摘要
The Triassic rocks are widespread in China, and both marine and terrestrial strata are well developed. The Triassic stratigraphic architecture of China is very complex in both spatial variation of the so-called "South Marine and North Continental", i.e. the southern areas of China occupied mostly by marine facies while the northern China by terrestrial facies during the Triassic Period, and temporal transition of the "Lower Marine and Upper Continental", i.e. the lower part of the Triassic System composed mainly of marine facies and the upper part of terrestrial strata especially in South China. Although the Global Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic boundary is located in South China, the Triassic of China except for some marine Lower-Middle Triassic depositions shows significantly local characteristics and is hardly correlated with the global chronostratigraphic chart. Consequently, the Triassic of China contains not only the international research hotspots but also difficult points in stratigraphic study. This paper aims to present a brief review of the Triassic in China, including chronostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy, and summarize an integrated Triassic stratigraphic framework of China. Accordingly, a stratigraphic correlation is proposed for the lithostratigraphic sequences among the three tectono-paleogeographic stratigraphic regions. The comprehensive study indicates that ammonoids are the classic index fossils in Triassic biostratigraphy but conodonts are more advantageous in the study and definition of the Triassic chronostratigraphic boundaries. China still has the potential to optimize the GSSPs of the Induan-Olenekian boundary and Olenekian-Anisian boundary. The correlation of the Permian-Triassic boundary between marine and terrestrial facies might be achieved with the help of the Permian-Triassic "transitional bed" and its related biotic and environmental events in association with the biostratigraphic study of conchostracan, vertebrate and plant fossils. In addition, the carbon isotopes have been proved to be one of the powerful methods in marine Triassic stratigraphic study, whereas the oxygen and strontium isotopes may be additional important bridges to establish the correlation between the marine and terrestrial strata, but as yet lacking of relevant studies in terrestrial strata. Considering the most stratigraphic intervals of the Triassic and the terrestrial Triassic in China are difficult to be correlated to the global chart, the proposed Chinese(regional) Triassic chronostratigraphic chart of marine and terrestrial stages would be of importance to the study of Chinese Triassic stratigraphy and related aspects, but the stages must be conceptually in line with international standards and studied as soon as possible in order to finalize the definition.
The Triassic rocks are widespread in China, and both marine and terrestrial strata are well developed. The Triassic stratigraphic architecture of China is very complex in both spatial variation of the so-called "South Marine and North Continental", i.e. the southern areas of China occupied mostly by marine facies while the northern China by terrestrial facies during the Triassic Period, and temporal transition of the "Lower Marine and Upper Continental", i.e. the lower part of the Triassic System composed mainly of marine facies and the upper part of terrestrial strata especially in South China. Although the Global Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic boundary is located in South China, the Triassic of China except for some marine Lower-Middle Triassic depositions shows significantly local characteristics and is hardly correlated with the global chronostratigraphic chart. Consequently, the Triassic of China contains not only the international research hotspots but also difficult points in stratigraphic study. This paper aims to present a brief review of the Triassic in China, including chronostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy, and summarize an integrated Triassic stratigraphic framework of China. Accordingly, a stratigraphic correlation is proposed for the lithostratigraphic sequences among the three tectono-paleogeographic stratigraphic regions. The comprehensive study indicates that ammonoids are the classic index fossils in Triassic biostratigraphy but conodonts are more advantageous in the study and definition of the Triassic chronostratigraphic boundaries. China still has the potential to optimize the GSSPs of the Induan-Olenekian boundary and Olenekian-Anisian boundary. The correlation of the Permian-Triassic boundary between marine and terrestrial facies might be achieved with the help of the Permian-Triassic "transitional bed" and its related biotic and environmental events in association with the biostratigraphic study of conchostracan, vertebrate and plant fossils. In addition, the carbon isotopes have been proved to be one of the powerful methods in marine Triassic stratigraphic study, whereas the oxygen and strontium isotopes may be additional important bridges to establish the correlation between the marine and terrestrial strata, but as yet lacking of relevant studies in terrestrial strata. Considering the most stratigraphic intervals of the Triassic and the terrestrial Triassic in China are difficult to be correlated to the global chart, the proposed Chinese(regional) Triassic chronostratigraphic chart of marine and terrestrial stages would be of importance to the study of Chinese Triassic stratigraphy and related aspects, but the stages must be conceptually in line with international standards and studied as soon as possible in order to finalize the definition.
