摘要
膜污染是限制膜技术在给水处理中广泛应用的瓶颈之一。近年来,很多研究表明天然有机物的亲疏水性和分子量分布对膜污染影响重大。本文针对天然有机物特性对膜污染的影响进行了研究。
将地表原水中的天然有机物进行树脂分离,得到强疏水性、弱疏水性和亲水性有机物组分。发现各组分比例分别为55.46%、23.62%和23%,前两种组分分子量主要分布在0.5~3 kDa,后一种组分分子量主要分布在3~100 kDa。膜过滤三种组分有机物试验表明,强疏水性有机物,弱疏水性有机物,亲水性有机物对膜污染的程度依次减弱。过滤60 min后原膜比通量分别为60.6%、70.8%和82.0%,而改性膜比通量为75.1%、77.6%和86.0%。原膜对三种组分的DOC截留率依次为15.8%、10.5%和5.2%,改性膜为28.6%、11%和16.3%,说明膜对有机物的截留率与膜通量下降程度没有正相关性,同时改性膜对三种有机组分的去除率高于原膜,但其通量下降率却小于原膜,说明改性膜亲水性的提高有利于膜的水处理能力及抗污染性能的增强。进一步采用腐殖酸、富里酸、牛血清蛋白和聚乙二醇作为天然有机物的模型物质进行了过滤试验。结果表明,有机物的亲疏水性和分子量分布是影响膜污染的主要因素,膜通量恢复率和膜总污染指数呈负相关,膜截留率和有机物的亲疏水性及分子量大小密切相关。
通过静态试验研究了膜对腐殖酸的吸附性能。结果表明,膜吸附量随着腐殖酸初始浓度、离子强度和温度增大而增大。膜吸附过程符合Langmuir等温模型,吸附等温线方程为q=18.622·0.047C/(1+0.047C)。吸附过程热力学计算表明,膜吸附腐殖酸是增熵自发过程。膜吸附过程动力学研究表明,吸附过程可通过颗粒内扩散动力学方程较好的描述。
对膜过滤地表原水进行了研究。在试验条件下,得出膜通量和水中溶解性有机碳含量之间的关系为J=J0t~(-0.0152exp(0.3735(DOC)))。改性膜对浊度和UV_(254)的去除效果均优于原膜。最后,采用水力反冲洗、乙醇、盐酸及氢氧化钠溶液对地表原水污染的膜进行了清洗,结果表明,0.1%盐酸浸泡1 h和0.01 M氢氧化钠溶液浸泡2 h膜通量恢复效果较好。
Membrane fouling has been one of the bottlenecks and limiting factors, which is blocking and confining the wide application of membrane technology in the water treatment. In recent years, a great many of studies indicate that hydrophobicity and molecular weight distribution (MWD) of natural organic matter (NOM) have a significant effect on membrane fouling. In this paper, the effect of characteristics of NOM on membrane fouling was investigated.
NOM in surface water was isolated into strongly hydrophobic organic, weakly hydrophobic organic and hydrophilic fractions by resins. It was found that the percentages of strongly hydrophobic, weakly hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions were 55.46%、23.62% and 23% respectively, MWD of strongly hydrophobic and weakly hydrophobic fractions was mainly 0.5~3 kDa, hydrophilic fractions was 3~100 kDa. Filtration tests of the three organic fractions showed that, strongly hydrophobic organics show the highest fouling potential, which followed by weakly hydrophobic and hydrophilic organics, 60 minutes later, flux declines with unmodified membrane was 60.6%, 70.8% and 82.0% of the initial flux, while flux declines with modified PVDF membrane was 75.1%, 77.6% and 86.0%. DOC rejection of unmodified membrane was 15.8%, 10.5% and 5.2%, rejection of modified membrane was 28.6%, 11% and 16.3%, showing that the extent of flux decline may not be associated with the extent of organics rejected. Moreover, the removal ratio of three organic fractions using modified membrane was higher than that of using unmodified membrane, while the flux decline was lower that of unmodified membrane, indicating that the enhancement of hydrophilic property was favorable for the improvements of membrane treatment capacity and anti-fouling characteristics. Further filtration studies about model substance of NOM, Humic acid (HA), Fulvic acid (FA), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were conducted. Results showed that hydrophobicity and MWD of NOM are the main factors affecting membrane fouling, there was a negative correlation between membrane flux recovery ratio and membrane total fouling index (Ft), also there was close relation between membrane reject ratio and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and MWD of organic matters.
