摘要
本研究在我国长江三角洲地区典型的气候条件、土壤类型、蔬菜种植制度的背景下,以芹菜、生菜、萝卜、西兰花、番茄、黄瓜、毛豆、菜豆等8种代表性蔬菜为供试作物,采用多次重复田间小区试验的方法,研究有机、SEQ、特别与常规栽培对蔬菜产量、品质和土壤肥力的影响,以期为科学合理地评价不同栽培方式的生态环境效益提供依据。研究结果表明：
不同方式栽培对蔬菜的产量存在显著影响。不同方式栽培8种蔬菜的产量趋势基本一致,都是常规栽培最高,有机栽培最低,特别与sEQ栽培居中。与常规栽培相比,有机栽培蔬菜减产明显,幅度达到11.1%-64.4%。其中,有机与常规栽培萝卜、西兰花、番茄的产量差异达到1%水平显著,有机与常规栽培芹菜的产量差异达到5%水平显著,其它4种蔬菜的产量差异未达到5%水平显著。除萝卜、西兰花外,sEQ、特别栽培蔬菜的产量比常规栽培的仅略有降低,平均不到15%。
不同方式栽培对蔬菜的品质存在一定影响,但与蔬菜种类有关。有机栽培芹菜的品质显著优于常规栽培芹菜,Vc、干物质、可溶性糖含量较高,硝酸盐含量较低。有机栽培番茄的品质显著优于常规栽培番茄,Vc、干物质、可溶性糖含量、糖酸比较高,硝酸盐含量差别不大。不同方式栽培西兰花、黄瓜、毛豆的品质无显著差异。sEQ、特别栽培蔬菜的品质总体上介于有机与常规栽培之间,比常规栽培的略有提高。
不同方式栽培蔬菜对土壤肥力存在显著影响。与初始土壤相比,有机栽培土壤的各项肥力指标均有显著提高；与常规栽培相比,有机栽培显著提高了土壤有机质、速效P、速效K的含量和土壤pH值,全N、碱解N含量差异不大,有机栽培提高土壤肥力的作用十分明显。与初始土壤相比,常规栽培土壤的有机质、全N含量略有增加,碱解N含量明显增加,速效P、速效K含量、pH值有所降低,总体上常规栽培略微提高了土壤肥力。sEQ与特别栽培土壤的各项肥力指标变化总体上介于有机与常规栽培之间,土壤肥力显著提高。不同方式栽培提高土壤肥力作用的大小：有机栽培>sEQ.栽培>特别栽培>常规栽培。
有机栽培蔬菜的产量比常规栽培的低,但是品质更好,提高土壤肥力的作用十分明显,具有良好的生态环境效益。SEQ、特别栽培蔬菜的产量比常规栽培的略有降低,品质略有提高,提高土壤肥力的作用明显,具有良好的综合效益。
In order to assess the eco-environmental benefit of different farming systems, a replicated field experiment was carried on to study the effects of organic farming, SEQ farming, special farming and conventional farming on vegetable yield, quality and soil fertility, under the background of typical climate, soil type and vegetable cropping system in the Yangtze Delta. Celery (Apium graveolens L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), broccoli(Brasssica oleracea var. italica Planch), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.), vegetable soybean (Glycine max Merr.) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were used as test crops. The results of this study are presented as follows:
There was significant difference in yield between farming systems. The yield trend of eight kinds of vegetables was basically the same. Conventional farming system had the highest yield and organic farming system had the lowest yield. Compared with conventional farming system, the yield of organic farming system decreased 11.1%to 64.1%. There was extremely significant difference (p<0.01) between the yield of organic and conventional radish, broccoli and tomato, significant difference (p<0.05) between the yield of organic and conventional celery, but of no significant difference in other four kinds of vegetables. In contrast to conventional farming, the yield of SEQ farming and special farming only decreased slightly (less than 15%in average) except for radish and broccoli.