引文
Bernasconi S M,Meier I,Wohlwend S,Brack P,Hochuli P A,Bl?si H,Wortmann U G,Ramseyer K.2017.An evaporite-based high-resolution sulfur isotope record of Late Permian and Triassic seawater sulfate.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,204:331-349
Botha J,Smith R M H.2007.Lystrosaurus species composition across the Permo-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa.Lethaia,40:125-137
Brack P,Rieber H,Nicora A,Mundil R.2005.The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)of the Ladinian Stage(Middle Triassic)at Bagolino(Southern Alps,Northern Italy)and its implications for the Triassic time scale.Episodes,28:233-244
Burgess S D,Bowring S,Shen S.2014.High-precision timeline for Earth’s most severe extinction.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,111:3316-3321
Cao C Q,Wang W,Liu L J,Summons R E.2008.Two episodes of13C-depletion in organic carbon in the latest Permian:Evidence from the terrestrial sequences in northern Xinjiang,China.Earth Planet Sci Lett,270:251-257
Cao C Q,Wang W,Jin Y G.2002.Carbon isotope excursions across the Permian-Triassic bound-ary in the Meishan section,Zhejiang Province,China.Chin Sci Bull,47:1125-1129
Chao K K.1959.Lower Triassic ammonoids from western Kwuangsi,China.Palaeont Sin New Ser B,9:155-355
Chen C Z,Chen G X,Chen J H,Sun D L,Wang Z H.2000.Marine Triassic(in Chinese).In:Stratigraphical Studies in China(1979-1999).Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China Publishing House.241-258
Chen J,Shen S Z,Li X H,Xu Y G,Joachimski M M,Bowring S A,Erwin D H,Yuan D X,Chen B,Zhang H,Wang Y,Cao C Q,Zheng Q F,Mu L.2016.High-resolution SIMS oxygen isotope analysis on conodont apatite from South China and implications for the end-Permian mass extinction.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,448:26-38
Chen J S,Shao M R,Huo W G,Yao Y Y.1984.Carbon isotope of carbonate strata at Permian-Triassic boundary in Changxing,Zhejiang(in Chinese).Sci Geol Sin,19:88-93
Chen Y L,Kolar-Jurkov?ek T,Jurkov?ek B,Aljinovi?D,Richoz S.2016.Early Triassic conodonts and carbonate carbon isotope record of the Idrija-?iri area,Slovenia.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,444:84-100
Cheng Z W,Qu L F,Hou J P,Li P X.1983.The stratigraphic question of Eumorphotis-bearing“Shiqianfeng”Formation in Qishan,Shaanxi Province(in Chinese).J Stratigr,7:161-168
Chu D L,Tong J N,Song H J,Benton M J,Song H Y,Yu J X,Qiu X C,Huang Y F,Tian L.2015.Lilliput effect in freshwater ostracods during the Permian-Triassic extinction.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,435:38-52
Chu D L,Tong J N,Yu J X,et al.2013.The conchostracan fauna from the Kayitou Formation of western Guizhou,China(in Chinese).Acta Palaeont Sin,52:265-276
Chu D L,Yu J X,Tong J N,Benton M J,Song H J,Huang Y F,Song T,Tian L.2016.Biostratigraphic correlation and mass extinction during the Permian-Triassic transition in terrestrial-marine siliciclastic settings of South China.Glob Planet Change,146:67-88
Ding M H,Huang Q H.1990.Late Permian-Middle Triassic conodonts fauna and paleoecology in Shitouzhai,Ziyun County,Guizhou Province(in Chinese).Earth Sci,15:291-299
Galfetti T,Bucher H,Martini R,Hochuli P A,Weissert H,Crasquin-Soleau S,Brayard A,Goudemand N,Brühwiler T,Guodun K.2008.Evolution of Early Triassic outer platform paleoenvironments in the Nanpanjiang Basin(South China)and their significance for the biotic recovery.Sediment Geol,204:36-60
Galfetti T,Bucher H,Ovtcharova M,Schaltegger U,Brayard A,Brühwiler T,Goudemand N,Weissert H,Hochuli P A,Cordey F,Guodun K.2007.Timing of the Early Triassic carbon cycle perturbations inferred from new U-Pb ages and ammonoid biochronozones.Earth Planet Sci Lett,258:593-604
Geological Institute,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences.1980.Mesozoic Stratigraphy and Fossils in Shannxi,Gansu and Ningxia Basin(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.1-212
Glen J M G,Nomade S,Lyons J J,Metcalfe I,Mundil R,Renne P R.2009.Magnetostratigraphic correlations of Permian-Triassic marine-to-terrestrial sections from China.J Asian Earth Sci,36:521-540
Golding M L,Orchard M J,Zonneveld J P,Henderson C M,Dunn L,Russell-Houston J.2014.An exceptional record of the sedimentology and biostratigraphy of the Montney and Doig formations in British Columbia.Bull Canad Petrol Geol,65:157-176