Static adsorption experiment was performed to study properties of HA adsorption onto membrane surface. The results showed that adsorption was higher at higher concentration, adsorption increases as ionic strength increases, low temperature decreases adsorption. Langmuir isotherm model fits membrane adsorption well, adsorption isothermal equation was q=18.622·0.047C/(1+0.047C). Adsorption thermodynamics indicated that adsorption of HA on membrane was entropy increase and spontaneous process. Kinetics tests of membrane adsorption indicated that adsorption can be well describled by Intra-particle diffusion equation.
Filtration of raw surface water was disscussed. Under conditions of this study, the quantitative relationship between membrane flux and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in water was determined as J=J0t~(-0.0152exp(0.3735(DOC))). The removal ratio of turbidity and UV_(254) using modified membrane was higher than that of using unmodified membrane. Inaddition, membrane which was fouled by raw surface water was cleaned by hydraulic backwash, ethanol, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. Results showed that effectiveness of membrane flux recovery by hydrochloric acid (0.1%) soaking 1 h and sodium hydroxide (0.01 M) solution soaking 2 h is better.
引文
1 H. Strathmann. Membrane Separation Processes. J. Membr. Sci.. 1981,9 (1-2):121-189
2 M. Pontie, S. Rapenne, A. Thekkedath, et a1. Tools for membrane autopsies and antifouling strategies in seawater feeds: a review. Desalination. 2005,181(1-3):75-90
3 J. M. Laine, C. Campos, I. Baudin, et al. Understanding membrane fouling: a review of over a decade of research. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. 2003,3(5-6):155-164
4 A. W. Zularisam, A. F. Ismail, R. Salim. Behaviours of natural organic matter in membrane filtration for surface water treatment-a review. Desalination. 2006,194(1-3):211-231
5刘茉娥.膜分离技术手册.化学工业出版社, 2001:1, 14-17, 32
6王艳强.表面偏析超滤膜的制备及其抗污染机理研究.天津大学博士论文. 2006
7许振良编著.膜法水处理技术.化学工业出版社, 2000
8时钧,袁权等编著.膜技术手册.化学工业出版社, 2001
9王淑梅.聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的改性及其凝胶机理研究.北京工业大学硕士论文. 2003
10袁权,郑领英.膜与膜分离.化工进展. 1992,(6):1-10
11王学松编著.现代膜技术及其应用指南.化学工业出版社, 2005
12崔玉川,傅涛.我国城市给水发展现状与特点.中国给水排水. 1999,15(2):52-54
13许丽丽.膜技术在饮用水处理中的应用与发展.西南给排水. 2007,29(4):14-17
14 J. M. Laine, D. Vail, P. Moulart. Status after 10 years of operation-overview UF technology today. Conference on Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production, L'Aquila, 2000. Desalination Publications, 131(1-3):17-25
15林野,陈建涌,朱列平编译.供水膜过滤技术问答.化学工业出版社, 2008
16 A. Janson, G. O'Toole, M. Singh, et al. A 273 000 m3/d immersed membrane system for surface water treatment: pilot system results and full-scale systemdesign. Conference on Water Environment-Membrane technology, Korea, 2004. IWA Publications,1531-1538
17 K. S. Lee, B. G. Lee. The pilot membrane drinking water plant for Seoul metropolitan water works. Conference on Water Environment-Membrane technology, Korea, 2004. IWA Publications, 595-608
18王琳,王宝贞,王欣泽等.活性炭与超滤组合工艺深度处理饮用水.中国给水排水. 2002,18(2):1-4
19 A. Bruchet, J. M. Laine. Efficiency of membrane processes for taste and odor removal. Water Sci. Technol.. 2005,51(6-7):257-265