There was some difference in vegetable quality between farming systems, but it depends on vegetable categories. Organic celeries were significantly of better quality than conventional ones, contained more vitamin C, dry matter and soluble sugar, less nitrate. Organic tomatoes were significantly of better quality than conventional ones, contained more vitamin C, dry matter and soluble sugar, less nitrate and had higher ratio of sugar to acid. There was no significant difference between the quality of organic and conventional broccolis, cucumbers and vegetable soybeans. As a whole, the quality of vegetables from SEQ and special farming systems ranged between organic and conventional ones, was a little better than conventional ones.
There was significant difference in soil fertility between farming systems. Compared with initiated soil, all the soil fertility indicators improved in organic farming systems. Compared with conventional soil, soil organic matter, available P, available K and pH increased significantly in organic soil. But total N and available N didn't discriminate between organic and conventional soil. Compared with initiated soil, there was a slight increase of soil organic matter and total N, significant increase of available N, slight decrease of available P, available K and pH in conventional soil. As a whole, the changes of soil fertility in SEQ and special farming systems ranged between organic and conventional farming systems. All the farming systems improved soil fertility and the effects ranged from higher to lower were organic farming, SEQ farming, special farming and conventional farming.
In contrast to conventional farming, the vegetable yield of organic farming decreased, but vegetable quality improved, and soil fertility improved significantly, so organic farming has good eco-environmental benefits.
In contrast to conventional farming, the vegetable yield of SEQ farming and special farming decreased slightly, vegetable quality improved slightly, and soil fertility improved significantly, so SEQ farming and special farming have good comprehensive benefits.
引文
[1]冯云,和文龙.日本特别栽培农产品认证标准和认证制度[J].世界农业,2008,(3)：49-52.
[2]卢东.有机农业典型案例生态环境效益的比较研究[D].南京农业大学,2003
[3]卢东,宗良纲,肖兴基.华东典型地区有机与常规农业土壤重金属含量的比较研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(1)：143-147.
[4]梦萧.“替代农业”[J].古今农业,1995,(1)：87-88.
[5]沈善敏.国外的长期肥料试验(一)[J].土壤通报,1984(2)：85-91.
[6]严力蛟.世界替代农业及其发展趋势[J].农村生态环境,1996,12(1)：47-50.
[7]杨和连,张百俊.我国蔬菜生产中的主要污染问题及防治对策[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(5)：1431-1433.
[8]杨东鹏.有机管理措施对有机茶园生物群落的影响[D].中国农业大学,2004.6
[9]杨京平.美国替代农业的现状及评价[J].生态经济,1992,34-36.
[10]周泽江,宗良纲,杨永岗.中国生态农业和有机农业的理论与实践[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2004.7
[11]A.T. Wells, K..Y. Chan, PS. Cornish. Comparison of conventional and alternative vegetable farming systems on the properties of a yellow earth in New South Wales[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,2000,80:47-60
[12]Amin Ismail, Cheah Sook Fun. Determination of Vitamin C, P-carotene and Riboflavin Contents in Five Green Vegetables Organically and Conventionally Grown[J]. Mal J Nutr,2003,9(1):31-39.
[13]Andreas Flie β bach, Hans-Rudolf Oberholzer, Lucie Gunst, et al. Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,2007,118:273-284.
[14]Baker BP, Benbrook CM, Groth E 3rd, et al. Pesticide residues in conventional, integrated pest management (IPM)-grown and organic foods:insights from three US data sets [J]. Food Additives & Contaminants,2002,19 (5):427-46.
[15]Bob L. Smith. Organic Foods vs Supermarket Foods:Element Levels[J]. Journal of Applied Nutrition,1993,45:35-39.
[16]D.D. Poudel, W.R. Horwath, J.P. Mitchell, et al. Impacts of cropping systems on soil nitrogen storage and loss[J]. Agricultural Systems,2001,68:253-268.
[17]D.D. Poudel, W.R. Horwath, W.T. Lanini, et al. Comparison of soil N availability and leaching potential, crop yields and weeds in organic, low-input and conventional farming systems in northern California[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,2002,90:125-137.
[18]D. E. Chamberlain, J. D. Wilson, R. J. Fuller. A comparison of bird populations on organic and conventional farm systems in southern Britain[J]. Biological Conservation,1999,88(3):307-320.