Goudemand N,Orchard M J,Bucher H,Jenks J.2012.The elusive origin of Chiosella timorensis(conodont Triassic).Geobios,45:199-207
Guo G,Tong J N,Zhang S H,Zhang J,Bai L Y.2008.Cyclostratigraphy of the Induan(Early Triassic)in West Pingdingshan Section,Chaohu,Anhui Province.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,51:22-29
Heller F,Lowrie W,Li H M,Wang J D.1988.Magnetostratigraphy of the Permo-Triassic boundary section at Shangsi(Guangyuan,Sichuan Province,China).Earth Planet Sci Lett,88:348-356
Henderson C M,Golding M L,Orchard M J.2018.Conodont sequence biostratigraphy of the Lower Triassic Montney Formation.Bull Canad Petrol Geol,66:1-16
Hou J P,2004.The sporo-pollen assemblages of Guodikeng Formation and discussion on the Permo-Triassic boundary in Junggar Basin,Xinjiang(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.Prof Pap Stratigr Palaeont,28:177-204
Hounslow M W,Muttoni G.2010.The geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Triassic:Linkage to stage boundary definitions.Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ,334:61-102
Hu Z W,Huang S J,Qing H R,Wang Q D,Wang C M,Gao X Y.2008.Evolution and global correlation for strontium isotopic composition of marine Triassic from Huaying Mountains,eastern Sichuan,China.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,51:540-549
Huang K,Opdyke N D.2000.Magnetostratigraphic investigations of the Middle Triassic Badong Formation in South China.Geophys J Int,142:74-82
Huang S J,Huang Y,Lan Y F,Huang K K.2011.A comparative study on strontium isotope composition of dolomites and their coeval seawater in the Late Permian-Early Triassic,NE Sichuan basin(in Chinese).Acta Petrol Sin,27:3831-3842
Ji Z,Yao J X,Yang X D,Zang W X,Wu G C.2003.Conodont zonations of Norian in Lhasa area,Xizang(Tibet)and their global correlation(in Chinese).Acta Palaeont Sin,42:382-392
Jiang H S,Lai X L,Sun Y D,Wignall P B,Liu J,Yan C B.2014.PermianTriassic conodonts from Dajiang(Guizhou,South China)and their implication for the age of microbialite deposition in the aftermath of the End-Permian mass extinction.J Earth Sci,25:413-430
Jiang H S,Lai X L,Yan C B,Aldridge R J,Wignall P B,Sun Y D.2011.Revised conodont zonation and conodont evolution across the PermianTriassic boundary at the Shangsi section,Guangyuan,Sichuan,South China.Glob Planet Change,77:103-115
Jiang Y F,Tang Y G,Dai S F,Zou X,Qian H D,Zhou G Q.2006.Pyrite and sulfur isotopic composition near the Permian-Triassic boundary in Meishan,Zhejiang,China(in Chinese).Acta Geol Sin,80:1202-1207
Joachimski M M,Lai X L,Shen S Z,Jiang H S,Luo G M,Chen B,Chen J,Sun Y D.2012.Climate warming in the latest Permian and the PermianTriassic mass extinction.Geology,40:195-198
Korte C,Kozur H W.2010.Carbon-isotope stratigraphy across the Permian-Triassic boundary:A review.J Asian Earth Sci,39:215-235
Korte C,Kozur H W,Bruckschen P,Veizer J.2003.Strontium isotope evolution of Late Permian and Triassic seawater.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,67:47-62
Kozur H W,Weems R E.2011.Detailed correlation and age of continental late Changhsingian and earliest Triassic beds:Implications for the role of the Siberian Trap in the Permian-Triassic biotic crisis.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,308:22-40
Lehrmann D J,Ramezani J,Bowring S A,Martin M W,Montgomery P,Enos P,Payne J L,Orchard M J,Wang H M,Wei J R.2006.Timing of recovery from the end-Permian extinction:Geochronologic and biostratigraphic constraints from south China.Geology,34:1053-1056
Lehrmann D J,Stepchinski L,Altiner D,Orchard M J,Montgomery P,Enos P,Ellwood B B,Bowring S A,Ramezani J,Wang H M,Wei J Y,Yu M Y,Griffiths J D,Minzoni M,Schaal E K,Li X,Meyer K M,Payne J L.2015.An integrated biostratigraphy(conodonts and foraminifers)and chronostratigraphy(paleomagnetic reversals,magnetic susceptibility,elemental chemistry,carbon isotopes and geochronology)for the Permian-Upper Triassic strata of Guandao section,Nanpanjiang Basin,south China.J Asian Earth Sci,108:117-135
Li D,Dong S,Deng S.1998.New knowledge of the Upper Triassic in Liupanshan Basin,Ningxia,China.Chin Sci Bull,43:1100-1107
Li H M,Wang J D.1989.Magnetostratigraphy of Permo-Triassic boundary section of Meishan of Changxing,Zhejiang.Sci China Ser B,32:1401-1408
Li M S,Ogg J,Zhang Y,Huang C J,Hinnov L,Chen Z Q,Zou Z.2016.Astronomical tuning of the end-Permian extinction and the Early Triassic Epoch of South China and Germany.Earth Planet Sci Lett,441:10-25