20国家环境保护总局. 2008年中国环境状况公报. http//www.zhb.gov.cn
21路炜.超声波强化臭氧氧化降解松花江源水污染效能研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文. 2006
22王东升.微污染源水强化混凝技术.科学出版社, 2009
23 J. P. Croue. Isolation of humic and non-humic NOM fractions: structural characterization. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2004,92(1-3):193-207
24 C. Pettersson, J. Ephraim, B. Allard. On the composition and properties of humic substances isolated from deep groundwater and surface waters. Organic Geochemistry. 1994,21(5):443-451
25李圭白,杨艳玲,李星.锰化合物净水技术.中国建筑工业出版社, 2006
26齐文启,孙宗光,边归国.环境监测新技术.化学工业出版社, 2004
27孙海梅,武道吉,石峰等.天然有机物对纳滤膜污染的分析与控制.山东建筑工程学院学报. 2005,20(3):41-45
28王占生,刘文君.微污染水源饮用水处理.中国建筑工业出版社, 1999
29吴敦虎,任淑芬,孙文涛等.吉林省土壤中腐殖酸和水溶性富里酸分析特征与大骨节病关系的研究.环境科学学报. 1987,7(2):166-174
30李丽,冉勇,傅家谟等.超滤分级研究腐殖酸的结构组成.地球化学. 2004,22(4):387-394
31周兰.水中天然有机物的混凝特性研究.西安建筑科技大学硕士论文. 2001
32张红梅.水中天然有机物腐殖酸的光催化氧化研究.西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文. 2003
33刘忠洲,续曙光,李锁定.微滤、超滤过程中的膜污染与清洗.水处理技术. 1997, 23(4):187-193
34 K. Katsoufidou, S. G. Yiantsios, A. J. Karabelas. Experimental study ofultrafiltration membrane fouling by sodium alginate and flux recovery by backwashing. Journal of Membrane Science. 2007,300(1-2):137-146
35 M. C. V. Vela, S.á. Blanco, J. L. García, et al. Analysis of membrane pore blocking models applied to the ultrafiltration of PEG. Separation and Purification Technology. 2008,62(3):489-498
36 X. Zheng, M. Ernst, M. Jekel. Identification and quantification of major organic foulants in treated domestic wastewater affecting filterability in dead-end ultrafiltration. Water Research. 2009,43(1):238-244
37 K. Katsoufidou, S. G. Yiantsios, A. J. Karabelas. A study of ultrafiltration membrane fouling by humic acids and flux recovery by backwashing: Experiments and modeling. J. Membr. Sci.. 2005,266(1-2):40-50
38 C. W. Jung, H. J. Son, L. S. Kang. Effects of membrane material and pretreatment coagulation on membrane fouling: fouling mechanism and NOM removal. Desalination. 2006,197(1-3):154-164
39 S. C. Tu, V. Ravindran, M. Pirbazari. A pore diffusion transport model for forecasting the performance of membrane processes. Journal of Membrane Science. 2005,265(1-2):29-50
40王建龙,彭永臻,王淑莹.膜污染成因及控制对策研究新进展.环境科学与技术. 2007,30(6):101-102, 106
41马小乐.超滤膜表面亲水改性剂抗污染性能研究.天津大学硕士论文. 2007
42罗欢,刘广立,刘杰等.不同超滤膜过滤天然有机物的膜污染特性研究.环境污染治理技术与设备. 2005,6(5):46-50
43董秉直,曹达文,陈艳.饮用水膜深度处理技术.化学工业出版社, 2006
44陆晓峰,陈仕意,刘光全.超滤膜吸附污染研究.膜科学与技术. 1997,17(1):37-41
45 Y. Shim, H. J. Lee, S. Lee, et al. Effects of natural organic matter and ionic species on membrane surface charge. Environ. Sci. Technol.. 2002,36(17):3864-3871
46 X. Wei, R. Wang, Z. S. Li, et al. Development of a novel electrophoresis-UV grafting technique to modify PES UF membranes used for NOM removal. Journal of Membrane Science. 2006,273(1-2):47-57
47 A. E. Childress, M. Elimelech. Effect of solution chemistry on the surface charge of polymeric reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes. Journal of Membrane Science. 1996,119(2):253-268
48 J. M. Laine, J. P. Hagstrom, M. M. Clark, el al. Effects of Ultrafiltration Membrane Composition. J. AWWA. 1989,81(11):61-67
49丁一,梁恒国,刘滔等.超滤膜NOM污染及化学清洗方法.清洗世界. 2004,20(3):8-10