[19]Danny K. Asami, Yun-Jeong Hong, Diane M. Barrett, et al. Comparison of the Total Phenolic and Ascorbic Acid Content of Freeze-Dried and Air-Dried Marionberry, Strawberry, and Corn Grown Using Conventional, Organic, and Sustainable Agricultural Practices[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2003,51:1237-1241.
[20]Diane Bourn, John Prescott. A Comparison of the Nutritional Value, Sensory Qualities, and Food Safety of Organically and Conventionally Produced Foods[J].Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,2002,42(1):1-34.
[21]E Hallmann, E Rembialkowska. Comparison of the Nutritive Quality of Tomato Fruits from Organic and Conventional Production in Poland [C]. Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of the European Integrated Project Quality Low Input Food (QLIF), University of Hohenheim, 2007,131-134.
[22]Elizabeth A. Martini, Jeffrey S. Buyer, Dennis C. Bryant, et al. Yield increases during the organic transition:improving soil quality or increasing experience? [J]. Field Crops Research,2004,86: 255-266
[23]Entz, M. H., Schoofs, A., Humble, S. M, et al. Glenlea long-term crop rotation study:a comparison of organic and conventional systems [J]//Thompson, R. Proceedings of the 14th IFOAM Organic World Congress. [S.L.]:Canadian Organic Growers,2002.
[24]Fritz Oehl, Ewald Sieverding, Paul Mader, et al. Impact of long-term conventional and organic farming on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi[J]. Oecologia,2004,138(4):574-583
[25]Gary D. Bending, Mary K. Turner, Francis Rayns, et al. Microbial and biochemical soil quality indicators and their potential fordifferentiating areas under contrasting agricultural management regimes[J]. Soil Biology& Biochemistry,2004,36:1785-1792.
[26]Heidi Lumpkin. A Comparison of Lycopene and Other Phytochemicals in Tomatoes Grown under Conventional and Organic Management Systems. Taiwan:AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center, 2005.
[27]J.D. Glover, J.P Reganold, P.K. Andrews. Systematic method for rating soil quality of conventional, organic, and integrated apple orchards in Washington State[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,2000,80:29-45.
[28]Katrin Woese, Dirk Lange, Christian Boess. A Comparison of Organically and Conventionally Grown Foods-Results of a Review of the Relevant Literature[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1997,74:281-293.
[29]L. M. CONDRON, K. C. CAMERON.H. J. DI, et al. A comparison of soil and environmental quality under organic and conventional farming systems in New Zealand[J]. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,2000,43:443-466.
[30]L.R. Bulluck III, M. Brosius, G.K. Evanylo, et al. Organic and synthetic fertility amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional farms[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2002,19:147-160.
[31]Liebhardt W.C., R.W. Andrews, MN. Culik, et al. Crop production during conversion from conventional to low-input methods[J]. Agronomy J.1989,81:150-159.
[32]Lees, Anne-Kristin,0gaard, Anne Falk. Concentrations of soil potassium after long-term organic dairy production [J]. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability,2003,1(1):14-29.
[33]Mader P, Fliebach A, Dubois D, et al. Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming[J]. Science, 2002,296:1694-1697.
[34]MH Ryan, JW Derrick, PR Dann. Grain mineral concentrations and yield of wheat grown under organic and conventional management[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2004, 84:207-216.
[35]Nguyen ML, Haynes RJ. Energy and labour efficiency for three pairs of conventional and alternative mixed cropping (pasture-arable) farms in Canterbury (New Zealand)[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,1995,52:163-172.
[36]Owen, Ms. Josee, LeBlanc, Mr. Serge, Fillmore, Ms. Sherry. Season-long supply of plant-available nutrients from compost and fertiliser in a long term organic vs. conventional snap bean rotations experiment[C].Proceedings of the Second Scientific Conference of the International Society of Organic Agriculture Research (ISOFAR).Modena:International Society of Organic Agriculture Research,2008.
[37]P. Gosling, M. Shepherd. Long-term changes in soil fertility in organic arable farming systems in England, with particular reference to phosphorus and potassium. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,2005,105:425-432.
[38]P.R. Warman, K.A. Havard. Yield, vitamin and mineral contents of organically and conventionally grown carrots and cabbage[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 1997,61:155-162.