Li M S,Zhang Y,Huang C J,Ogg J,Hinnov L,Wang Y,Zou Z,Li L.2017.Astronomical tuning and magnetostratigraphy of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation of South China and Newark Supergroup of North America:Implications for the Late Triassic time scale.Earth Planet Sci Lett,475:207-223
Li Y,Yao J X,Wang S E,Pamg Q Q.2016.Middle-Late Triassic terrestrial strata and establishment of stages in the Ordos Basin(in Chinese).Acta Geosci Sin,37:267-276
Li Y A,Jin X C,Sun D J,Cheng Z W,Pang Q Q,Li P X.2003.Paleomagnetic properties of non-marine Permo-Triassic transitional succession of the Dalongkou Section,Jimsar,Xinjiang(in Chinese).Geol Rev,49:525-536
Li Y A,Li J L,Cheng Z W,Sun D J,Liu J,Zhen J.2004.Study on paleomagnetism of Permian-Triassic in Taoshuyuan of Turpan,Xinjiang(in Chinese).Xinjiang Geol,22:136-142
Liang D,Tong J N,Zhao L S.2011.Lower Triassic Smithian-Spathian boundary at West Pingdingshan Section in Chaohu,Anhui Province.Sci China Earth Sci,54:372-379
Liu J,Abdala F.2017.Therocephalian(Therapsida)and chroniosuchian(Reptiliomorpha)from the Permo-Triassic transitional Guodikeng Formation of the Dalongkou Section,Jimsar,Xinjiang,China.Vertebr PalAsiat,55:24-40
Liu J,Li J,Cheng Z.2002.The Lystrosaurus fossils from Xinjiang and their bearing on the terrestrial Permian-Triassic boundary(in Chinese).Vertebr PalAsiat,40:267-275
Liu J,Ramezani J,Li L,Shang Q,Xu G,Wang H,Yang J.2018.Highprecision temporal calibration of Middle Triassic vertebrate biostratigraphy:U-Pb zircon constraints for the Sinokannemeyeria Fauna and Yonghesuchus.Vertebr PalAsiat,56:16-24
Liu S W.1994.The nonmarine Permian-Triassic boundary and Triassic conchostracan fossils in China.Albertiana,13:12-24
Liu Y Y,Zhu Y M,Tian W H.1999.New magnetostratigraphic results from Meishan section,Changxing County,Zhejiang,China(in Chinese).Earth Sci,24:151-154
Lucas S G.1998.Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,143:347-384
Lucas S G.2010.The Triassic timescale based on nonmarine tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology.Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ,334:447-500
Ma X H,Xing L S,Xu S J,Zhang J X,Yang Z Y.1992.A preliminary study on the Permian-Triassic magnetic stratigraphic characteristics in the Ordos Basin(in Chinese).Chin Sci Bull,3:252-255
Metcalfe I,Nicoll R S,Willink R,Ladjavadi M,Grice K.2013.Early Triassic(Induan-Olenekian)conodont biostratigraphy,global anoxia,carbon isotope excursions and environmental perturbations:New data from Western Australian Gondwana.Gondwana Res,23:1136-1150
Meyer K M,Yu M Y,Jost A B,Kelley B M,Payne J.2011.δ13C evidence that high primary productivity delayed recovery from end-Permian mass extinction.Earth Planet Sci Lett,302:378-384
Meyer K M,Yu M Y,Lehrmann D,van de Schootbrugge B,Payne J L.2013.Constraints on Early Triassic carbon cycle dynamics from paired organic and inorganic carbon isotope records.Earth Planet Sci Lett,361:429-435
Mietto P,Manfrin S,Preto N,Rigo M,Roghi G,Furin S,Gianolla P,Posenato P,Muttoni G,Nicora A,Buratti N,Cirilli S,Spoet C,Ramezani J,Bowring S A.2012.The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)of the Carnian Stage(Late Triassic)at Prati di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen Section(Southern Alps,NE Italy).Episodes,35:414-430
Mundil R,Brack P,Meier M,Rieber H,Oberli F.1996.High resolution U-Pb dating of Middle Triassic volcaniclastics:Time-scale calibration and verification of tuning parameters for carbonate sedimentation.Earth Planet Sci Lett,141:137-151
Nabbefeld B,Grice K,Schimmelmann A,Sauer P E,B?ttcher M E,Twitchett R.2010.Significance ofδDkerogen,δ13Ckerogenandδ34Spyrite from several Permian/Triassic(P/Tr)sections.Earth Planet Sci Lett,295:21-29
National Commission on Stratigraphy of China.2002.The Instructions to the Chinese Regional Chronostratigraphic(Chronologic)Chart(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.72
Orchard M J,Krystyn L.2007.Conodonts from the Induan-Olenekian boundary interval at Mud,Spiti.Albertiana,35:30-34
Ouyang S.1986.Late Permian and Early Triassic Palynomophs from Fuyuan,Yunnan(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Publishing House.122
Ouyang S,Norris G.1999.Earliest Triassic(Induan)spores and pollen from the Junggar Basin,Xinjiang,northwestern China.Rev Palaeobot Palynol,106:1-56
