摘要
人们在日常生活中不断暴露于亲密关系中的情感创伤事件,典型如恋爱受挫。不少调查研究发现,恋爱受挫是青年时期大学生遭受的最严重情感创伤事件之一。心理创伤的信息加工理论假定,创伤事件致使个体对创伤相关的信息或线索表现出注意偏向,对创伤相关信息分配更多的注意资源。心理创伤的维持可以部分解释为是由于对创伤性信息的注意偏向所致(Brewin&Holmes,2003:Ehlers&C1ark,2000；Foa,Huppert,&Cahill,2006).埃利斯的“ABC理论”也认为,人的情绪和行为障碍是由于经受这一事件的个体对它的认知偏差所引起,最后导致不良的情绪和行为后果。恋爱受挫是一种人们在生活中经常遇到的情感创伤事件,它虽然不像重大创伤事件那么罕见并且只发生在少数人身上,但是这种人人都有可能会遇到的恋爱受挫与注意偏向关系如何,目前国内外却鲜有研究涉及。鉴于此,本研究拟考察恋爱受挫者的注意偏向及其机制,以期拓展并深化心理创伤理论。
与此同时,我们发现,并非所有经历了恋爱受挫的个体都会受到消极影响,其中有很强的个体差异。根据已有研究和依恋理论,在成人亲密关系中,个体的依恋类型起到一种情绪调节、认知调整的作用。Elwood和Williams(2007)研究证明,情感创伤事件和非安全型依恋均与创伤后认知偏差有关。面对情感创伤事件,不同依恋类型个体表现出不同依恋策略的使用,主要包括安全基地策略和非安全次级依恋策略。一些考察依恋类型与注意偏向的研究结果并不支持依恋理论的次级依恋策略假设,因而需要更多更广泛的实验来对其进一步验证。本研究拟探讨不同依恋类型恋爱受挫者与未受挫者的注意偏向及其机制,考察已有研究结论存在争议,以期进一步验证依恋策略假设,深化依恋理论研究。
过去的研究焦点集中于重大创伤事件(如战争、自然灾害、性虐待、遭强奸等)对人们心理产生的消极影响,很少有研究涉及人们经常会遇到的像恋爱受挫这样的情感创伤,这使得心理创伤理论及研究结果的推广范围受限。这类研究大多数属于描述性研究,使用的主要方法如问卷调查、量表测评及访谈等,研究获得了一些有价值的研究成果,但在一些问题上仍然存在争议,如安全型依恋是否具有应对创伤后压力的保护效应?回避型这种非安全型依恋在应对创伤后压力究竟是有利还是不利的?本研究通过社会认知的实验方法来对已有研究进行补充、证明。目前,还未有相关实验探讨不同依恋类型情感受挫者注意偏向的神经基础,我们尝试探讨不同依恋类型恋爱受挫者注意偏向的脑机制,以期进一步验证依恋策略假设,深化依恋理论、注意偏向形成机制及创伤理论研究。
基于上述问题,本研究运用点探测、线索—靶子范式考察恋爱受挫、依恋类型对相关依恋刺激的注意偏向的影响及其内部机制,在此基础上,进一步深入探讨这种注意偏向的脑机制。具体而言,我们在考察恋爱受挫对相关依恋刺激的注意偏向的影响及其机制的基础上,进一步考察不同依恋类型恋爱受挫者与未受挫者的注意偏向及其机制差异,在此基础上,我们进一步通过脑电实验来深入探讨恋爱受挫、依恋类型对相关依恋刺激的注意偏向影响的脑机制。本研究主要包括五个研究：实验一采用点探测范式初步考察恋爱受挫是否会影响被试的注意偏向；实验二采用线索—靶子范式在实验一的基础上进一步考察恋爱受挫者的注意偏向机制；实验三在前述实验的基础上探讨恋爱受挫与依恋类型对注意偏向的影响；实验四进一步深入探讨不同依恋类型恋爱受挫者与未受挫者的注意偏向机制；实验五深层次探讨恋爱受挫与依恋类型导致注意偏向的脑机制。
本研究主要得出以下结论：
(1)恋爱受挫与依恋类型共同影响被试的注意偏向,它们共同影响被试对相关依恋刺激的注意警觉或注意维持。
(2)安全型依恋在应对恋爱受挫这样的情感创伤事件时具有明显的保护作用。除了回避型依恋被试,焦虑型和恐惧回避型这样的非安全型依恋被试均易受创伤事件的影响。
(3)在意识加工层面,受挫组非安全型被试对依恋刺激——甜蜜恋爱和分手图片反应最为强烈,神经生理活动明显增强；而在无意识加工层面,受挫组非安全型被试对依恋刺激表现出不自觉地回避倾向。具体而言,行为实验发现,受挫组恐惧回避型和受挫组焦虑型依恋被试对依恋刺激图片的注意偏向源于注意警觉。然而,我们在脑电实验中发现,在早期知觉加工阶段,与安全型被试相比,受挫组非安全型被试对依恋刺激存在知觉加工缺陷,无意识地减少对这类刺激的自动注意；但是,在晚期控制加工阶段,受挫组非安全型被试明显比其他被试对依恋刺激图片分配了更多注意资源。行为实验结果也发现受挫组焦虑型和受挫组恐惧回避型的注意偏向明显强于控制组焦虑型和控制组恐惧回避型被试。
(4)行为实验发现,恋爱受挫组被试对依恋刺激图片的注意偏向实质是注意警觉,脑电实验则发现,在反映感知皮层加工阶段的ERP早期成分上,依恋刺激图片的主效应显著,说明表征成人依恋的刺激可能具有生物进化上的重要意义,进而验证Bowlby(1982)提出的成人依恋系统是以个体无意识的方式运行的假设。
(5)在控制加工阶段,非安全型依恋被试对安全依恋表征存在明显注意资源分配不足的情况；在知觉加工阶段,非安全型依恋被试对安全依恋表征存在知觉加工缺陷。结果证明非安全型依恋个体对安全依恋表征的注意偏差存在其神经基础,证明非安全次级依恋策略的存在,进一步验证了依恋理论的次级依恋策略假设。
In daily life, people were always exposed to emotional traumatic events in close relationships constantly, such as emotional trauma after break-up. Many questionnaire surveys found that emotional trauma after break-up was one of the most serious emotional traumatic events for college students. Information processing theory of emotional trauma assumed traumatic events caused individuals'attentional bias towards trauma-related information or cues and made victims allocate more attentional resources to trauma-related information. The maintenance of emotional trauma could be partly explained as the result of attentional bias to trauma-related information (Brewin&Holmes,2003; Ehlers&Clark,2000; Foa, Huppert,&Cahill,2006). Ellis'ABC theory also believed that human being's emotional and behavioral disorders were caused by victims'cognitive bias. Emotional trauma after break-up was a kind of traumatic event that people would always encounter. Although it didn't like those major traumatic events which were rare and happened only in a small number of people, there were very few studies referred to the relationship between emotional trauma after break-up and attentional bias. For this reason, we planned to examine the attentional bias and its mechanisms of subjects experiencing emotional trauma after break-up in order to expand and deepen emotional trauma theory.