50 D. Jermann, W. Pronk, S. Meylan. Interplay of different NOM fouling mechanisms during ultrafiltration for drinking water production. Water Research. 2007,41(8):1713-1722
51龚海宁,李景华,曹达文等.接触砂滤组合工艺处理淮河水研究.化学世界. 2002,165-167
52张慧.水中天然有机物对超滤膜污染研究.北京交通大学硕士论文. 2007
53 J. K. Edzwald, J. E. Tobiason. Enhanced coagulation: US requirements and a broader review. Wat. Sci. Teeh.. 1999,40(9):63-70
54 W. Yuan, A. L. Zydney. Effects of solution environment on humic acid. Desalination. 1999,122(1):63-76
55 S. Hong, M. Elimelech. Chemical and physical aspects of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of nanofiltration membranes. Journal of Membrane Science. 1997,132(2):159-181
56 L. Fan, J. L. Harris, F. A. Roddick, et al. Influence of the characteristics of natural organic matter on the fouling of microfiltration membranes. Wat. Res.. 2001, 35(18):4455-4463
57 T. Carroll, S. King, S. R. Gray, et al. The fouling of microfiltration membranes by NOM after coagulation treatment. Wat. Res.. 2000,34(11):2861-2868
58董秉直,冯晶,陈艳等.有机物的特性对超滤膜通量的影响.同济大学学报(自然科学版). 2007,35(3):356-360
59陈艳.超滤膜处理地表原水膜阻力和膜污染研究.同济大学硕士论文. 2004
60 E. Aoustin, A. I. Sch?fer, A. G. Fane, et al. Ultrafiltrati on of natural organic matter. Separation and Purification Technology. 2001,22-23:63-78
61周贤娇,董秉直.不同组分的有机物对膜过滤通量下降的影响.环境科学. 2009,30(2):432-438
62 S. R. Gray, C. B. Ritchie, T. Tran, et al. Effect of NOM characteristics and membrane type on microfiltration performance. Water Research. 2007,41(17):3833-3841
63 J. X. Yang, W. X. Shi, S. L. Yu, et al. Influence of DOC on Fouling of a PVDF ultrafiltration membrane modified by nano-sized alumina. Desalination.2009,239:29-37
64 K. Kimura, Y. Hane, Y. Watanabe, et al. Irreversible membrane fouling during ultrafiltration of surface water. Water Research. 2004,38(14-15):3431-3441
65董秉直,陈艳,高乃云等.有机物的相对分子质量对膜过滤通量的影响.同济大学学报. 2006,34(12):1643-1646
66刘昌胜,乌仔行彦,潘德维等.膜的污染及其清洗.膜科学与技术. 1996,16 (2):25-30
67 M. M?ntt?ri, L. Pruo, J. Nuortila-Jokinen, et al. Fouling effects of polysaccharides and humic acid in nanofiltration. Journal of Membrane Science. 2000,165(1):1-17
68李超.亲水改性聚丙烯晴超滤膜及抗污染性能研究.天津大学硕士论文. 2008
69 Marcel Mulder著.膜技术基本原理.李琳译.清华大学出版社, 1999
70 A. W. Zularisam, A. F. Ismail, M. R. Salim, et al. The effects of natural organic matter (NOM) fractions on fouling characteristics and flux recovery of ultrafiltration membranes. Desalination. 2007,212(1-3):191-208
71 J. A. Leenheer. Comprehensive approach to preparative isolation and fractination of dissolved organic carbon from natural waters and wastewaters. Environmental Science & Technology. 1981,15(5):578-587
72郭瑾,马军.松花江水中天然有机物的提取分离与特性表征.环境科学. 2005, 26(5):77-83
73 S. H. Goel, M. Raymond, E. J. Bouwer. Biodegradation of NOM: effect of NOM source and ozone dose. J. AWWA. 1995,87(1):90-105
74 Y. P. Chin, G. Aiken, E. O'Loughlin. Molecular weight, polydispersity, and spectroscopic properties of aquatic humic substances. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1994,28(11):1853-1858
75 B. Martin-Mousset, J. P. Croue, E. Lefebvre. Distribution and characterization of dissolved organic matter of surface waters. Water Research. 1997,31(3):541-553
76 G. Aiken, E. Cotsaris. Soil and Hydrology: Their effect on NOM. J. AWWA. 1995,87(1):36-45