Ovtcharova M,Bucher H,Schaltegger U,Galfetti T,Brayard A,Guex J.2006.New Early to Middle Triassic U-Pb ages from South China:Calibration with ammonoid biochronozones and implications for the timing of the Triassic biotic recovery.Earth Planet Sci Lett,243:463-475
Ovtcharova M,Goudemand N,Hammer?,Guodun K,Cordey F,Galfetti T,Schaltegger U,Bucher H.2015.Developing a strategy for accurate definition of a geological boundary through radio-isotopic and biochronological dating:The Early-Middle Triassic boundary(South China).Earth-Sci Rev,146:65-76
Pang Q Q.1993.The nonmarine Triassic and Ostracoda in northern China.In:Lucas S G,Morales M,eds.The Nonmarine Triassic.New Mexico Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull,3:383-392
Pang Q Q,Jin X C.2004.Ostrocoda in the Guodikeng formation and continental Permo-Triassic boundary of Dalongkou section,Jimsar,Xinjiang(in Chinese).Prof Pap Stratigr Palaeont,28:205-246.Beijing:Geological Publishing House
Payne J L,Lehrmann D J,Wei J R,Knoll A H.2006.The pattern and timing of biotic recovery from the end-Permian extinction on the Great Bank of Guizhou,Guizhou Province,China.Palaios,21:63-85
Payne J L,Lehrmann D J,Wei J R,Orchard M J,Schrag D P,Knoll A H.2004.Large perturbations of the carbon cycle during recovery from the end-Permian extinction.Science,305:506-509
Payne J L,Summers M,Rego B L,Altiner D,Wei J R,Yu M Y,Lehrmann D J.2011.Early and Middle Triassic trends in diversity,evenness,and size of foraminifers on a carbonate platform in south China:Implications for tempo and mode of biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction.Paleobiology,37:409-425
Peng Y Q,Tong J N,Shi G R,Hansen H J.2001.The Permian-Triassic boundary stratigraphic set:Characteristics and correlation.Newsl Stratigr,39:55-71
Qiu X C,Tong J N,Tian L,Chu D L,Song T,Li D D.2016.The biostratigraphic correlation of Permian-Triassic boundary in Jinzhong section,Weining,Guizhou,South China(in Chinese).Earth Sci,41:1709-1722
Qu L F.1990.Palynological assemblages of Middle and Late Triassic in Sangzhi,Hunan,and their stratigraphical significance(in Chinese).In:Prof Pap Stratigr Palaeont(17).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.81-92
Qu L F,Yang J D,Bai Y H,Zhang Z L.1983.A preliminary discussion on the characteristics and stratigraphic divisions of Triassic spores and pollen in China(in Chinese).Acta Geosci Sin,1:82-94
Rao R B,Xu J F,Chen Y M,Zou D B.1987.The Triassic of the QinghaiTibet Plateau(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.239
Scholze F,Golubev V K,Nied?wiedzki G,Sennikov A G,Schneider J W,Silantiev V V.2015.Early Triassic Conchostracans(Crustacea:Branchiopoda)from the terrestrial Permian-Triassic boundary sections in the Moscow syncline.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,429:22-40
Scholze F,Schneider J W,Werneburg R.2016.Conchostracans in continental deposits of the Zechstein-Buntsandstein transition in central Germany:Taxonomy and biostratigraphic implications for the position of the Permian-Triassic boundary within the Zechstein Group.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,449:174-193
Shang Y K.1998.Late Triassic palynofloral provinces of China(in Chinese).Acta Palaeont Sin,37:427-445
Shao J A,Tang K D.1995.Terranes in Northeast China and Evolution of Northeast Asia Continental Margin(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press.314
Shen S Z,Crowley J L,Wang Y,Bowring S A,Erwin D H,Sadler P M,Cao C Q,Rothman D H,Henderson C M,Ramezani J,Zhang H,Shen Y,Wang X D,Wang W,Mu L,Li W Z,Tang Y G,Liu X L,Liu L J,Zeng Y,Jiang Y F,Jin Y G.2011.Calibrating the end-Permian mass extinction.Science,334:1367-1372
Smith R M H,Botha-Brink J.2014.Anatomy of a mass extinction:Sedimentological and taphonomic evidence for drought-induced die-offs at the Permo-Triassic boundary in the main Karoo Basin,South Africa.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,396:99-118
Smith R M H,Ward P D.2001.Pattern of vertebrate extinctions across an event bed at the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa.Geology,29:1147-1150
Song H J,Wignall P B,Chen Z Q,Tong J N,Bond D P G,Lai X L,Zhao XM,Jiang H S,Yan C B,Niu Z J,Chen J,Yang H,Wang Y B.2011.Recovery tempo and pattern of marine ecosystems after the end-Permian mass extinction.Geology,39:739-742
Song H J,Wignall P B,Tong J N,Bond D P G,Song H Y,Lai X L,Zhang K X,Wang H M,Chen Y L.2012.Geochemical evidence from bioapatite for multiple oceanic anoxic events during Permian-Triassic transition and the link with end-Permian extinction and recovery.Earth Planet Sci Lett,353-354:12-21
