of N_(120)P_(90) in wheat season and the treatment of N_(240)P_(180) in maize season are the best treatments for improving the accumulation and metastasis rate of N and P elements,the nutrient recovery rate decreased with the increase of fertilizer.3. Suitable combined of N and P fertilizers significantly increased the drought-resistance of winter wheat/summer maize,which could improve output of the winter wheat/summer maize.4.Suitable combined of N and P fertilizers significantly increased the content of chlorophyll and leaf relative water content(RWC) of winter wheat flag leaf and summer maize function leaf,the roles of nitrogen is better than that of phosphorus,meanwhile, only when the nutrient was balanced,would certain water be maintained and Chlorophyll be formed in leaves,and both had a very significant difference with the treatment of N_(240)P_(180).5.The treatment of N_(120)P_(90) is the best in decreasing MDA content and increasing the antioxidant enzyme(SOD、POD、CAT) activity of winter wheat flag leaf,its maloaldehyde(MDA) content was 62.7%compared with that of the control treatment of N_0P_0,the activity of SOD、POD、CAT were increased by 39.40%,52.40%,80.36%, respectively,comparing to the control treatment(N_0P_0).The treatment of N_(240)P_(180) is best for summer maize,its maloaldehyde(MDA) content at filling stage was 32.05% compared with that of the control treatment of N_0P_0,which at anthesis stage was 44.48% compared with that of the control treatment of N_0P_0.The activity of SOD、POD、CAT at filling stage were increased by 55.03%,1.16times and 1.71 times,respectively,comparing to the control treatment(N_0P_0),which at anthesis stage were increased by 89.96%,1.71times and 1.52times.
In this experiment,applying nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers was beneficial to improving Fv/Fo values(PSⅡactivity),Fv/Fm values(potential photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ),ΦPSⅡvalues(practical quantum yield of PSⅡ) and qP(photochemical quenching component),while the contents of NPQ(nonphotochemical quenching component) decreased,and compared with the processings which stops applying fertilizer,The Fv/F0,Fv/Fm,φpsii and qP of the maize which continues to apply fertilizer are also higher,but the NPQ of the processings which stops applying is higher than the processing which continues to apply fertilizer.But employee excessive phosphorus fertilizer cannot exhibit a obvious advantage.When nitrogen application reached to 240kg/hm~2,the Fv/Fo values of each winter wheat treatments manifested as P_(90)＞P_(180)＞P_0;The Fv/Fm values of each winter wheat treatments manifested as P_(90)＞P_(180)＞P_0 without nitrogen fertilizer application.With the complication of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers,Fv/F_0,Fv/Fm,φPSⅡand qP values of the N_(240)P_(180) treatment were much higher than that of other treatments,while the NPQ was significantly lower than that of other treatments.Among them,while compared N_(240)P_(180) with N_0P_0,NPQ of winter wheat decreased by 17.36%.It was further suggested that combined ample application of N and P fertilizers could significantly improve the activate photosynthesis of summer maize,and photosynthetic efficiency was obviously improved.
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