[39]P.R.Warman.K.A. Havard. Yield, vitamin and mineral contents of organically and conventionally grown potatoes and sweet corn [J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,1998,68:207-216.
[40]Paul Mader, Diana Hahn, David Dubois, et al. Wheat duality in organic and conventional farming: results of a 21 year field experiment [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2007, 87:1826-1835.
[41]Peter Schoop. Computer-aided model system N-PROG for estimating the requirements of nitrogen, crop yields and post-harvest nitrogen residues with respect to ecological parameters, economic and crop management factors[J]. Environmental Pollution,1998,102(1):531-538.
[42]Pimentel, D., Hepperly, P., Hanson, J., et al. Environment, energy, and economic comparisons of organic and conventional farming systems[J]. Bioscience,2005,55(7):573-582.
[43]R. Ford Denisona, Dennis C. Bryant, Thomas E. Kearney. Crop yields over the first nine years of LTRAS, a long-term comparison of field crop systems in a Mediterranean climate[J]. Field Crops Research,2004,86:267-277.
[44]Ragnar Eltun, Audun Korsaeth, Olav Nordheim. A comparison of environmental, soil fertility, yield, and economical effects in six cropping systems based on an 8-year experiment in Norway[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,2002,90:155-168.
[45]Sara Marinari, Roberto Mancinelli, Enio Campiglia, et al. Chemical and biological indicators of soil quality in organic and conventional farming systems in Central Italy[J]. Ecological Indicators,2006, 6(4):701-711.
[46]Virginia Worthington, M.S., Sc.D. Nutritional Quality of Organic Versus Conventional Fruits, Vegetables, and Grains [J]. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,2001, 7(2):161-173.
[47]Wilier Helga, Minou Yussefi. The World of Organic Agriculture-Statistics and Emerging Trends 2007 [M]. Bonn:International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM),2008.
[48]Worthington V. Effect of Agricultural Methods on Nutritional Quality:A Comparison of Organic with Conventional Crops[J]. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine.1998,4(1):58-69.
[49]Wunderlich SM, Feldman C, Kane S, et al. Nutritional quality of organic, conventional, and seasonally grown broccoli using vitamin C as a marker[J]. International journal of food sciences and nutrition,2008,59(1):34-45.
[50]Wynen, E, Krell, R. Research on biological farming methods in Europe:perspectives, status and requirements[C]. Rome:FAO,1997.
[1]冯云,和文龙.日本特别栽培农产品认证标准和认证制度[J].世界农业,2008,(3)：49-52.
[2]李式军.蔬菜生产的茬口安排[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1998：9-10.
[3]章镇,王秀峰.园艺学总论[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2003：174-175.
[1]Albino Maggio, Petronia Carillo, Giovanni Serafino Bulmetti, et al. Potato yield and metabolic profiling under conventional and organic farming [J]. European Journal of Agronomy,2008, 28(3):343-350.
[2]Liebhardt W C, R W Andrews, MN Culik, et al. Crop production during conversion from conventional to low-input methods [J]. Agronomy Journal,1989,81:150-159.
[3]M Sean Clark, William R Horwath, Carol Shennan, et al. Nitrogen, weeds and water as yield-limiting factors in conventional, low-input, and organic tomato systems[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,1999,73:257-270.
[4]Nguyen ML, Haynes RJ. Energy and labour efficiency for three pairs of conventional and alternative mixed cropping (pasture-arable) farms in Canterbury (New Zealand)[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,1995,52:163-172.
[5]R Ford Denisona, Dennis C Bryant, Thomas E Kearney. Crop yields over the first nine years of LTRAS, a long-term comparison of field crop systems in a Mediterranean climate[J]. Field Crops Research,2004,86:267-277.
[6]Ragnar Eltun, Audun Korssth, Olav Nordheim. A comparison of environmental, soil fertility, yield, and economical effects in six cropping systems based on an 8-year experiment in Norway[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,2002,90:155-168.
[1]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2000.
[2]蔡莉莉.有机、特别和常规栽培方式下几种蔬菜产量、品质及土壤理化性质的研究[D].南京：南京农业大学,2008,44.
[3]李合生,孙群,赵世杰,等.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2000.