Song H J,Wignall P B,Tong J N,Song H Y,Chen J,Chu D L,Tian L,Luo M,Zong K Q,Chen Y L,Lai X L,Zhang K X,Wang H M.2015.Integrated Sr isotope variations and global environmental changes through the Late Permian to early Late Triassic.Earth Planet Sci Lett,424:140-147
Song H Y,Tong J N,Algeo T J,Song H J,Qiu H O,Zhu Y Y,Tian L,Bates S,Lyons T W,Luo G M,Kump L R.2014.Early Triassic seawater sulfate drawdown.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,128:95-113
Song H Y,Tong J N,AlgeoT J,Horacek M,Qiu H O,Song H J,Tian L,Chen Z Q.2013.Large verticalδ13C gradients in Early Triassic seas of the South China craton:Implications for oceanographic changes related to Siberian Traps volcanism.Glob Planet Change,105:7-20
Song T,Tong J N,Tian L,Chu D L,Huang Y F.2018.Taxonomic and ecological variations of Permian-Triassic transitional bivalve communities from the littoral clastic facies in southwestern China.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.02.027
Steiner M,Ogg J,Zhang Z,Sun S.1989.The Late Permian/Early Triassic magnetic polarity time scale and plate motions of South China.JGeophys Res,94:7343-7363
Su P,Fan X Z,Reidar L,Shi R P.2001.Magnetostratigraphy of Lower Triassic in Shuiyuguan,Jiaocheng,Shanxi.Chin J Geophys,44:216-222
Sun D Y,Tong J N,Xiong Y L,Tian L,Ying H F.2012.Conodont biostratigraphy and evolution across Permian-Triassic boundary at Yangou Section,Leping,Jiangxi Province,South China.J Earth Sci,23:311-325
Sun G,Meng F S,Qian L J,Ouyang S.1995.Triassic flora.In:Li X X,ed.Fossil Floras of China Through the Geological Ages(in Chinese).Guangzhou:Guangdong Science&Technology Press.229-259
Sun Y D,Joachimski M M,Wignall P B,Yan C B,Yan C B,Chen Y L,Jiang H S,Wang L N,Lai X L.2012.Lethally hot temperatures during the Early Triassic greenhouse.Science,338:366-370
Sun Y D,Wignall P B,Joachimski M M,Bond D P G,Grasby S E,Lai XL,Wang L N,Zhang Z T,Sun S.2016.Climate warming,euxinia and carbon isotope perturbations during the Carnian(Triassic)Crisis in South China.Earth Planet Sci Lett,444:88-100
Sun Z M,Hounslow M W,Pei J,Zhao L S,Tong J N,Ogg J G.2009.Magnetostratigraphy of the Lower Triassic beds from Chaohu(China)and its implications for the Induan-Olenekian stage boundary.Earth Planet Sci Lett,279:350-361
Sun Z Y,Jiang D Y,Ji C,Hao W C.2016.Integrated biochronology for Triassic marine vertebrate faunas of Guizhou Province,South China.JAsian Earth Sci,118:101-110
Tian C R.1982.Triassic conodonts in the Tulong section from Nyalam County,Xizang(Tibet),China(in Chinese).In:Contribution to the Geology of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(7).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.153-165
Tong J N.1997.The Middle Triassic Environstratigraphy of Central-South Guizhou,SW China(in Chinese).Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press.128
Tong J N.1998.The Middle Triassic environstratigraphy of central-south Guizhou,southwest China.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,143:293-305
Tong J N.2005.Triassic(in Chinese).In:Wang X F,Chen X H,eds.Stratigraphic Divisions and Correlations in Geological Time in China.Beijing:Geological Publishing House.343-390
Tong J N,HansenH J,Zhao L S,Zuo J X.2005a.High-resolution InduanOlenekian boundary sequence in Chaohu,Anhui Province.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,48:291-297
Tong J N,Huang Y F,Liang L.2014.Early Triassic biological-environmental-chronological stratigraphy(in Chinese).Earth Sci Front,21:144-156
Tong J N,Xiong X Q.2006.Marine ecosystem evolution at the beginning of the Mesozoic in South China(in Chinese).In:Rong J Y,Fang Z J,Zhou Z H,eds.Originations,Radiations and Biodiversity ChangesEvidences from the Chinese Fossil Record.Beijing:Science Press.567-582
Tong J,Yin H,Zhang J,Laishi Z.2001.Proposed new Lower Triassic stages in South China.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,44:961-967
Tong J N,Yin H F.2015.Triassic chronostratigraphy and Chinese stages(in Chinese).Earth Sci,40:189-197
Tong J N,Zakharov D Y,Wu S.2004.Early Triassic ammonoid succession in Chaohu,Anhui Province(in Chinese).Acta Palaeont Sin,43:192-204
Tong J N,Zakharov Y D,Orchard M J,Yin H F,Hansen H J.2003.Acandidate of the Induan-Olenekian boundary stratotype in the Tethyan region.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,46:1182-1200