At the same time, we found that not all subjects experiencing emotional trauma after break-up would be frustrated, which differed greatly between individuals. According to attachment theory and existing research, in adult attachment relationship, individual attachment styles played a role of regulating emotion and adjusting cognition. The research of Elwood and Williams had testified in2007that emotional traumatic events and insecure secondary attachment strategies were both related with cognitive bias after traumatic events. Facing emotional traumatic events, subjects of different attachment styles showed the usage of different attachment strategies which included secure-based strategies and insecure secondary attachment strategies. Some research findings of examining the relationship between attachment styles and attentional bias didn't support the hypothesis of attachment theory's secondary attachment strategies, therefore, we need more extensive experimental researches to further validate it. We were to explore the attentional bias and its mechanisms of subjects with different attachment styles experiencing and not experiencing painful break-up with the purpose of examining controversies of existing findings, further validating attachment strategies' hypothesis and deepening attachment theory research.
Prior researches mainly focused on major traumatic events, such as sexual abused, raped, warfare and natural calamities'negative influences on human being's psychology. However, there were very few researches referred to those common emotional traumatic events such as brokenheartedness after break-up which almost everyone would encounter in their lives, which made the restriction of emotional trauma theory's application. Most of these researches belonged to descriptive studies, the methods of questionnaire survey, scale assessment and interview were mainly used. Researchers obtained some valuable findings and had controversies on some questions, such as whether secure attachment had the protective effect on posttraumatic stress or not, whether avoidant attachment was benefit or detrimental for posttraumatic stress, etc. At present, attachment researchers held to their own statements according to different research findings on these questions. We planned to use social cognitive experimental methods to supplement and testify existing research findings. Till now, there had no experimental study to explore the neural basis of attentional bias of subjects with different attachment styles experiencing emotional traumatic event. We tried to explore the brain mechanism of attentional bias of subjects with different attachment styles experiencing emotional trauma after break-up for further validating the hypothesis of attachment strategies, deepening the research of attachment theory, formation mechanism of attentional bias and emotional trauma theory.