77 M. D. Kennedy, H. K. Chun, V. A. Quintanilla, et al. Natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of ultrafiltration membranes: fraction of NOM in surface water and characterisation by LC-OCD. Desalination. 2005,178:73-83
78 S. E. Cabaniss, , Q. Zhou, P. A. Maurice, et al. A long-normal distribution model for the molecular weight of aquatic fulvic acids. Environ. Sci. Technol.. 2000,34(6):1103-1109
79周永强, R. B. Fabris, M. Drikas等.溶解性有机物的快速表征技术及其应用.供水技术. 2007,1(5):1-5
80 S. R. Gray, C. B. Ritchie, B. A. Bolto. Effect of fractionated NOM on low-pressure membrane flux declines. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. 2004,4(4):189-196
81 K. J. Howe, M. M. Clark. Fouling of microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes by natural waters. Environ. Sci. Technol.. 2002,36(16):3571-3576
82董秉直,冯晶.有机物对UF膜过滤通量的影响.环境科学学报. 2007,27(5):758-762
83 C. H. Yu, C. H. Wu, C. H. Lin, et al. Hydrophobicity and molecular weight of humic substances on ultrafiltration fouling and resistance. Separation and Purification Technology. 2008,64(2):206-212
84 C. F. Lin, S. H. Liu, O. J. Hao. Effect of functional groups of humic substances on UF performance. Water Research. 2001,35(10):2395-2402
85 X. Fu, T. Maruyama, T. Sotani, et al. Effect of surface morphology on membrane fouling by humic acid with the use of cellulose acetate butyrate hollow fiber membranes. Journal of Membrane Science. 2008,320(1-2):483-491
86王立英,吴丰昌,张润宇.应用XAD系列树脂分离和富集天然水体中溶解性有机质的研究进展.地球与环境. 2006,34(1):90-96
87郭晓燕.超滤膜处理地表水中天然有机物过滤特性的研究.南开大学博士论文. 2006
88 K. Xiao, X. Wang, X. Huang, et al. Analysis of polysaccharide, protein and humic acid retention by microfiltration membranes using Thomas’dynamic adsorption model. Journal of Membrane Science. 2009,342(1-2):22-34
89俞建瑛,蒋宇,王善利.生物化学实验技术.化学工业出版社, 2005:162-178
90对碘沉淀法测定聚乙二醇浓度的改进.过滤与分离. 2008,18(4):43-45
91张国俊,刘忠州.膜过程中超滤膜污染机制的研究及其防治技术进展.膜科学与技术. 2001,21(4):39-45
92 J. H. Hanemaaijer, T. Robbertsen, T. Van den Boomgaard, et al. Fouling of ultrafiltion membrane: The role of protein adsorption and salt precipitation. Journal of Membrane Science. 1989,40(2):199-217
93 S. T. Ke11y, A. L. Zydney. Protein fouling during microfiltration: Comparative behavour of different membranes during stirred cell filtrater. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 1997,55:91-100
94 Y. Bessiere, B. Jefferson, E. Goslan, et al. Effect of hydrophilic/hydrophobic fractions of natural organic matter on irreversible fouling of membranes. Desalination. 2009,249(1):182-187
95邓玲,王晔.超滤过程中膜的吸附现象是造成膜污染的关键.过滤与分离. 1997,(4):13-17
96王海芳,王连军,周洁等.改性聚偏氟乙烯的油吸附性研究.膜科学与技术. 2007,27(3):44-47
97李梅生,李卫星,邢卫红. BSA在陶瓷膜材料上的吸附特性.膜科学与技术. 2007,27(5):18-21
98李秀芬,王晓丽,傅学起等.大豆蛋白在聚砜膜上的吸附行为.膜科学与技术. 2005,25(6):1-6
99 K. L. Jones, C. R. O’Melia. Protein and humic acid adsorption onto hydrophilic membrane surfaces: effect of pH and ionic strength. Journal of Membrane Science. 2000,165(1):31-46
100 K. L. Jones, C. R. O’Melia. Ultrafiltration of protein and humic substances: effect of solution chemistry on fouling and flux decline. Journal of Membrane Science. 2001,193(2):163-173
