摘要
随着化学工业的发展，大量有毒难降解有机物随工业废水的排放进入环境，这些物质能在自然环境中长期存在、积累和扩散，通过食物链对动植物的生存及人类的健康造成不良影响。目前，对废水中有毒难降解有机物的控制是水污染防治中的重要课题之一。
硝基酚类化合物是重要的有毒难降解有机物，被广泛用于农药、医药、染料、炸药以及橡胶工业生产中，其中2-硝基酚、4-硝基酚和2，4-二硝基酚由于毒性较大，被美国环保局列为“优先控制污染物名单”。目前，国内外关于废水中硝基酚生物降解的研究，还存在多方面的缺陷，主要包括：①由于生物代谢过程较复杂、影响因素较多，关于硝基酚的生物毒性和降解性不同研究者所得结果差别较大，有些结论甚至相反；②用连续流生物处理装置研究废水中硝基酚的去除效果和反应器运行性能，对弄清含硝基酚废水生物处理的可行性极为重要，目前关于这方面的研究较少，特别是用高效厌氧反应器的研究很少；③缺乏有关硝基酚生物降解动力学的研究；④厌氧条件下硝基酚的转化途径和机理尚不明确。
针对国内外有关废水中硝基酚生物降解研究方面的不足，本论文采用不同方法系统研究了几种硝基酚的好氧和厌氧毒性和降解性，用UASB反应器详细全面研究了3-硝基酚和2，6-二硝基酚的厌氧降解性能及反应器运行状况，采用厌氧间歇实验和好氧SBR反应器研究了3-硝基酚、2，6-二硝基酚和2，4-二硝基酚的生物降解动力学。通过本论文研究，得到以下主要结论。
(1) 厌氧间歇实验表明，3-硝基酚、4-硝基酚、2，4-二硝基酚和2，6-二硝基酚达到一定浓度时，都会对厌氧微生物产生抑制作用；5种硝基酚厌氧毒性大小的顺序为2，4-二硝基酚＞2，6-二硝基酚＞4-硝基酚＞3-硝基酚＞2-硝基酚；共基质不同产生的毒性抑制作用大小不同，以葡萄糖为共基质比用混合有机酸毒性更小。由于毒性较大，2，4-二硝基酚和2，6-二硝基酚难以厌氧生物降解，5种硝基酚厌氧降解性顺序为2-硝基酚＞3-硝基酚＞4-硝基酚＞2，6-二硝基酚＞2，4-二硝基酚。
(2) 通过厌氧间歇实验研究了3-硝基酚、2，6-二硝基酚和2，4-二硝基酚不同条件下的厌氧降解动力学，结果这3种硝基酚的降解速率与浓度之间的关系符合Andrews非竞争性抑制模型。3种硝基酚的最大比降解速率，总体来看单基质
Along with the development of chemical industries, many recalcitrant organic chemicals have been discharged into natural environments together with wastewaters and can exist in waters, soil and sediments for a long time without degradation. These hazardous substances, their byproducts and metabolites can be highly toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic, thereby threatening animals, plants and human health through food chain. Consequently the removal of these compounds is of significant interest in the area of wastewater treatment. Nitrophenols are among the most important toxic and refractory substances. They are widely used as raw materials or intermediates in the manufacture of explosives, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, pigments, dyes, wood preservatives and rubber chemicals. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has listed 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitophenol and 2,4-dinitrophnol as "Priority Pollutants".
The literature survey indicates that understanding about the biodegradation of nitrophenols is far from complete and more information is required on following problems. (1) Because of the complexity of biological metabolites, the study results on the toxicity and degradability of nitrophenols in aerobic and anaerobic treatment systems were different and even contrary. (2) Previous works on the biodegradation of nitrophenols and their metabolic pathway are mainly related to the development of pure cultures and mixed cultures in flasks. Few papers have dealed with the engineering aspects of continuous process. (3) There is a lack of information on the biodegradation kinetics of nitophenols. (4) The anaerobic metabolic pathways and mechanisms of some nitrophenols have not been discovered.
In this paper the biodegradability and toxity of nitrophenols in aerobic and anerobic conditions are evaluated using different tests. The extensive efforts have been made to investigate the feasibility of effective removal 3-nitrophenol and 2,6-dinitrophenol in synthetic wastewater using laboratory-scale UASB reactors. The biodegradation kinetics of 3-nitrophenol, 2,6-dinitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol were also studied in batch anaerobic bottles and aerobic sequencing batch reactors. The main
引文
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