Based on the questions above, we used the tasks of dot-probe, cue-target to examine the attentional bias and its mechanisms of subjects with different attachment styles experiencing and not experiencing painful break-up, on this basis, we also attempted to explore this attentional bias'brain mechanism. More specifically, firstly, we examined the influence of emotional trauma after break-up on the attentional bias to related adult attachment representations and its mechanisms; secondly, we further tried to explore the differences of attentional bias and its mechanisms of subjects with different attachment styles experiencing and not experiencing emotional trauma after break-up; thirdly, we used event related potentials (ERPs) experiment to probe into the brain mechanism of the influence of emotional trauma after break-up and subjects' attachment styles on attentional bias towards adult attachment representations deeply. This dissertation mainly included five studies. Study1used dot-probe task to investigate whether emotional trauma after break-up would influence victims' attentional bias initially. Study2used cue-target task to further explore the mechanism of victims'attentional bias. Study3tried to examine the influence of emotional trauma after break-up and subjects'attachment styles on subjects'attentional bias. Study4further explored the mechanism of the attentional bias of subjects with different attachment styles experiencing and not experiencing painful break-up. Study5tried to explore the brain mechanism of the influence of emotional trauma after break-up and subjects'attachment styles on their attentional bias.
In general, these studies concluded that:
(1) Emotional trauma after break-up and attachment styles affected subjects' attentional bias commonly, which influenced subjects'attentional orienting or attentional maintenance to related adult attachment representations.
(2)Subjects with secure attachment were not easily affected by emotional trauma, as secure attachment had the protective effect on posttraumatic stress. In addition to subjects with avoidant attachment, subjects with anxious attachment and dismissive-avoidant attachment were easily affected by emotional trauma.
(3) On the level of conscious cognitive processing, the activity of cognitive processing and brain electrical physiology of subjects experiencing emotional trauma after break-up with insecure attachment had remarkably increased, showing attentional bias to adult attachment representations as pictures of describing lovers'sweet relationship and broken relationship. However, on the level of unconscious cognitive processing, these subjects performed a tendency of avoidance to adult attachment representations. Specifically, from the results of behavioral experiments, the attentional bias of subjects of experiencing emotional trauma after break-up with dismissive-avoidant attachment and anxious attachment was essentially attentional orienting. However, from the results of ERPs experiment, compared with subjects with secure attachment, subjects of experiencing emotional trauma after break-up with insecure attachment were defective at the stage of perceptual processing attachment representations, they decreased automatic attention to this kind of information unconsciously. Yet, at the stage of controlled processing, subjects of experiencing emotional trauma after break-up with insecure attachment obviously allocated more attentional resources to related adult attachment representations. The results of behavioral experiments also found that the attentional bias of subjects of experiencing emotional trauma after break-up with anxious and dismissive-avoidant attachment was significantly stronger than subjects of not experiencing painful break-up with anxious and dismissive-avoidant attachment.
(4) From the results of behavioral experiments, subjects of experiencing emotional trauma after break-up showed attentional bias towards related adult attachment representations. The nature of this attentional bias was orienting. However, from the results of event related potentials experiment, on the early components of ERPs reflecting the stage of perceptual processing, the main effect of pictures of related adult attachment representations was significant, which illustrated that adult attachment representations probably had the important significance in biological evolution, and then proved that Bowlby(1982)'s hypothesis of the running of adult's attachment system were unconscious was right.
(5) At the stage of controlled processing, subjects with insecure attachment expressed insufficient allocation of attention resources towards secure attachment representations; at the stage of perceptual processing, subjects with insecure attachment were defective on the perceptual processing of secure attachment representations. These findings testified that subjects with insecure attachment's cognitive processing deviations towards secure attachment representations had their own neural basis, which also further verified the hypothesis of attachment theory's secondary attachment strategies.
引文
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