Tong J N,Zhao L S,Zuo J X,Hansen H J,Zakharov Y D.2005b.An integrated Lower Triassic sequence in Chaohu,Anhui Province(in Chinese).Earth Sci,30:40-46
Tong J N,Zuo J X,Chen Z Q.2007.Early Triassic carbon isotope excursions from south China:Proxies for devastation and restoration of marine ecosystems following the end-Permian mass extinction.Geol J,42:371-389
Trotter J A,Williams I S,Nicora A,Mazza M,Rigo M.2015.Long-term cycles of Triassic climate change:A newδ18O record from conodont apatite.Earth Planet Sci Lett,415:165-174
von Alberti F.1834.Beitrag zu einer Monographie des Buntensandsteins,Muschelkalks und Keupers und die Verbindung dieser Gebilde zu einer Formation.Verlag der J.G,Cottaishen Buchhandlung,Stuttgart und Tuebingen
Wang C Y,Wang H Z.1976.Triassic conodonts in the Qomolangma(Everest)area(in Chinese).In:the Scientific Report on the Investigation of the Qomolangma(Everest)Area(1966-1968).Part 2-Paleontology.Beijing:Science Press.387-424
Wang H M,Wang X L,Li R X,Wei J Y.2005.Triassic conodont succession and stage subdivision of the Guandao section,Bianyang,Luodian,Guizhou(in Chinese).Acta Palaeont Sin,44:611-626
Wang Y G.1983.Ammonoids from Falang formation(Ladinian-E.Carnian)of southern Guizhou,China(in Chinese).Acta Palaeont Sin,22:153-162
Wang Y G.1984.Earliest Triassic ammonoid faunas from Jiangsu and Zhejiang and their bearing on the definition of Permo-Triassic boundary(in Chinese).Acta Palaeont Sin,23:257-270
Wang Y G,He G X.1976.Triassic ammonoids in the Qomolangma(Everest)area(in Chinese).In:The Scientific Report on the Investigation of the Qomolangma(Everest)Area(1966-1968).Part 3-Paleontology.Beijing:Science Press.223-502
Wang Z H.1982.Discovery of Early Triassic Neospathodus timorensis fauna in Ziyun of Guizhou(in Chinese).Acta Palaeont Sin,21:584-587
Wang Z H,Zhong R.1990.Triassic conodonts from the different facies in eastern Yunnan,western Guizhou and northern Guangxi(in Chinese).JStratigr,14:15-35
Wotzlaw J F,Brack P,Storck J C.2018.High-resolution stratigraphy and zircon U-Pb geochronology of the Middle Triassic Buchenstein Formation(Dolomites,northern Italy):Precession-forcing of hemipelagic carbonate sedimentation and calibration of the Anisian-Ladinian boundary interval.J Geol Soc,175:71-85
Wu H C,Zhang S H,Feng Q L,Jiang G Q,Li H Y,Yang T.2012.Milankovitch and sub-Milankovitch cycles of the early Triassic Daye Formation,South China and their geochronological and paleoclimatic implications.Gondwana Res,22:748-759
Xiao J F,Li R X,Wang X L,Wei J Y.2009.The characteristics of strontium isotopes composition about Permian-Triassic Boundary in the Great Bank of Guizhou(in Chinese).Geol Rev,55:647-652
Xu D Y,Yan Z,Zhang Q W.1986.Three main mass extinctions,significant indicators of major natural divisions of geological history in the Phanerozoic.Modern Geol,10:365-375
Yang S R,Chu Q C.1992.Study on the conodonts from Triassic Yongningzhen Formation,southwestern Guizhou Province with a discussion on Lower/Middle Triassic boundary(in Chinese).Acta Sci Nat Univ Pekin,28:722-732
Yang Z Y,Yang F Q,Wu S B.1996.The ammonoid Hypophiceras fauna near the Permian-Triassic boundary at Meishan section and in South China:stratigraphic significance.In:Yin H F,ed.The Palaeozoic-Mesozoic Boundary Candidates of Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Permian-Triassic Boundary.Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press.49-56
Yang Z Y,Yin H F,Lin H M.1979.Marine Triassic faunas from Shihchienfeng Group in the northern Weihe River Basin,Shaanxi Province(in Chinese).Acta Palaeont Sin,18:465-474
Yang Z Y,Zhang S X,Yang J D,Zhou H Q,Cao H S.2000.Chinese Stratigraphic Book:Triassic(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.139
Yao J X,Ji Z S,Wang L T,Wang Y B,Wu G C.2004.Research on conodont biostratigraphy near the bottom boundary of the Middle Triassic Qingyan Stage in the southern Guizhou Province(in Chinese).Acta Geol Sin,55:161-169
Yin H F,Jiang H S,Xia W C,Zhang N,Shen J.2014.The end-Permian regression in South China and its implication on mass extinction.EarthSci Rev,137:19-33
Yin H F,Lin H M.1979.Triassic Marine fossil beds in the northern Weihe River Basin,Shaanxi Province and the age of the Shihchienfeng Group(in Chinese).Acta Stratigr Sin,3:233-241