[4]生吉萍,刘灿,申琳.有机栽培芹菜和普通栽培芹菜的矿物元素与营养物质含量比较研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2009,29(1)：247-249.
[5]Diane Bourn, John Prescott. A Comparison of the Nutritional Value, Sensory Qualities, and Food Safety of Organically and Conventionally Produced Foods[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,2002,42(1):1-34.
[6]E Hallmann, E Rembialkowska. Comparison of the Nutritive Quality of Tomato Fruits from Organic and Conventional Production in Poland [C]. Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of the European Integrated Project Quality Low Input Food (QLIF), University of Hohenheim, 2007,131-134.
[7]Katrin Woese, Dirk Lange, Christian Boess. A Comparison of Organically and Conventionally Grown Foods-Results of a Review of the Relevant Literature [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1997,74:281-293.
[8]Powell. UK Organic Research 2002:Proceedings of the COR Conference[C]. March 2002, Aberystwyth, pp.55-60.
[9]Virginia Worthington. Nutritional Quality of Organic Versus Conventional Fruits, Vegetables, and Grains[J]. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,2001,7(2):161-173.
[10]Worthington V. Effect of Agricultural Methods on Nutritional Quality:A Comparison of Organic with Conventional Crops [J]. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine,1998,4(1):58-69,
[11]Wunderlich SM, Feldman C, Kane S, et al. Nutritional quality of organic, conventional, and seasonally grown broccoli using vitamin C as a marker[J]. International journal of food sciences and nutrition,2008,59(1):34-45.
[1]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2005.
[2]葛晓光,王晓雪,付亚文,等.长期定位施用氮肥对菜田土壤肥力变化的影响[J].中国蔬菜,1997,(5)：1-6.
[3]黄昌勇.土壤学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2000：34-38,193.
[4]李忠佩,焦坤,林心雄,等.施肥条件下瘠薄红壤的生物化学性状变化[J].土壤,2003,35(4)：304-310.
[5]刘慧屿,魏丹,汪景宽,等.黑龙江省双城市土壤有机质和速效养分的空间变异特征[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2006,37(2)：195-199.
[6]卢东.有机农业典型案例生态环境效益的比较研究[D].南京：南京农业大学,2003：18-21.
[7]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社,1999.
[8]徐仁扣,D. R. Coventry.某些农业措施对土壤酸化的影响[J].农业环境保护,2002,21(5)：385-388.
[9]张淑娟,何勇,方慧.基于GPS和GIS的田间土壤特性空间变异性的研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(2)：39-44.
[10]张喜林,周宝库,孙磊,等.长期施用化肥和有机肥料对黑土酸度的影响[J].土壤通报,2008,39(5)：1221-1223.
[11]朱兆良.土壤氮素的矿化和供应[C]//中国土壤学会土壤农业化学专业委员会.我国土壤氮素研究工作的现状和展望.北京：科学出版社,1986,14-27.
[12]A.T. Wells, K.Y. Chan, P.S. Cornish. Comparison of conventional and alternative vegetable farming systems on the properties of a yellow earth in New South Wales[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,2000,80:47-60.
[13]Andreas Flie β bach, Hans-Rudolf Oberholzer, Lucie Gunst. Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,2007,118:273-284.
[14]Bo Liu, Cong Tu, Shuijin Hu. Effect of organic, sustainable, and conventional management strategies in grower fields on soil physical, chemical, and biological factors and the incidence of Southern blight[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2007,37:202-214.
[15]L. E. Drinkwater, P. Wagoner, M. Sarrantonio. Legume-based cropping systems have reduced carbon and nitrogen losses[J]. Nature,1998,396:262-265.
[16]L.M.CONDRON, K.C.CAMERON, H.J.DI, et al. A comparison of soil and environmental quality under organic and conventional farming systems in New Zealand[J]. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,2000,43:443-466.
[17]L.R. Bulluck III, M. Brosius, G K. Evanylo, et al. Organic and synthetic fertility amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional farms[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2002,19(2):147-160.
[18]Paul Mader, Andreas Fliepbath, David Dubois, et al. Soil Fertility and Biodiversity in Organic Farming[J]. Science,2002,296:1694.