101 D. Doulia, Ch. Leodopoulos, K. Gimouhopoulos, et al. Adsorption of humic acid on acid-activated Greek bentonite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2009,340():131-141
102 K. G. Bhattacharyya, S. S. Gupta. Influence of Acid Activation of Kaolinite and Montmorillonite on Adsorptive Removal of Cd(II) from Water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.. 2007,46(11):3734-3742
103 X. J. Peng, Z. K. Luan, F. T. Chen, et al. Adsorption of humic acid onto pillared bentonite. Desalination. 2005,174(2):135-143
104 Y. Seki, K. Yurdako?. Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic aspects of Promethazine hydrochloride sorption by iron rich smectite. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical Engineering Aspects. 2009,340(1-3):143-148
105 A. A. M. Daifullah, B. S. Girgis, H. M. H. Gad. A study of the factors affecting the removal of humic acid byactivated carbon prepared from biomass material. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical Engineering Aspects. 2004,235(1-3):1-10
106 E. Bulut, M. ?zacar, ?. A. ?engil. Adsorption of malachite green onto bentonite: Equilibrium and kinetic studies and process design. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2008,115(3):234-246
107 E. Bulut, M. ?zacar, I. A. Sengil. Equilibrium and kinetic data and process design for adsorption of Congo Red onto bentonite. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2008,154(1-3):613-622
108唐琼瑶,何品晶,邵立明.双酚A和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯在纸类上的吸附特性研究.环境科学. 2008,29(8):2282-2286
109龙超,张全兴,陈金龙.大孔弱极性树脂对高水溶性磺酸类染料中间体的吸吸附.应用化学. 2004,21(10):997-1001
110 R. S. Juang, J. Y. Shiau, H. J. Shao. Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium Adsorption of Phenols onto Nonionic Polymeric Resins. Separ. Sci. Technol.. 1999,34(9):1819-1831
111 M. Salman, B. El-Eswed, F. Khalili. Adsorption of humic acid on bentonite. Applied Clay Science. 2007,38(1-2):51-56
112胡绳,刘云,董元华等.改性长石对磷的吸附热力学和动力学研究.环境工程学报. 2009,3(11):2100-2104
113 Y. S. Ho, G. McKay. The sorption of lead(II) ions on peat. Water Research. 1999,33(2):578-584
114 Y. S. Ho, G. McKay. Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. Water Research. 1999,34(5):451-465
115 S. Rengaraj, Y. Kim, C. K. Joo, et al. Removal of copper from aqueous solution by aminated and protonated mesoporous aluminas: kinetics and equilibrium. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2004,273(1):14-21
116 Z. Aksu. Determination of the equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamicparameters of the batch biosorption of nickel(II) ions onto Chlorella vulgaris. Process Biochemistry. 2002,38(1):89-99
117宋航,石炎福,付超.静态吸附法评估膜对油的亲和性.水处理技术. 2003,29(3):140-142
118王湛.膜分离技术基础.化学工业出版社, 2000:244-244
119马琳,秦国彤.膜污染的机理和数学模型研究进展.水处理技术. 2007,33 (6):1-4
120 M Li, H. Xia. Fouling characteristic and cleaning strategies in a coagulation-microfiltration combination process for water purification. Desalination. 2003,159(1):1-9
121张慧,于海琴.水中天然有机物对超滤膜污染研究.工业用水与废水. 2007,38(4):98-101
122 H. H. Zhu, M. Nystr?m. Cleaning results characterized by flux, streaming potential and FTIR measurements. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 1998,138(2-3):309-321
123郭晓燕,侯毅,张振家.用于自来水深度处理的MF膜污染的清洗方法研究.中国给水排水. 2006,22(5):99-101