Yin H F,Yang F Q,Yu J X,Peng Y Q,Wang S Y,Zhang S X.2007.An accurately delineated Permian-Triassic Boundary in continental successions.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,50:1281-1292
Yin H F,Zhang K X,Tong J N,Yang Z Y,Wu S B.2001.The Global Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)of the Permian-Triassic boundary.Episodes,24:102-114
Yin J R.2005.Rhaetian and Hettangian ammonoid assemblages from the Tibetan Himalayas and their biostratigraphic correlation(in Chinese).Acta Geol Sin,79:577-586
Yu J X,Broutin J,Chen Z Q,Shi X,Li H,Chu D L,Huang Q S.2015.Vegetation changeover across the Permian-Triassic Boundary in Southwest China.Earth-Sci Rev,149:203-224
Yuan D X,Chen J,Zhang Y C,Zheng Q F,Shen S Z.2015.Changhsingian conodont succession and the end-Permian mass extinction event at the Daijiagou section in Chongqing,Southwest China.J Asian Earth Sci,105:234-251
Yuan D X,Shen S Z,Henderson C M,Chen J,Zhang H,Feng H Z.2014.Revised conodont-based integrated high-resolution timescale for the Changhsingian Stage and end-Permian extinction interval at the Meishan sections,South China.Lithos,204:220-245
Zhang H,Cao C Q,Liu X L,Mu L,Zheng Q F,Liu F,Xiang L,Liu L J,Shen S Z.2016.The terrestrial end-Permian mass extinction in South China.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,448:108-124
Zhang K.1984.The Triassic marine strata of south margin of Ordos basin and discussions on some problems concerned.Chin Sci Bull,29:233-236
Zhang K X,Lai X L,Tong J N,Jiang H S.2009.Progresses on study of conodont sequence for the GSSP section at Meishan,Changxing,Zhejiang Province,South China(in Chinese).Acta Palaeont Sin,48:485-495
Zhang W T,Chen P J,Shen Y B.1976.Chinese Conchostracan Fossils(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.1-450
Zhang Y W,Jiang B Y,Niu Y Z.2014.Bivalve biostratigraphy in Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic and Triassic-Jurassic boundary in Nanling region(in Chinese).Geol J China Univ,20:570-581
Zhang Y,Li M S,Ogg J G,Montgomery P,Huang C J,Chen Z Q,Shi Z,Enos P,Lehrmann D J.2015.Cycle-calibrated magnetostratigraphy of middle Carnian from South China:Implications for Late Triassic time scale and termination of the Yangtze Platform.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,436:135-166
Zhang Y,Zhang K X,Shi G R,He W H,Yuan D,Yue M,Yang T L.2014.Restudy of conodont biostratigraphy of the Permian-Triassic boundary section in Zhongzhai,southwestern Guizhou Province,South China.JAsian Earth Sci,80:75-83
Zhang Z L,Meng F S.1987.Biostratigraphy in Three Gorges Area of Yangtze River,Part 4:Triassic-Jurassic(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.1-408
Zhao L S,Orchard M J,Tong J N,Sun Z M,Zuo J X,Zhang S X,Yu A L.2007.Lower Triassic conodont sequence in Chaohu,Anhui Province,China and its global correlation.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,252:24-38
Zhao L S,Orchard M J,Tong J N.2004.Lower Triassic conodont biostratigraphy and speciation of Neospathodus waageni around the InduanOlenekian boundary of Chaohu,Anhui Province,China.Albertiana,29:41-43
Zhao L S,Tong J N,Sun Z M,Orchard M J.2008.A detailed Lower Triassic conodont biostratigraphy and its implications for the GSSPcandidate of the Induan-Olenekian boundary in Chaohu,Anhui Province.Prog Nat Sci,18:79-90
Zheng L D,Yao J X,Tong Y B,Song B,Wang L T,Yang Z Y.2010.Zircon U-Pb dating for the boundary of Olenekian-Anisian at Wangmo,Guizhou Province(in Chinese).Acta Geol Sin,84:1112-1117
Zhou T S,Li P X,Yang J D,Hou J P,Liu S W,Cheng Z W,Wu S Z,Li YA.1997.Stratotype section of non-marine Permian-Triassic boundary in China(in Chinese).Xinjiang Geol,15:211-226
Zhou T S,Zhou H Q.1985.Triassic non-marine strata and flora of China(in Chinese).Chinese Acad Geol Sci Bull,5:95-111
Zhou Z Y,Chen J H,Zhang L J.2000.Terrestrial Triassic.In:Stratigraphical Studies in China(1979-1999)(in Chinese).Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China Publishing House.259-282
Zhou Z Y,Li B X.1979.A preliminary study of the Early Triassic plants from the Qinghai district,Hainan Island(in Chinese).Acta Palaeont Sin,18:444-462
Zou G F,Zhuang Z H,Pan Z X,Zhu T X,Feng X T.2006.Triassic magnetostratigraphy of the north slope of Mount Qomolangma,Tibet(in Chinese).Geol China,33:987-998
Zuo J X,Tong J N,Qiu H O,Zhao L S.2006.Carbon isotope composition of the Lower Triassic marine carbonates,Lower Yangtze Region,South China.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,49:225-241